If you choose to use these notes to replace taking notes
in class, I expect the following:

1. You will have the notes in front of you,
at the correct page, during note taking in class.

2. During class notes, you'll need to fill in 
as we move along. Also, you'll find it helpful to add diagrams,
underline and otherwise highlight items stressed in class.

IMPORTANT! A clean printed copy of these notes is NOT
        acceptable for credit

Remember, since we are not using a textbook,
a good notebook is important

I hope this can help - Mr. Sperrazza

How do scientists work?

PROBLEM – ______________

______________ – guess

EXPERIMENT – _________________

OBSERVATION – data from your senses

________________ – answer the problem

Scientific Units

TEMPERATURE – degrees Celsius  C
 Water freezes   __________________
 Room temp   ____________________
 Body temp    ____________________

LENGTH – meter
 Kilometer – _____________________
 Meter – ________________________
 Centimeter – ____________________
 Millimeter – _____________________

VOLUME – liter
 Liters – ________________________
 Milliliters – ______________________

MASS / weight  - gram
 Kilogram – ______________________
 Gram – _________________________

MICROSCOPE PARTS

EYEPIECE – lens you look into
___________________ – near object
NECK / ARM – ___________________
BODY TUBE – holds lenses apart
____________ – platform for slides
____________ – holds slides
DISK DIAPHRAGM – ______________
BASE – bottom
_____________ ADJUSTMENT – moves (stage) a lot
_____________ ADJUSTMENT – move (stage) a little
NOSEPIECE – holds _______________
 

LIFE PROCESSES – common to all living things

_________________ – the whole organism or inside the cell

GROWTH – increase in size, _________________________

REPRODUCTION – making new individuals
_______________– like bacteria splitting
_______________ – with a mate

_______________ – react to a change

METABOLISM – _________________________

- evidence of metabolism -
ONLY SOME living things...
 eating
 breathing
 excretion
 photosynthesis
 

Needs of living things

__________________
 to power the life processes

__________________
 for chemical reactions of life

___________________
 to get energy from food - respiration
 (some exceptions)

___________________
 a suitable place to live
 
 

CELLS

Hooke
England       1600’s
                      cork

         cells

1800’s
Schleiden – plants
Schwann – animals
 all have cells
Virchow – all have cells

Cell Theory
1. All living things are _________________
2. All cells carry on ___________________
 

The Cell and its Parts

CELL – basic unit of life
CELL MEMBRANE – living ________________
CELL WALL – ____________ boundary
CYTOPLASM – _______________ area of the cell
___________ – control center
___________ – storage area
_________________ – green, make food in plants
 

Diffusion model
 
 
 
 
 

Iodine – small _________________________________

Starch – __________________can’t diffuse through the membrane
 
 

___________________________ – is selectively permeable
- only lets certain things through
- like a ____________________
 

Diffusion of food
into a cell
 

Diffusion of waste
out of a cell

Diffusion is important for cells to
- get ___________   ___________    _____________ in
- get ________________ out
 

RESPIRATION
Using oxygen to get _________________________________

sugar + oxygen ==> carbon + water + ___________
 
 
 

RESPIRATION is a chemical process that happens __________________

Proof of respiration

Exhale into BTB
 BTB changes to___________
 carbon dioxide + water ==> _______________  turns BTB ___________
 proof – you exhale__________________

Exhale on glass
____________________ on glass
 proof – you exhale __________________

__________________ – a special form of respiration that gets ENERGY from FOOD using little oxygen –

mostly by YEAST and SOME BACTERIA

YEAST – waste – carbon dioxide and alcohol
 Products
   

BACTERIA  - waste – special “weak acids”
 Products
   

Cell Reproduction

Needed for
 

Cell division – scientists call it MITOSIS
 1. DNA (nucleus) ______________
 2. chromosomes (made of DNA) form _______________________
 3. cell _____________

DNA
- “blueprints” for the cell
- code for ________________________________________

CHROMOSOMES – “thread like” structures seen in the nucleus of dividing cells
- made of _____________
 
 

CLASSIFICATION

Classification of Living Things

Aristotle – ancient Greek
– classified living things by:
  where they live
  how they more
  Problems?

