CPUSH NOTES

• Reformers tried to promote social welfare by easing the problems of city life. The Salvation Army, for example, fed the poor & provided child care.

• Progressive also reformed politics. For instance at the municipal level, reformers established the commission system where "experts" run a city. At the state level, progressives succeeded in winning the following reforms: 1) the initiative-giving voters the power to reject passed laws, & 3) the recall-giving voters the power to remove government officials from office. At the federal level, the most important progressive achievement was the passage of the 17th Amendment--it called for US senators to be elected directly by the people.

• by the end of the 19th century, many women worked outside the home to earn money. Many became domestic worker (housekeepers). 25% of them worked in factories. They held the least skilled positions & were paid the lowest. As businesses grew, more woment began to work as secretaries.

• Graduates of the new women's colleges often became active in public life. Since women were not allowed to vote or run for office, they worked for reforms outside the government. Many fought against unsafe conditions in factories.

• Women who wanted the right to vote- called suffragists, united to form the National American Woman Wuffrage Association (NAWSA). The leaders of the suffrage movement tried to win the vote in 3 ways: 1) convince state governments to give women theright to vote, 2) test the 14th Amendment to see whether it already granted women the vote (it states that all US citizens can vote. Leaders, such as Susan B. Anthony, argued that women should be allowed to vote because they are citizens too.

• Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901. He was bold, ambitious, & full of energy. In the Spanish-American War, he led a fighting unit called the Rough Riders. He wanted to see that the common people received what he called a Square Deal. It was a program of progressive reforms.

• In 1902, about 140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike. roosevelt called both sides to the White House. He threatened to have the government take over the mines & the 2 sides agreed to have an arbitration committee settle the differences. Such mediation became more common. *

• Roosevelt also tackled trusts that contrlled the market & held monopolies. He had the government sue harmful trusts under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. In all, he filed 44 antitrust lawsuits.

• In 1906, Upton Sinclair published a novel called The Jungle, describing filthy conditions in the meatpacking industry. Roosevelt then pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Additionally, the Pure Food & Drug Act passed which regulated what manufacturers could put into foods & drugs. It said that products must be labeled honestly.

*ADDITIONAL NOTES: 1st time gov't take active role in diffusing labor disputes (strikes); doing something about corrupt business practices

• President Roosevelt did not run for a 3rd term. Instead, he wanted William Howard Taft to become President. Once he became president, Taft continued to make progressive reforms.

• Taft wanted to lower the tariff. He signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which barely lowered it. The progressives were annoyed. Conservationist Gifford Pinchot, head of the US Forest Service, believed that wilderness areas could be used for both public & private purposes. Taft's Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger, however, wanted to free up land for forestry & mining. Pinchot complained to Taft but was fired. The firing upset Roosevelt.

• Taft's support of conservative political boss Joseph Cannon, who was the Speaker of the House, led to a split in their Republican party between conservatives & progressives. Roosevelt than ran for reelection against Taft. Republican conservatives supported Taft while Republican progressives splintered off (into the Bull Moose Party) & nominated Teddy Roosevelt. This handed the Democratic Party's Woodrow Wilson, who campaigned for progressive reforms, an easy victory in the election of 1912.

• Woodrow Wilson was a lawyer, college professor, university president, & state governor. When elected US president, he pushed for a reform program called New Freedom.

• Under Wilson, Congress passed 2 antitrust measures. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 made it more difficult for monopolies to form, held people who ran a company more personally responsible, & ruled that labor & farm groups were not considered trusts, hence legalizing them. The Federal Trade Act of 1914 created the Federal Trade Commission. This agency had the power to investigate businesses.

• Wilson believed high tariffs encouraged monopolies to form. He, therefore, supported the Underwood Tariff of 1913, which lowered tariffs.

• Wilson pushed for the establishment of the new Federal Reserve System. It controlled the money supply & made credit more available to people.

• As Wilson pushed for reforms, women continued to push for women's rights. They campaigned & held rallies. Their effort led to the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. It gave women the right to vote. On civil rights, however, Wilson lagged.*

*Wilson was a racist.

Chapter 9 Vocabulary

1. progressive movement-
   The progressive movement was a reform movement in the early-20th century that strove to return control of the government to the governed, "restore economic opportunities", and "correct injustices in American life."

2. muckraker-
   A muckraker was a journalist from a magazine or newspaper who exposed corruption in the business industry (public life) in the early 1900s.

3. suffrage-
   Suffrage is the right to vote.

