ANIMAL KINGDOM
CLASSIFICATION
1. Sponges
body full of pores -
simple structure (cells
& tissues, no organs)
shape varies - ex. finger
sponge
2. Coelenterates
tentacles with stinging
cells - jelly layer -
some have skeletons –
corals
ex. jellyfish – corals
3. Worms- bodies long
and
thin
Flatworms – “stepped on”
– tapeworm
Roundworms – like
spaghetti
– ascaris
Segmented worms – rings
– earthworm
4. Mollusks
soft body, covered by
MANTLE
-
mostly, mantle makes a
“chalky”
shell
ex. clam, snail,
squid
5. Arthropods
6 or more jointed legs
exoskeleton (outside
skeleton)
ex. crabs, spiders, insects
6. Echinoderms
spiny skin, with “tube
feet”
body pattern based on 5
ex. starfish, sea urchin
7. Chordates – nerve chord down the back - (the rest are all chordates)
Cold Blooded Vertebrates
A. Jawless Fish
without a jaw
cartilage rod down
the back
7 gill slits
ex. Lamprey
B. Cartilage Fish
skeleton made of
cartilage
5-7 gill slits
“sandpaper” skin
ex. Sharks &
Rays
C. Bony Fish
skeleton made of bone
bony gill cover,
rayed
fins
familiar fish
ex. Bass, perch,
goldfish, tuna
D. Amphibians
wet skin
gel covered eggs,
laid in water
4 legs
gill è lungs
ex. Frogs, toads,
salamander
E. Reptiles
dry skin with
scales,
have claws
eggs with leathery
shells, laid on land
4 legs
breath with lungs
ex. Turtles,
crocodiles,
lizards, snakes
Warm Blooded Vertebrates
F. Birds
Adaptations for
flight
feathers
hollow bones
air sacs
flight muscles
&
wings
ex. hawk, duck,
robin,
turkey
flightless birds
ostriches
penguins
kiwis
G. Mammals
have fur or hair
mammary glands -
give
milk to young
“Egg Laying”
platypus
echidna
Marsupial – young
develop
in a pouch
kangaroo
opposum
Placental – young
develop
in the
female fed by a placenta
(transfers food and oxygen)
mouse
deer
dog
whale
bat
human
Invertebrate Reproduction
Sponges
asexual
– budding, cloning
Coelenterates sexual
– release egg & sperm
directly into the water
Worms – many are parasites (animals that feed off another living animal) with complex life cycles
Mollusks – most simply release egg & sperm directly into the water. Squid and octopus have complex mating behavior.
Arthropods – most have complex mating behavior, insects have metamorphic life cycles
Echinoderms – release
eggs
and sperm directly into the water
Vertebrate Reproduction
Internal fertilization – takes place inside the female’s body - mating
External fertilization – takes place outside the female’s body – usually in water
Fish – most external fertilization, except sharks & rays have internal
Amphibians – external fert., “jelly” eggs in water or wet area - tadpoles to adult
Reptiles – internal fert., mostly leathery shelled eggs laid on land
Birds – internal fert., chalky shelled eggs laid on land
Mammals – internal
fert.,
most have a placenta and “live birth”, a few lay egg, or have pouches
Dinosaurs
Mesozoic land
vertebrates
(225 – 65 mya)
Dry skin
Lay eggs on land
Upright legs
Probably warm-blooded
Extreme variation in size
Warm-blooded evidence
Track ways
Growth patterns
Air passages in the
skull
Insulation
Dinosaur extinction –
65
mya
Asteroid
Over specialization
for food
Climate change
Disease
Did humans and dinosaurs ever live together?