Mid 1700’s – Carl Linne –
1st scientific system

1. classification by ____________________

2. ________ system of classification names
_________________________

Modern System of Classification

1. Based on _______________________

2. Names are Latin based –
with a 2 part scientific name (the same in all languages)
that is the Genus and species name   ________________________

3. from largest to smallest groups
Kingdom
 Phylum
  Class
   Order
    Family
     Genus
      species
 

The 5 Kingdoms of Life

Monera – single celled, no nucleus
   Ex: _______________________________

Protist – mostly single celled, with a nucleus
  Ex: ________________________________

Fungi – mostly many celled, have
mycellium & hyphae, get food by rotting
  Ex: ________________________________

Plants – many celled, have cell walls &
chloroplasts, make their own food
  Ex: ________________________________

Animals – many celled, most have mouth & gut, get food by eating
  Ex: ________________________________
 

MONERA, PROTISTS, & FUNGI

VIRUS

Not fully alive – not in the 5 Kingdoms
Reproduce only __________________________
_______________________________________

Diseases
 ______________
 ______________
 ______________
 ______________
 ______________
 chicken pox
 measles
 mumps
 rubella

Kingdom MONERA

single celled
no nucleus
_______________________
 

Bacteria
round, rod shaped, or spiral
  feed off living things
 _______________________

Blue greens – (cyanobacteria)
 round or stick like
 make food by _________________
(like plants)
 
 

Kingdom PROTIST

________________
 many single celled
 many ____________ (single cells stuck
together)
 most green, some golden, brown, or red
 make food _______________________
(like plants)

Kingdom FUNGI

mostly many celled
cells in threads ___________________
reproduce with ____________________
 (little bits of cells that grow new fungi)

get food __________________________
(absorb food from their surroundings)

______________
______________
Yeast – the science teacher’s favorite fungi
Lichen – a fungal partnership with algae
   “Livin’ _________________________
 

PLANT KINGDOM

PLANT GROUPS

______________ – non-vascular (no conducting tubes)
reproduce with spores, very small

_______________________ – vascular (with conducting tubes)
reproduce with spores

_______________________ – vascular, make seeds with cones,
most have needle-like leaves

_______________________ – vascular, make seeds with flowers,
greatest variety of all plant groups
 
 

PLANT FUNCTIONS

_______________________ – the process green plants and algae use
to make food (simple sugar) by capturing ENERGY from the SUN.

Chemical equation
 

6CO2 + 6H2O ======> C6H12O6 + 6O2
 
 
 
 

carbon  +  water ========>  simple  + oxygen
dioxide    sugar
 
 
 
 
 

Plant Transport

Vascular Tissue – conducting tubes
 carry water & food up & down

_________________ – up tubes, carry mostly water
wood and celery strings

_________________ – down tubes, carry food
  inner bark

“Water PHLOEMS down hill.”
 

PLANT REPRODUCTION

REPRODUCTION

_________________ reproduction
without male & female

bacteria & protists splitting
yeast budding
spores from fungi, mosses & ferns
potatoes from eyes
onions from bulbs (sets)

_________________reproduction
 with male & female
 mating in animals, flowers in plants

egg – female cell
sperm – male cell
fertilization – the joining of an egg &
sperm to form a new cell

Parts of the flower

____________ – attracts insects for pollination
____________ – protects flower

____________ – male part
 filament – stalk
 anther – makes pollen
 pollen – contains sperm cells

_____________ – female part
 stigma – sticky, attracts pollen
 style – stalk, thin
 ovary – holds the ovule, becomes fruit
 ovule – becomes seed, holds the egg
 

To form a SEED

1. Pollination transfers _______________from the stamen to the pistil

2. Pollen tube grows into the ___________, carries the sperm nucleus

3. Pollen tube continues to _____________, where the sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg cell.

4. Fertilized egg ==> ovule ==> ________
                                  ovary ==> ________
 

Seed dispersal
 Plants scattering seeds
1. mechanically propelled
2. carried by ___________
3. carried on ___________
4. ___________ by animals

Vegetative propagation
 New plants from cut parts (asexual)
       potato eyes