4. Susan B. Anthony-
   Susan B. Anthony was a leader in the woman suffrage movement.

5. Theodore Roosevelt-
   Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley's successor and vice president, was only president because political bosses wanted control; however, Roosevelt, a progressive (reformer) and Republican, broke trusts (enforcing the Sherman Antitrust Act), required the railroad (Interstate Commerce Act) and a lover of nature.

6. NAACP-
   NAACP, which stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was an organization founded by "prominent white reformers" and a "number of African AMericans" that aimed for full equality among the races.

7. Gifford Pinchot-
   Head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot "believed that wilderness areas could be scientifically managed to yield public enjoyment while allowing private development.*

8. Woodrow Wilson-
   Woodrow Wilson succeeded Taft as president and won (he was a Democrat) because of the split in Republican Party (between Roosevelt and Taft); Wilson was also a progressive reformer.

9. Clayton Antitrust Act-
   In 1914, the Clayton Antitrust Act was enacted to make "certain monopolistic business practices illegal" and protect the "rights of labor unions and farm organizations."
10. Federal Reserve System-
    The Federal Reserve System, established in 1913, was a national banking system that controlled the U.S. money supply and availability of credit in the country.

*Gifford fired by TAFT, Roosevelt's SUCCESSOR

Progressivism-4 major goals: (1) protect social welfare, (2) promote moral improvement, (3) create economic reform, (4) promote efficiency

Salvation Army-fed the poor and provided child care

Prohibition-banning of alcoholic drinks

the initiative*-giving voters the right to propose laws (1)

the referendum*-giving voters the power to reject passed laws (2)

the recall*-giving the power (to voters) to remove government officials from office (3)

17^th Amendment-US Senators to be elected directly by the people

Suffrage Movement-movement to give women the right to vote

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)-prominent women's rights organization (one of many)

14^th Amendment-citizens have right to vote

Susan B. Anthony-feminist; leader in suffrage movement

Theodore Roosevelt-blieved in proactive presidency; agressive foreign policy

Rough Riders-unit Teddy led in Spanish-American War

Square Deal-Reform package

Pennsylvania Coal Miners' Strike-strike in 1st time-gov't not side w/business

Arbitration Committee-gov't body set up to settle disputes between workers & owners

Sherman Antitrust Act-

Muckrakers-journalists who revealed corruptoin in gov't & unethical business practices

Upton Sinclair-author of The Jungle

The Jungle-plight of workers; how badly people treated & filthy conditions

Meat Inspection Act-result of The Jungle; passed under Teddy Roosevelt

Pure Food and Drug Act-result of Meat Inspection Act; passed under Teddy Roosevelt

William Howard Taft-(1) didn't lower tariff; (2) fired friend of Teddy, Pinchot; (3) supported Cannon <-ENEMY of Roosevelt

Payne-Aldrich Tariff-barely lowered tariff, but (check UNDERWOOD TARIFF), during Taft's presidency

Gifford Pinchot-Head of U.S. Forest Service; fird because he was critical of Richard A. Ballinger

Richard A. Ballinger-

Joseph Cannon-

Bull Moose Party-Republican Progressive Party

Woodrow Wilson-president after Taft; Taft & Roosevelt divided Republican party

New Freedom-package of reforms

Clayton Antitrust Act-more powerful than Sherman Antitrust Act

Federal Trade Act-police force (business); arrest unethical

Federal Trade Commission-

Underwood Tariff-lowered tariff drastically (during Wilson's presidency)

Federal Reserve System-make money (print) & determine how much $ to circulate

19^th Amendment-women's rights

* reforms

• By the late 1880s, many Americans thought the US should extend its influence overseas. This would mean adopting a policy of imperialism. Imperialism was the practice of stronger nations extending their economic, political, & military strength over weaker countries. European nations had done this for a long time.

• Imperialism was a trend around the world. 7 European nations, for instance, divided up Africa into colonies for themselves. They did this to take the raw materials that Africa offered & to sell their own goods in African markets. By the early 1900s, only 2 African countries- Liberia & Ehtiopia remained independent. In the Far East, Japan joined the European nations in their imperial quest for more colonies. The once mighty China was weakened significantly when the European powers carved the nation into spheres of influence.

• The British founded a huge empire in Africa, Asia, & the Pacific. Under Queen Victoria (1837-1901), the British Empire included one quarter of the world's land & people, hence the expression, "The sun never sets on the British Empire."

• The Hawaiian Islands, since the 1790s, had been used by American merchants as a refueling "stop" on their way to China & India. A # of Americans had established sugar plantations in Hawaii. Plantation owners brought thousands of laborers to Hawaii from Japan, Portugal, & China. By 1900, foreign workers outnumbered native Hawaiians by 3 to 1.