Dinosaurs extinct – 65 mya
Earliest “humans”
–
about 3 mya
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
Levels of Organization
Cells => Tissues => Organs => Systems => Organism
Tissues – made of similar cells
Connective tissue –
connects,
joins;
bone, tendons, ligaments
most common tissue in your
body
Epithelial tissue –
lining
tissue, cheek cells are
mouth epithelial
tissue
Nervous tissue – fibers that carry signals
Muscular tissue – contracts, for movement
Organs – made of tissues
Systems – made of organs
Organism – made of
systems
Your Body Systems
Sketetal – form, protect
Muscular – movement
Digestive – break down
food
Respiratory – breathing
Circulatory – transport
Excretory – rid wastes
Nervous – control with
nerves
Endocrine – control with
hormones
Reproductive – making
offspring
SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMS - Body Structure
Bone – living tissue with cells that release the mineral calcium
Muscle – specialized cells (fibers) that contract for movement
Tendon – connects muscle to bone, tough fibers, few cells, easy to feel at wrists, inside elbow
Ligaments – connect bone to bone, very few cells, found at all joints
Cartilage – rubbery
tissue,
mostly protein, at ends of bone, nose & ears
DIGESTION - review of NUTRIENTS
Carbohydrates
Sugars &
starches,
Energy storage
compounds
Proteins
“Building blocks”
for structure
contain the element
nitrogen
Fats & oils
Large complex
compounds
for long term
energy storage
Nutrients breakdown into:
Carbohydrates ====> simple sugars
Proteins =========> amino acids
Fats & oils
=======>
fatty acids
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Mouth – starts
digestion,
moistens food with
salivary
glands
Esophagus – tube to the stomach
Stomach – churns and
stores
food,
adds gastric juice
Small intestine
Duodenum – top of your
small
intestine
· Bile – made in
the liver, stored in the
gall bladder, helps digest
fats & oils
· Pancreatic juice
– from the pancreas helps to digest proteins
· Intestinal juice
– from the intestine wall, helps to digest carbs, fats & oils
Rest of the small
intestine
Nutrients absorbed into
the BLOOD
VILLI increase the surface
area of
the small intestine
Length of the small intestine, 5-7 meters
Large intestine
Absorbs water and
minerals
Bacterial growth
releases
nutrients
Compacts undigested
food into
solid waste, called feces
defecate – to get rid
of
solid wastes
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiration –
using oxygen to get
energy from food
oxygen used – carbon
dioxide waste
happens in all cells
Breathing –
air moving in and
out of the lungs
GAS EXCHANGE –
Oxygen into the
blood
Carbon dioxide out
of the blood
Respiratory System
Sinuses – air passages
behind
the nose
and in the skull
Larynx – voice box
Trachea – wind pipe
Bronchial tubes –
branches
from the
trachea
Alveoli – air sacs
Diaphragm – muscle
sheet
that powers
breathing
INHALE – diaphragm down, ribs expand up
EXHALE – diaphragm up,
ribs
relax (down)
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood
5 main jobs of the blood
1. carry oxygen
2. carry food
3. carry wastes
4. fight disease
5. heal wounds
Parts of the blood
Red blood cells –
RBC’s
carry oxygen
White blood cells
– WBC’s
fight disease
Platelets – cell
parts
clot blood, help
heal wounds
Plasma – liquid part
of the blood
mostly water
carries food,
wastes,
other things
Circulatory organs
Heart –
double pump, to
lungs
& body cells
Arteries (artery) –
carries
blood away from
the heart
Veins – return blood to the heart, has valves
Capillaries – connect
arteries
to veins,
where the blood does its
work,
microscopic in size
pulse – pressure wave
from
a heartbeat
found in an artery,
felt close to the skin
EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
Excretion
– getting rid of wastes
<>
Waste products
dissolved
in the blood
carbon
dioxide
salt
–
urea
–
proteins,
has NITROGEN
extra
NERVOUS SYSTEM - Body Control
Reflex – automatic action controlled by the SPINAL CORD
Voluntary – an action that YOU DECIDE
Involuntary – an action
that
is under AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF THE BRAIN
The BRAIN CONTROLS both
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
nerve
messages
chemical control(hormones)
neuron(nerve
cell)
endocrine glands
electro-chemicalsignals
chemical messagescarried by blood
fast1 m /
sec
slow minutes
The Brain
Cerebrum – “the big
part”
controls
voluntary muscles
your senses
