REFERENCES

Armstrong, K.R., Zatzick, D., Metzler, T.J., Weiss, D.S., Marmar, C.R., Garma, S.,
Ronfeldt, H., & Roepke, L. (1998). Debriefing of American Red Cross personnel:
Pilot study on participants' evaluations and case examples from the 1994 Los Angeles
earthquake relief operation. Social Work in Health Care, 27, 33-50.
Bisson, J., Jenkins, P., Alexander, J., & Bannister, C. (1997) Randomised controlled trial of
psychological debriefing for victims of acute burn trauma. British Journal of Psychiatry,
171, 78-81.
Bordow, S. & Porritt, D. (1979). An experimental evaluation of crisis intervention.
Social Science and Medicine, 13A, 251-256.
Brewin, C., Andrews, B., Rose, D., & Kirk, M. (November 1998). Acute stress disorder and
PTSD in victims of violent crime. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the
International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Washington, D.C.
Brom, D., Kleber, R., & Hofman, M. (1993). Victims of traffic accidents: incidence and
prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 49, 131-140.
Bryant, R.A. & Harvey, A.G. (November 1998). Treatment of acute stress disorder. Paper
presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress
Studies, Washington, D.C.
Bryant, R.A. & Harvey, A.G. (1998). Relationship between acute stress disorder and
posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal
of Psychiatry, 155, 625-629.
Bunn, T. & Clarke, A. (1979). Crisis intervention: An experimental study of the effects of
a brief period of counseling on the anxiety of relatives of seriously injured or ill hospital
patients. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 191-195.
Burns, T.P. & Hollins, S.C. (1991). Psychiatric response to the Clapham rail crash.
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 84, 15-19.
Chemtob, C., Tomas, S., Law, W., & Cremniter, D. (1997). Postdisaster psychosocial
intervention: A field study of the impact of debriefing on psychological distress. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 415-417.
Classen, C., koopman, C., Hales, R., & Spiegel, D. (1998). Acute stress disorder as a
predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 620-624.
Deahl, M., Gillham, A., Thomas, J., Searle, M., & Srinivasan, M. (1994). Psychological
sequelae following the Gulf War: Factors associated with subsequent morbidity and the
effectiveness of psychological debriefing. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 60-65.
Delahanty, D.L., Herberman, H., Craig, K., Hayward, M., Fullerton, C., Ursano, R.J.,
& Baum, A. (1997). Acute and chronic distress and posttraumatic stress disorder as a
function of responsibility for serious motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 65, 560-567.
Dyregrov, A. (1997). The process in psychological debriefings. Journal of Traumatic Stress,
10, 589-605.
Feuer, C. (November 1998). Acute stress disorder and PTSD in sexual and physical assault
survivors. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for
Traumatic Stress Studies, Washington, D.C.
Flannery, R. & Penk, W. (1996). Program evaluation of an intervention approach for staff
assaulted by patients: Preliminary inquiry. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 317-324.
Foa, E., Hearst-Ikeda, D., & Perry, K. (1995). Evaluation of a brief cognitive-behavioral
program for prevention of chronic PTSD in recent assault victims. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 63, 948-955.
Foa, E., Riggs, D., Massie, E., & Yarczower, M. (1995). The impact of fear activation and
anger on the efficacy of exposure treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior
Therapy, 26, 487-498.
Ford, J.D., Greaves, D., Chandler, P., Thacker, B., Shaw, D., Sennhauser, S., & Schwartz, L.
(1997). Time-limited psychotherapy with Operation Desert Storm veterans. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 10, 655-664.
Gist, R., Lubin, B., & Redburn, B. (1998). Psychosocial, ecological, and community
perspectives on disaster response. Journal of Personal and interpersonal Loss, 3, 25-51.
Grainger, C. (1995). Occupational violence: Armed holdup - A risk management approach.
International Journal of Stress Management, 2, 197-205.
Harvey, A.G. & Bryant, R.A. (1998a). The relationship between acute stress disorder and
posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective evaluation of motor vehicle accident survivors.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 507-512.
Harvey, A.G. & Bryant, R.A. (1998b). The effect of attempted thought suppression in acute
stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 583-590.
Harvey, A.G., Bryant, R.A., & Dang, S. (1998a). Autobiographical memory in acute stress
disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 500-506.
Hobbs, M. & Adshead, G. (1996). Preventive psychological intervention for road crash
survivors.In M. Mitchell (ed.), The aftermath of road accidents, pp.159-171. London:
Routledge.
Hobbs, M., Mayou, R., Harrison, B., & Worlock, P. (1996). A randomised controlled trial of
psychological debriefing for victims of road traffic accidents. British Medical Journal, 313,
1438-1439.
