Folie à Deux,Dissociative Identity Disorder and Crime
If you found this file in an archive then put keyword "nutteing4" in a
search engine to find a live / recent version
This file is an analysis of how psychiatric problems in a family can lead to
malicious prosecution of innocent people . In the more serious,otherwise similar
situation, there can be false allegations of sexual abuse . In other situations
usually involving divorce there is the allied psychiatric condition of Parental
Alienation Syndrome . The first generation is someone with schizophrenia , the
second generation is a high- functioning dissociative identity disorder
person(DID) {substantially what was previously termed multiple personality
disorder (MPD)} . The delusions of this psychotic person are then induced in the
third generation of family members as folie à deux separately and in combination
as folie à famille, a form of contagious delusion .
Multiple Personality Disorder
History
S . L . Mitchill is usually credited with the first description
of a case of multiple personality disorder in 1816 . The patient was a young
English woman ,Mary Reynolds . She was a bright and healthy child but during her
teenage years developed fits and other symptoms of psychological disturbance .
"Unexpectedly and without any kind of forewarning ,she fell into a profound
sleep,which continued several hours beyond the ordinary term . On waking she was
discovered to have lost every trait of acquired knowledge . Her memory was
tabula rasa;all vestiges both of words and things ,were obliterated and
gone . It was found necessary for her to learn everything again .... after a few
months another fit of somnolency invaded her . On rousing from it,she found
herself restored to the state she was before the paroxysm;but she was wholly
ignorant of every event and occurence that had befallen her afterwards .... she
is as unconscious of her double character as two distinct persons are of
their respective natures ... . During four years and upwards,she has undergone
periodical transitions from one of these states to the other"
(Mitchill,1816)
The old and the new personalities continued to alternate until her death .
This patient ,like many others,attracted a great deal of interest from the
medical profession and lay public alike,and she became known as la dame de
MacNish after an account written by a MacNish . The small number of
references to the condition in the first half of the 19th century included two
British reports of dual consciousness (Mayo 1845 and Skae 1845) . No cases of
the disorder were published between 1847 and 1873 .
After the turn of the century ,Morton Prince reviewed a collection of 20
patienrts and later published a celebrated account of one patient ,Christine
Beauchamp . From this time ,most cases were reported as having more than 2
personalities and the condition became known as multiple personality disorder
(MPD)
In the 20th century public awareness of the condition has been raised
following the release of dramatized ,written and cinematic,biographies of
sufferers eg
"Eve" Thigpen and Cleckley,1984
"Sybil" film of 1976 with
Sally Field as the lead
"Her Deadly Rival" film of 1995 . According to the
tailpiece of this film it was based on real events. I have not been able to
establish the original case - if anyone is aware could they relay details to me.
Other or previous names for MPD are multiplex peronality,double
existences,dual personalities,double personality,plural personality,dissociated
personality,split personality and most recently dissociative identity disorder
(DID) .
Diagnosis
From Diagnostic and Statistical Maual of Mental Disorders
(DSM) IV
a) the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality
states which recurrently take control of the person's behaviour
b) an
inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be
explained by ordinary forgetfulness and is not due to the effects of a substance
or a general medical condition .
Adding to the mystique is the delay in making the diagnosis,often taking six
to eight years of treatment before MPD is recognised . Putnam et al 1986
circulated a 386-item questionaire,employing symptom check- lists to 400
clinicians with a known interest in MPD,seeking information on cases of MPD
meeting the earlier DSM-III criteria . One hundred cases were selected,including
92 females . The average age of diagnosis was 31 years . The patients were well
educated and many had achieved high occupational status . Ninety-five percent
had received one or more psychiatric or neurological diagnoses prior to the
diagnosis of MPD . The interval between first presentation and diagnosis of MPD
was an average of 7 years . The patients presented with an array of
symptoms,most prominently depression, anxiety,eating disorders and auditory and
visual hallucinations . Many presented with "hysterical" or "dissociative"
symptoms including fugue episodes in half the cases . The number of
personalities ranged from 2 to 60, the average being 13 . In 85 cases one of the
alternates was reported to be a child . In 61 percent suicidal behaviour was
associated with the alternative personality . Violent behaviour towards others
was commonly attributed to others and homicidal behaviour alleged in 6. of cases
. 50 percent of patients feared or lost sexual impulse control ranging from
heterosexual and homosexual promiscuity to sadomasochism,pedophilia,bestiality,
exhibitionism,menage à trois and erotic asphasia . Amnesia was a symptom in 95.