speech
thought
memory
learning
Cerebellum – “little cerebrum” controls coordination & balance
Medulla – brain stem, controls internal, involuntary body functions
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Endocrine glands – make
hormones,
chemical messengers
that are released directly
into the bloodstream
Endocrine glands –
brain, pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid
adrenals, pancreas,
ovaries, testes
Controlled MOSTLY by
endocrine
glands
growth
blood sugar levels
(diabetes
– insulin)
body’s use of energy
blood pressure
kidney function
minerals in the blood
reproduction
other endocrine
glands
Controlled SOMETIMES by
endocrine
glands
heart rate
breathing rate
digestive actions
liver functions
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Reproduction Vocabulary
DNA – carries genetic
information
Chromosomes – made of DNA
Embryo – offspring before
birth
Fetus – developing mammal
Egg – female sex cell
Sperm – male sex cell
Testes – make sperm cells
Ovaries – make egg cells
Uterus – muscular sac,
holds
fetus
Placenta – transfers food,
oxygen & waste
Umbilical cord – connects
placenta to
fetus
Fertilization – joining
of the egg & sperm
The cell level of reproduction
chromosomes – tightly coiled DNA pairs copy and separate for cell division
Humans – 46 chromosomes
in
all regular body cells (23 pairs)– except egg & sperm
others: fruit fly 8, onion
16, dog 56, chicken 56
sex chromosomes – last
pair
XX – female
XY – male
CELL DIVISION – in all
body
cells except sex cells
Sperm formation – in
the
testes
Egg formation – in
ovaries
Fertilization - sperm
with
23 chromosomes
joins egg with 23
chromosomes
fertilized egg cell
46 chromosomes
Sex determination –
female
XX, male XY
If the X sperm wins
à
a baby girl
If the Y sperm wins
à
a baby boy
Reproduction Summary
Testes make sperm cells
(23
chromosomes – half)
Ovaries make egg cells (23
chromosomes - half)
Fertilization occurs in
the
fallopian tubes (oviducts)
Fertilized egg has 46
chromosomes
(normal)
Fertilized egg divides,
then
implants (sticks &
grows)
in the uterus lining
Menstruation occurs if there is no fertilized egg
Embryo forms – then develops into the fetus
Food & oxygen moves through the placenta & umbilical cord
After 9 months or 40
weeks
Labor and delivery (birth)
GENETICS
Gregor Mendel –
Austrian
monk
first scientific genetics
experiments with
peas, Austria, 1860’s
first to understand
The Laws of
Inheritance
Genetics
– the study of inheritance
Genes – units of heredity, occur in pairs
Dominant genes –
“stronger”
genes, ones that mask “weaker” genes
Recessive genes – “weaker”
genes, ones masked (hidden) by dominant genes
Complete dominance
In peas:
T = tall
gene
t = short gene
Tall is dominant over short
Genotype – the actual
genes
Phenotype – how it looks
Pure tall –
genotype:
T, T
phenotype:
tall
Mixed tall – genotype:
T,
t
phenotype: tall
sometimes called “hybrid”
Pure short – genotype:
t,
t
phenotype:
short
Incomplete dominance –
“mixed”
or “blended”
In 4 o’clock flowers:
R = red gene
W = white gene
Neither is dominant
R, R = red flowers
W, W = white flowers
R, W = pink flowers
Punnett squares – a box diagram that easily show genetic crosses and percents
Pure tall
peas
T, T x t, t
crossed with
Pure short peas
Cloning - an exact
genetic copy
a form of asexual reproduction - common in plants
potatoes, strawberries, apples
in animals
taking a nucleus (genetic material) from a body cell
use that nucleus to replace the nucleus of an egg
the egg develops normally, an exact genetic copy
of the first
animal
easy in amphibians
difficult in mammals - 1st sheep "Dolly" 1997
most common - mice (1/100 success)
Human Genetics
Some traits have simple
dominance
Some traits are blended
Some traits have complex
systems
Simple dominance
Tongue rolling
Free ear lobes
Widow’s peak hair
line
Blending and more
complex
systems
hair color
eye color
skin color
body size and shape
facial features
tendency to get
certain
diseases
inherited diseases
like sickle cell anemia
and cystic fibrosis
EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION
Change in species through
time
Fundamentals of evolution
1. VARIATION – all living things are slightly different from each other (slightly different genes)
2. INHERITANCE – genetic traits are passed on from the parent to offspring
3. SELECTION – the best adapted (ones with the most favorable genetic traits) survive and pass on those traits to the offspring.
