If fiction and/or art is portrayed as "real", the domain contains objects and occurences that comply with the norms of society. There is nothing extraordinary in realist art and/or fiction. Thus, shock is not a part of the emotional response to realist ideals and images. Plato was a strong advocate of realism and believed in the Ideal: a world of perfection(the heavens), the Real: the world we live in, and Representation: the world of art. Plato declared the writers and artists of surrealism as "not in their right mind." William James founded Pragmatism (1890's) which advocated the psychology of the consciousness and realism.