of the patients . (Bliss,1980) Bliss has stressed the importance of amnesia and
lost time as symptoms that should raise the clinical suspicion of MPD . MPD can
present with a diversity of symptoms,including those commonly associated with
schizophrenia . Unlike schizophrenia,reality testing is said to be well
preserved . Examples of memory problems associated with MPD include patients
unable to recall what was done at certain times,reports of finding their
belongings in strange places or finding strange items among their belongings .
Also independent third-party reports of comments on their behaviour which is
uncharacteristic and about which they have no recollection . Under hypnosis
these alternate personalities can often account for the lost times and memory
problems . The amnesia is frequently assymetric . The more passive personalities
tend to have more constricted memories,wheras the more hostile,controling or
protector personalities have more complete memories . Evidence of amnesia may be
uncovered by reports from others who have witnessed behaviour that is denied by
the patient . There may be loss of memory not only for recurrent periods of time
but also loss of biographical memory for protracted periods of childhood .
Transition between identities is often triggered by psychological stress . The
time required to switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of
seconds but,less frequently,can be gradual .
MPD patients can be "high functioning multiples" people who elude
hospitalisation and can achieve considerable stability and success in their
lives . A useful screening instrument for dissociatiative disorders is the (DES)
Dissociative Experiences Scale which is a 28 item self-report questionaire. A
similar but more recent screening tool is the (DIS-Q) Dissociative Questionaire
developed in Holland .
Early Developement
Traumatic childhood experiences,especially of
physical abuse and neglect are said to be common in MPD . (Bliss 1984) in a
series of 70 patients estimated that 60. had been victims of sexual abuse and
40. were victims of other types of abuse during childhood . Coones &
Milstein 1986 found similar rates of 75. and 53. . Putnam et al 1986 reported
97. to have a history of childhood abuse . Sexual abuse ,usually incest,was
reported in 83. ,other physical abuse in 75. and a combination of sexual and
physical in 68. . In their study the average age of onset of MPD was estimated
at about 6 years . The effects of exposure to situations of extreme ambivalence
and abuse in early childhood may be coped with by an elaborate form of denial,so
that the child believes the event to be happening to someone else . This process
may be facilitated in childhood,a time when there is a rich fantasy life,often
including imaginary companions . This elaborate form of defence maybe splitting
into all good and all bad alternatives . It is possible that traumatic
experiences in childhood may enhance the individual's ability to dissociate .
From the Lewis paper . The 12 murderers in our study were unaware of their
DID condition . They had partial or total amnesia for the abuse they had
experienced as children . 6 of them were abused by the mother . Contrary to the
commonly held assumption that individuals facing the consequences of murder
charges will exagerate their childhood misfortunes,in mitigation,these murderers
could barely remember anything about their childhoods . Also contrary to popular
belief that probing questions will either instill false memories or encourage
lying,especially in dissociative patients,of these 12,not one produced false
memories or lied after inquiries regarding maltreatment . They either denied or
minimized their early abusive experiences . We relied on objective records and
on interviws with family and friends to discover that major abuse had occured .
In every case,3 or more outside sources provided independent evidence of
subject's marked change of voice,demeanour,and behaviour and in 11 cases abuses
were also verified objectively . In 10 cases handwriting samples produced before
the offenses in question documented changes in writing styles and signatures .
Case Studies
Kluft 1986,Published report describes MPD in 3 individuals
of high accomplishment whose pathology was extremely well disguised in both
their lives and in their clinical presentations . They neither demonstrated nor
acknowledged signs suggestive of a dissociative disorder,anxiety
disorder,schizophrenia,seizure disorder,affective disorder or borderline
personality disorder . Such cases can be described as "good neurotic" or mild
character neurotic or high-functioning MPD . The intention was to raise the
index of suspicion for MPD in apparently stable and successful patients whose
initial presentations give no overt indications of MPD .