4.
TIME – evolution takes time
CHARLES DARWIN – British naturalist, first to publish Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, “The Origin of Species” – published 1859
NATURAL SELECTION –
chief
mechanism for evolution - those best adapted survive, and pass along
those
traits to their offspring –
“Survival of the fittest”
Adapted – adjusted to, fitted to, suited to
Evidence –
fossils, similar parts,
similar embryos
similar DNA
EVIDENCE of EVOLUTION
Anatomical evidence – similar parts - human hand, bat wing, whale flippers
Fossil evidence –
gradual
change
eohippus – mesohippus –
equus
(small
medium
horse)
Embryological evidence – similar embryos of fish, turtle, chicken, rabbit, human
Chemical evidence –
closely
related, more DNA in common –
zebra, quagga, 95% same
DNA
Bacterial evidence – species resistant to antibiotics form
NATURAL SELECTION –
chief mechanism for
evolution
1. Overproduction – too
many offspring
2. Variation – slight
differences
3. Survival of the fittest
– the best adapted survive and reproduce, pass on traits to offspring
Mutation – change in
genes,
leads to more variety, speeds up evolution
cause of mutation - from
chemicals, radiation, chance
Human Evolution – from
early
apes
“Lucy” Austrolopithecus
afarensis
surprise – chimp-like
head,
upright walker
3.5 m.y.a. – earliest
definite
upright walker
many species evolved –
only
modern humans survive
ECOLOGY
Ecology
The study of the
interactions
between living things and their environment.
ECOSYSTEM
[natural area]
BIOTIC
ABIOTIC
[living
part] [non living part]
PLANTS
AIR WATER
ANIMALS
SOIL SUNLIGHT
lake
rainforest ocean
forest
river tundra
desert
mountain swamp
HABITAT – place where an organism lives – its ecosystem
NICHE – role or job of an organism in its ecosystem
POPULATION – all of 1 kind in an ecosystem
COMMUNITY – all kinds
of
living things in an ecosystem
ABIOTIC FACTORS
AIR – 21% oxygen, 78%
nitrogen
temperature, humidity,
pressure,
wind pollution
WATER
temperature, pressure,
salt,
clarity, dissolved oxygen, current
SOIL
temperature,
moisture,
acidity, organic
debris, texture, fertility
SUNLIGHT
light / shade, length of
daylight, energy for photosynthesis, direct or slanted rays
BIOTIC INTERACTIONS
sun
grass
mouse hawk
PRODUCERS – green
plants
& algae
make food by
photosynthesis
release oxygen
CONSUMERS – animals
(mostly)
eat food
herbivore – eats mostly
plants
carnivore – eats mostly
meat
omnivore – eats both
DECOMPOSERS – bacteria
&
fungi
rot things for food
recycle nutrients
POPULATIONS
Population density
number of organism /
specific
area
15 rabbits / km2
Population increase –
more
born, less die
more food
better habitat
fewer predators
Population decrease –
less
born, more die
less food
habitat destruction
more predators
PREDATOR / PREY
Predator – animal that
hunts
its food
Prey – an animal that is
hunted
PREDATORS keep the PREY
healthy
The PREY keeps the
PREDATOR
healthy
How?
PREY – the old and sick
are killed
PREDATOR – only the
healthiest
get food
SUCCESSION-changes in a community
Example – “old field”
succession
GRASSES => SHRUBS =>
PIONEER
TREES =>
CONIFERS => CLIMAX
FOREST
