Chapter 5
Computer Organizaton
Tutorial 14

1.	Explain the following terms:

Hardware
Program
Opcode

2.	Briefly explain the stored program concept in computer systems 

3.	Describe the functions of the following components in CPU:

Timing and Control Unit
ALU
Accumulator
Instruction Register
Program Counter
Processor Status Register
General Purpose Registers

4.	Briefly explain the operation of a stack.

Chapter 5
Computer Organizaton
Tutorial 15

1.	The followings are instructions for an 8-bit computer:

Instruction	Code*	Meaning	
LOAD M	B0XXH	Load a data from memory address M to accumulator.
A  [M]	
MUL M	B1XXH	Multiply the value in accumulator by the value stored in the memory address M.
A  [A]  [M]	
DIV M	B2XXH	Divide the value in accumulator by the value stored in the memory address M.
A  [A]  [M]	
ADD M	B3XXH	Add the value in accumulator by the value stored in the memory address M.
A  [A] + [M]	
SUB M	B4XXH	Subtract the value in accumulator by the value stored in the memory address M.
A  [A] - [M]	
STORE M	B5XXH	Store the data in accumulator to the memory address M.
M  [A]	

	* XX is the memory address of the data.  Each instruction occupies two spaces in memory.
	
	The memory size of the computer is 256. Assuming that variables A, B, C, D, and E are stored in the memory addresses F0H, F1H, F2H, F3H, and F4H respectively.  With the instructions given above, consider the following assembly program segment stored in memory:

Memory address	Instructions	
28H	LOAD A	
2AH	MUL B	
2CH	STORE E	
2EH	LOAD C	
30H	DIV D	
32H	ADD E	
34H	STORE E	

	What does this program segment do?

2.	Write down the corresponding machine codes for the instructions given in (1).

3.	With the following notations, 

[ X ]	Value of X.  X can be registers  or any memory variables.
[ D ] = value of variable D
[Acc] = value of the accumulator	
	Data movement.
[Acc]  [MDR] = Data in Acc moves to MDR.	

	The operations in the fetch cycle and the execution cycle of the first instruction are as follows:

Instructions	Fetch Cycle	Execution Cycle	
LOAD A	[PC] = 28H  [MAR]  MEM
[28H] = B0H  [MDR]  [IR]
[IR]  [CU] decode
[29H] = F0H  [MDR] 
[PC] = [PC + 2] = [2AH]	[MDR] = F0H  [MAR]  MEM
[F0H] (A)  [MDR]
[MDR]  [Acc]
update [PSR]	

	Write down the operations in the executions of the instructions MUL B, and STORE E.

Chapter 5
Computer Organizaton
Tutorial 16

1.	Give 1 examples for each of the following storage devices:

i.	Random access devices
ii.	Sequential access devices
iii.	Volatile devices
iv.	Non-volatile devices

2.	Compare the differences between dynamic RAM and Static RAM

3.	Given a memory of size 65536   8 bit, what are the size of the corresponding MDR and MAR?

4.	List the sequence for the following memory operations:

i.	read
ii.	write

5.	Describe the concept and operations of cache memory.

6.	Describe the concept and operations of virtual memory.

Chapter 5
Computer Organizaton
Tutorial 17

1.	Compare the differences between secondary storage and main memory.

2.	Explain the following terms related to magnetic disk:

i.	tracks
ii.	cylinders
iii.	sectors
iv.	cluster
v.	FAT

3.	Compare the similarities and differences between floppy disks and hard disks.

4.	Suggest the suitable storage devices for the following data:

i.	All data in student accounts in the department
ii.	photo album of the New Year Eve event
iii.	an assignment
iv.	personnel telephone directory
v.	all lecture notes with related diagrams and exercises