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  1. Built-In Money Supply Effects:

  2. Crowding Out:

  3. Incomes Policies:

  4. Natural Rate Hypothesis:

  5. Nonbank Public:

  6. Phillips Curve:

  7. Trade-off Hypothesis:

 

Papers

Monetary and Fiscal Policies

Built-In Money Supply Effects:

Interest rate effects on borrowed bank reserves, desired excess reserves, and perhaps time deposit liabilities which produce a positive relationship between the money supply and the interest rate.

Crowding Out:

The check to the strength of fiscal ease applications which occurs because interest rates rise and diminish interest sensitive expenditures.

Incomes Policies:

An extension of the price and wage control concept which places ceilings on profits and other types of income.

Natural Rate Hypothesis:

The hypothesis which holds that the unemployment rate will not remain below its natural level in the long term regardless of the steady-state inflation rate produced by overly expansive demand management policies. It may move below its natural level in the short term, however, during the period in which expected inflation falls short of actual inflation.

Nonbank Public:

For the United States, everyone except the U.S. Treasury, the Federal Reserve, and commercial banks.

Phillips Curve:

A curve fitted to plottings of the percent increase in money wages (or prices) against the unemployment rate.

Trade-off Hypothesis:

The hypothesis that the stabilization authorities face a trade-off between unemployment rate and inflation rate when using monetary and fiscal policies alone, a trade-off arising from wage-push pressures which become stronger as aggregate demand expands relative to full-employment output.