Hobfoll, S. (1991). Traumatic stress: A theory based on rapid loss of resources. Anxiety
Research, 4, 187-197.
Hossack, A. & Bentall, R.P. (1996). Elimination of posttraumatic symptomatology by
relaxation and visual-kinsethetic dissociation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 99-110.
Hytten, K. & Hasle, A. (1989). Fire fighters: A study of stress and coping. Acta
Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 355,50-55.
Janik, J. (1992). Addressing cognitive defenses in critical incident stress. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 5, 497-503.
Jaycox, L. (November 1998). Predictive value of acute stress disorder in female assault
victims. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for
Traumatic Stress Studies, Washington, D.C.
Joseph, S., Dalgleish, T., Williams, R., Yule, W., Thrasher, S., & Hodgkinson, P. (1997).
Attitudes towards emotional expression and post-traumatic stress in survivors of the Herald
of Free Enterprise disaster. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 133-138.
Kenardy, J., Webster, R., Lewin, T., Carr, V., Hazell, P., & Carter, G. (1996). Stress
debriefing and patterns of recovery following a natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 9, 37-49.
Lee, C., Slade, P., & Lygo, V. (1996). The influence of psychological debriefing on emotional
adaptation in women following early miscarriage: A preliminary study. British Journal of
Medical Psychology, 69, 47-58.
Lundin, T. & Bodegard, M. (1993). The psychological impact of an earthquake on rescue
workers: A follow-up study of the Swedish group of rescue workers in Armenia, 1988.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 129-139.
Marmar, C.R., Weiss, D.S., Schlenger, W.E., Fairbank, J.A., Jordan, B.K., Kulka, R.A.,
& Hough, R.L.(1994). Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam
veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 902-907.
Marmar, C.R., Weiss, D., Metzler, T., & Delucchi, K. (1996). Characteristics of emergency
services personnel related to peritraumatic dissociation during critical incident exposure.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, Supplement 7, 94-102.
McFarlane, A. (1988). The longitudinal course of posttraumatic morbidity: The range of
outcomes and their predictors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 30-39.
McFarlane, A. (November 1998). Acute psychological and neurohormonal reactions
to trauma. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for
Traumatic Stress Studies, Washington, D.C.
Perconte, S., Wilson, A., Pontius, E., Dietrick, A., Kirsch, C., & Sparacino, C. (1993). Unit-
based intervention for Gulf War soldiers surviving a SCUD missile attack: Program
description and preliminary findings. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 225-238.
Raphael, B. (1986). When disaster strikes. New York: Basic Books.
Robinson, R. & Mitchell, J. (1993). Evaluation of psychological debriefings. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 6, 367-382.
Rose, S. & Bisson, J. Brief early psychological interventions following trauma: A systematic
review of the literature. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 697-710.
Rose, S. , Brewin, C., Andrews, B., & Kirk, M. (in press). A randomised trial of
psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime. British Journal of Psychiatry.
Shalev, A.Y., Freedman, S., Peri, T., Brandes, D., & Sahar, T. (1997). Predicting PTSD in
trauma survivors: Prospective evaluation of self-report and clinician-administered
instruments. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 558-565.
Shalev, A.Y., Freedman,S., Peri, T., Brandes, D., Sahar, T., Orr, S., & Pitman, R. (1998).
Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 630-637.
Shalev, A.Y., Peri, T., Canetti, L., & Schreiber, S. (1996). Predictors of PTSD in injured
trauma survivors: A prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 219-225.
Shalev, A.Y., Sahar, T., Freedman, S., Peri, T., Glick, N., Brandes, D., Orr,S., & Pitman, R.
(1998). A prospective study of heart rate response following trauma and the subsequent
development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 553-559.
Shalev, A.Y. & Ursano, R.J. (1990). Group debriefing following exposure to traumatic
stress. In J. Lundeberg, U. Otto, & B. Rybeck (eds.). Wartime Medical Services:
Second International Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, 25-28 June 1990; proceedings,
pp. 192-207.
Stallard, P. & Law, F. (1993). Screening and psychological debriefing of adolescent survivors
of life-threatening events. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 660-665.
Tichenor, V., marmar, C.R., Weiss, D., Metzler, T., & Ronfeldt, H. (1996). The relationship
of peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress: Findings in female Vietnam theater
veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1054-1059.
Van der Kolk, B. & Fisher, R. (1995). dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic
memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 505-525.
Wegner, D., Quillian, F., & Houston, C. (1996). Memories out of order: Thought
suppression and the disturbance of sequence memory. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 71, 680-691.