Case 1
A 30 yearold female physician applied to a psychoanalytic clinic
. Two periods of less intensive psychiatric treatment had failed to change
masochistic tendencies in her relationships with men . Her evaluation included
interviews with a senior and 2 graduate analysts and discussion of their
findings by 6 others . No treating psychiatrist,evaluator,or committee member
raised consideration of MPD . Once analysis began,she was very resistant .
Latenesses were frequent . She claimed she lost track of time and suddenly
realised she was already late for her session . As the transference
intensified,she became quite uncomfortable . The latenesses increased in
frequency and duration . Long silences became commonplace . Midway through her
fourth year of analysis ,during a session she abruptly got up from the
couch,turned to the analyst,and said, "You can analyse HER,but I'm leaving!" The
patient spoke in a markedly different voice that was familiar to the analyst,but
which he,until that moment ,had attributed to transient regression . The analyst
regained his composure and responded,"You are in analysis too . Please return to
the couch and let us continue . " After several minutes of indecision ,the
patient did go back to the couch .
The personality the analyst recognised as his patient returned a few minutes
later,complainig of a headache and vaguely aware that "something upsetting" had
occured . A few weeks later,she showed the analyst diaries in handwriting she
did not recognise as her own . She talked about several occasions on which the
analyst had commented on her out-of-character clothing and told him that on
those days she did not recall dressing . There were garments in her possession
that she could not remember buying . She feared she might have multiple
personalities . Within weeks,four additional personalities entered the analysis
. One readily admitted she opposed the analysis and had acted obstructively in
the hope that the analyst would give up on the patient . Once she became
co-operative,the latenesses and silences ceased .
The painfully good and constricted woman had one personality that led a
separate life with drastically different friends,clothes and habits . A third
occasionally took over . When out,she functioned within the patient's usual
personal and professional relationships,but was far less inhibited . Both were
quite distinct . The other two included a punitive alternate ego who frequently
inconvenienced the patient,but never interacted openly with other individuals
,and a child personality that rarely emerged . The patient had been aware of
many evidences that suggested she had MPD,but had witheld them . For example,
she offered extensive rationalizations for her amnesias or behaved so as to
appear contrary rather than amnesic . She integrated gradually,and showed no
signs of MPD during the last 2 years of a 7 . 5 year classical psychoanalysis .
Case 2
A 40 yearold research scientist of substantial attainment already
had been seen by four psychiatrists in connection with a traumatic divorce,major
relocations,and the pressures of combining career and family responsibilities .
None had suspected a dissociative disorder . Seeking treatment to resolve major
difficulties in her relationships with men,she declined to enter classical
psychoanalysis,which had been recommended,citeing the burden of her children's
college expenses and the time pressures of heading a professional organisation .
Instead,she entered a psychoanalytic psychotherapy that proved quite successful
. Two years after termination she returned,engaged to a suitable man,but
concerned about problems in dealing with her children .
.... She simply did what was told by another personality she knew as "the
kid" . Her own function was to handle interpersonal relationships adroitly . She
was afraid she would be considered schizophrenic if she revealed her situation .
This woman had 19 personalities,12 of which were quite distinct,most of which
came out only in private,and some of which restricted their emergence to times
when she was amongst strangers,or was in social situations that were quite
supeficial ....
Case 3
A physician in her late 20s had seen a series of psychiatrists
since her teens in order to work out problems in her relationships with men .
Initial medical inquiries by an analyst revealed the patient was left-handed .
However,while the patient was writing down some basic information,she did so
with her right hand . The analyst asked a question while she was writing . The
patient appeared dazed momentarily,and then resumed writing,but with her left
hand . She also appeared dazed when asked whether she had suffered any abuse
during her childhood . These incidents led the analyst to ask about memory
problems,disremembered behaviours described to her by others,headaches,and
passive influence experiences (not fuly emerged identities,unexplained strong
emotions or pains) . On several occasions,these questions were followed by the
patient's complaining of a headache,looking dazed,and behaving somewhat
differently for a few moments . These behaviours suggested the unacknowledged
switching of personalities . Finally a personality identified herself to the
analyst by a name different from that of the presenting personality and
expressed relief at "finally telling someone what's really going on" . This
patient had 9 personalities, seven of which were very distinct and autonomous .
In one,she had persued a career as an exotic dancer in addition to studying
medicine .