• In 1887, white business leaders forced the Hawaiian King to change Hawaii's Constitution so that only wealthy landowners had the right to vote. This basically meant that American business men would control the Hawaiian government.

• When the Hawaiian King died, his sister, Queen Liliuokalani succeeded. She tried to give the vote back to ordinary Hawaiians, but the Americans organized a revolt. The US ambassador to Hawaii, John L. Stevens helped his fellow Americans. They established a temporary government headed by American business man, Sanford B. Dole.*

• Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became president when President McKinley was assassinated in 1901. Roosevelt used America's newly won "imperial" status to help settle the Russo-Japanese War. Roosevelt's efforts earned him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize.

• Roosevelt used his influence to build the Panama Canal. Panama, however, was part of Colombia & Colombia efused US efforts to build a canal. The US then helped anamanian rebels gain independence from Colombia. Construction of the canal begain in 1904 & ended in 1914.

• Roosevelt adopted the Roosevelt Corollary*. It stated that the US would not allow European powers to influence the Western Hemisphere. Additionally, the US had the right to intervene in Latin America to protect its business interests. In 1911, President Taft used this policy when he forced Nicaragua to allow US businessmen to take control of its banks. Nicaragua was in heavy debt after a rebellion. Some of them opposed the take-over & US troops were sent in to keep the peace. Those who did not like this intervention called it dollar diplomacy.

* added statement

• President Woodrow Wilson added a moral tone to Latin American policy called- "missionary diplomacy." It meant that the US could not officially recognize governments that were oppressive, undemocratic, or opposed to US interests. A revolution in Mexico tested this policy.

• In 1910, Mexican peasants & workers rebelled against their military dictator. 2 new governments followed, the 2nd headed by General Victoriano Huerta. Wilson did not support Huerta because he used violence to gain power. Wilson sent in US troops but withdrew when a new leader, Venustiano Carranza, took power in Mexico. Other leaders, like Francisco "Pancho" Villa led revolts & some of his men killed Amerians. Wilson sent in General John J. Pershing & 15,000 troops to capture "Pancho" Villa with no success. Mexicans were angered by the invasion. In 1916, US troops fought with Carranza's army. A year later, the US withdrew.

• Finally, Mexico adopted a Constitution & Mexicans regained control of their own resources. American intervention in Mexico showed how far the US was willing to go to protect its economic interests.

Chapter 10 Vocabulary

1. Queen Liliuokalani-
   She was the Queen of Hawaii--last to rule Hawaii as an independent nation--who was deposed by American businessmen after trying to restore the vote to native Hawaiians.

2. imperialism-
   Imperialism is when a stronger nation overcomes and colonizes a weaker and smaller nation.

3. José Martí-
   He was a Cuban poet and journalist who "launched a revolution in 1895" against the Spanish.

4. yellow journalism-
   Yellow journalism is the type of journalism that abounded during the Spanish (resistance) War with its territories, portraying the Spanish as being more brutal than they were.

5. U.S.S. Maine-
   The U.S.S. Maine was the American ship sunk outside of Cuba and the incident exaggerated by yellow journalists, who blamed the Spaniards for blowing up the ship.

6. protectorate-
   A protectorate is a country whose "affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power."

7. Open Door notes-
   The Open Door notes were policy statements sent to various euroasian countries calling for open access to China.

8. Boxer Rebellion-
   The Boxer Rebellion was the Chinese's efforts to free themselves of US & Euroasian control, but was put down by the US, Britain, and Japan.

9. Panama Canal-
   The Panama Canal was built by Americans as a means from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific by a very short route. It was not built until Panama won independence (with help from the US) from Colombia.

10. Roosevelt Corollary-
    "This stated that the US would not allow Europeans powers to influence the Western Hemisphere." And, "the US had the right to intervene in Latin America to business interests."

imperialism- stronger nations taking over weaker countries
Liberia & Ethiopia- only 2 independent African countries at the turn of the century (rest carved up by Europeans)
spheres of influence- areas carved up in China by European powers
Queen Victoria- British Queen; under her, British empire became largest in the world
Hawaii- # of islands in middle of Pacific Ocean; refueling stop for many merchants
Queen Liliuokalani- last Queen of Hawaii & when tried to return pow'r to ordinary Hawaiians, overthrown by American businessmen (who pushed Hawaii to become a part of US)
Ambassador John L. Stevens- helped push Hawaii to become a part of the US
Sanford B. Dole-businessman (1 of them) who deposed Queen L.
President William McKinley-had the US take over Hawaiian islands, beat Spaniards, take over Guam
Cuba- took over Cuba following Spanish-American War

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