End of case studies
Many of the patients had evolved complex strategies to conceal their
disorder . Clinicians consider MPD rare because they expect to see and readily
confirm "a steady and public history of certain dramatic phenomena in order to
consider the diagnosis and to document it" . Over 90. of those later diagnosed
as MPD have tried to hide such manifestations,and over 50. who are approached
with hypnosis or amytal interviews to clarify their diagnosis withold evidence
of MPD at their first such assessments .
In all these (Kluft)12 cases,the presenting personality witheld data that
might have raised the index of suspicion for MPD . Many were able to cover over
amnesia or to offer plausible rationalizations for it . When asked about the
amnesias and out-of-character behaviours that occured during analysis,patient 1
behaved in a distractingly provocative and contentious manner . She researched
the psychoanalytic literature on forgetting . Sometimes she
confabulated,sometimes she deduced what had happened and represented her
conclusions or what others had told her as if it were memory,and sometimes she
deliberately offered astute psychoanalytic explanations of her forgetfulness .
She did not admit awareness of having separate diaries and wardrobes for several
years . In patient 2 most of the alters were aware of one another . One
personality was only aware that "she needed more sleep than the average person"
. She believed she fell asleep at 9pm . The others led their lives between 9pm
and midnight or 1am . The presenting personality was in treatment for 4 years
before admitting there was evidence that things happened while she believed she
was asleep . Patient 3,usually a reserved and demure individual,danced in sleazy
bars and stripped to virtual nudity . Another personality could never believe
she was "actually doing it" but was titillated at the idea of having a secret
other life .
Another Case Study from the P. Mollon book
Angie a
moderately successful young artist,presented initially with anxiety,panic
atacks,low self-esteem,an anorexic eating disorder,and disturbed interpersonal
relationships . On being taken into therapy it rapidly became apparent that
dissociative processes pervaded her life . For example ,she lived with one
man,whilst having a relationship with another man,neither of these men knowing
about the other . With the man she lived with she was quiet and sexually
inhibited,whilst she would also,unbeknown to him, lead another life in which she
was a sexual "femme fatale",very lively,wearing different clothes,speaking with
a different voice and relating to a quite separate group of friends . When asked
if she felt guilty,in relation to her cohabiting partner, regarding her
relationship with the other man,she explained that she did not, because when she
was with her partner the other relationship seemed like something another person
was doing .... A recurrent feature of the therapist's experience was of being
bombarded by a contradictory and confusing array of beliefs,attitudes and
arguments which showed no regard to logic . She would for example speak
ragefully of her parent's behaviour towards her,whilst at the same arguing that
they were absolutely correct . Any line of interpretation which the therapist
attempted to explore would be met by a barrage of confusing disputation which
would leave him feeling helpless and enraged . Gradually it became clearer that
she was conveying something of her own experience of the confusing and
contradictory behaviour of her mother - and also that she was giving expression
to a very sadistic part of herself that continually condemned her . It seemed
her mother would express contradictory attitudes at different times,and would
implicitly forbid her to point these out .
Once a high-functioning MPD patient is identified her treatment can be a
delicate matter . The rule is "do no harm" . Often their careers or professions
are the stabilizing centres of their lives . They fear becoming dysfunctional .
Their apprehension about losing their careers is not unrealistic .
Sources
The Characterological Basis of Multiple Personality,Ira
BrennerAmerican Journal of Psychotherapy,Vol 50,No2,Spring
1996,154-166
Objective Documentation of Child Abuse and Dissociation in 12
Murderes with DID, D O Lewis,American Journal of Psychiatry,154:12,Dec
1997,1703-1710
The Diagnosis of MPD,Thomas Fahy,British Journal of
Psychiatry,1988,153,597-606
High-Functioning Multiple Personality Patients,R
C Kluft,Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,1986,174,No 12,722-726
Multiple
Selves,Multiple Voices by Phil Mollon,Wiley,1995
Folie à Deux
"When you live in the shadow of
insanity,the appearance of another mind that thinks and talks as yours does is
something close to a blessed event" Robert M Pirzig - Zen and the Art of
Motorcycle Maintenance 1974
History
Paranoid disorders and the spread of delusional ideas to family members is
in the literature since the 17th century . Few people in close association with
deluded individuals acquire their delusions as attested by the rarity of
published cases . 100 reports of folie a deux from 1877 to 1942 and 280 1943 to
1996 . Other terms for folie a deux now known as Induced Psychotic Disorder
(IPD) are and were;infectious insanity,psychic infection,contagious
insanity,collective insanity,double insanity,influenced psychoses,mystic
paranoia,induced psychosis ,associational psychosis,epacti psychosis and dyadic
psychosis .
One investigator reported a frequency of 29 individuals (1 . 7. ) with folie
a deux in 1700 consecutive admissions . Many cases may go unnoticed because they
are classified individually or because only one member of a pair is admitted .
The more a hospital is oriented toward family evaluations and diagnoses,the more
likely a partner in a shared psychotic disorder will be found . Representative
of 103 actual pairs include 2 sisters 40 ,husband and wife 26 ,mother and child
24, 2 brothers 11 ,brother and sister 6 ,father and child 2 . The greater
susceptibility of women to the disease is probably due to the more restricted
and submissive roles imposed on them socially . Also the added greater
likelihood to seek help and be hospitalized . Folie a deux has been implicated
in such notorious or bizarre events as the serial killers Ian Brady and Myra
Hindley,Fred and Rose West;mass suicides of the People's Temple cult in Guyana
(912 people in 1978),Heaven's Gate cult recently;The League of Geniuses,the Men
in Black "seen" by flying saucer watchers/alien abductees and even Adolf Hitler
and the German nation. Suicide
Pact in Dublin of the Mulrooney (Mullrooney in a register) family On the day
of writing this ,14 June,2002 were two reported incidents. Three people jump off
200 ft cliffs at Salcombe Cliffs near Sidmouth Devon and in New Zealand two
Seventh-Day Adventists are jailed for 5 years for not allowing medical treatment
to their 6 month old son Caleb Moorhead. You start to see possible cases of
Folie a Deux all over the place .
Nature v. Nurture
Craig 1945 reported a case of folie a deux in monozygotic twin sisters who
shared similar paranoid delusions although they had been separated from the age
of nine months . Most shared disorders are consanguinous (91. by Gralnick) and
that a similar inheritance forms the basis for the phenomenon . The possibility
of inheritance was recognised 120 years ago . At least 2 lines of evidence
support the concept that genetic vulnerability to psychosis is important in the
developement of a folie a deax . First it has been shown empirically that
psychotic symptoms and delusional ideas are seldom "transmitted" from a
psychotic individual to a healthy one merely upon prolonged exposure . In other
words unless one is somehow predisposed,rarely does a person in close contact
with a deluded individual actually acquire the latter person's delusions . The
passive person involved in a folie a deux usually has a "prepsychotic"
personality (ie a marked personality disturbance with
suspicious,histrionic,dependent or antisocial traits) and may well have
developed a mental disorder even if he/she had not been in contact with a
psychotic individual . The critical question is not whether a genetic
predisposition to psychosis,in particular schizophrenia,is operative in folie a
deux;rather the critical question is whether it is necessary for the
developement of the disorder . Scharfetter 1972 concluded that a hereditary
schizophrenic predisposition was required for the developement of folie a deux
"only persons with a genetically determined predisposition are likely to develop
a schizophreniform psychosis themselves under the influence of a primary
schizophrenic partner" .
(From Waltzer 1963)One cannot minimize the developemental significance of
noxious agents,namely the parents and the disturbed environment which was
relatively constant and identical for all the children,in the precipitation of
delusional thinking . A relationship appears to exist between the tenacity with
which the delusions are held and the duration of exposure to these noxious
stimuli .
Case Studies
Case 1
Mrs A a 47 yearold ... (delusions about neighbours) ...... Her son B was 20
years old ..... he had always lived with his mother and described his
relationship with her as good . At first he thought his mother may be unwell and
did not believe her story . However when interviewed on the second meeting he
admitted to believing 80-90. of his mother's story ........ He later shared with
professionals that if she was found to be ill,so be it and she could be
treated,on the other hand,if she was found to be well then all the business
about her neighbours would be "proven to be true" . When she was treated and
improved;his beliefs dissolved and disappeared without medication .
This case illustrates the legal problems which can arise in practice when
treating a case of folie a deux . During her first admission Mrs A was very
disturbed and tried to leave the hospital . However her son shared her beliefs
at the time and was resistant to ideas of detaining his mother under the Mental
Health Act 1983 . Both individuals were irrational,but only the mother was
psychotic and reqired admission . When the "nearest relative" (the son B)
objects to an application being made with regards to a section 3 of the 1983
Mental Health Act then an approved social worker has to obtain consent of the
nearest relative . The nearest relative can be set aside on application to a
county court (section 29) on the grounds that he is unable to act as the nearest
relative by reason of his "mental disorder" or unreasonableness .
Case 2
A 43 yearold housewife-writer was admitted to the hospital in a severely
agitated state . Her history revealed a delusional state of 10 years duration
regarding a conspiracy in the literary world . Her husband and 3 adolescent
children shared these beliefs ..... The patient's family were not hospitalized
since they functioned well outside the home without any need to mention the
conspiracy . The patient herself had managed to function remarkably well during
her marriage as a housekeeper and mother by keeping the delusions within the
family . Her primary diagnosis was paranoid state with a schizophreniform
psychosis . A diagnosis of induced psychotic disorder was made in the husband
and children . The patient responded quickly to neuroleptic medication . The
children and husband agreed after 2 visits that they had mistakenly gone along
with the patient's "over intense imagination" although the treatment team was
quite convinced that the husband was just being compliant . He was an impassive
college physics teacher who seemed to be an odd caricature of an absent minded
professor . Although attached to his family he expressed it by distant concerned
observation rather than by participation in family activities .
Follow-up over a 6 year period revealed the diagnosis in the primary to be a
chronic paranoid state with periodic affective disruptions usually related to
some cumulative unexpressed anger at her husband or apprehension about her
children ..... A decreased need to convince the family of her persistent
delusions was sufficient to permit the 3 children to begin to separate from the
family and to enter college without untoward incident,although one of the
children showed tendencies toward being isolated and without friends . They had
an "imposed psychosis" or folie imposée . The husband continued to share his
wife's delusions although he accepted his wife's need for treatment to prevent
her from getting too "excited" about things . He seemed to have a "communicated
psychosis" or folie communiquée .
Mild supportive intervention with the occassional use of medication had a
dramatic effect on this folie à famille . Over time it became clear that much of
the wife's passionate and angry involvement with the literary establishment was
a displacement from the husband who supported it because it enabled him to
maintain a comfortable emotional distance in the relationship . Conjoin therapy
was not recommended in this case because of a tactical decision to enlist the
husband as an ally with the therapist in "helping his wife with her over-
reaction" .
Developement
There is shock and strain suffered by the as yet non-psychotic partner when
first witnessing the psychotic affliction of the inducer . It seems reasonable
to suppose that the former may be impelled to identify herself with the latter
as a result of the psychological phenomenon of sympathy and/or imitation . The
stability of the weaker partner's psychosis also depends to some extent on her
suggestibility . A person highly vulnerable to suggestion can aquire delusional
ideas with great speed and facility;but such ideas are unstable as they are
easily displaced by counter-suggestions . A less suggestible individual will
take longer to acquire such delusional ideas but wil doubtless hold them with
greater persistence . There are marked similarities between what transpires in
the developement of a folie a deux and the process of brainwashing . Three
phases are present in both . The first phase may be viewed as the "disorganizing
or regressive phase" and consists of the breakdown of existing defenses and
resistances . In brainwashing and folie a deux this is accomplished through
social isolation ,sensory and ideational deprivation . During the second phase
identification with the agressor,who is viewed as the rescuer,takes place . The
submissive individual identifies with the dominant person who is consciously or
unconsciously carrying out the operation . The brainwashee is exposed to
kindness and consideration during this phase . The third phase is the
reindoctrination period . Constant monoideational stimulation is maintained
until the ideas are incorporated by the individual who is in a submissive role .
The second and third phases are only possible after the first has been
successful .
There is also a similarity to hypnosis . Hypnosis is dependant on the
establishment of a degree of dominance by the exponent over the subject . Under
these circumstances the former can induce the latter to accept suggestion
without critical appraisal of its validity . In psychosis of association,the
submissive partner is being induced by the process of suggestion to accept the
delusional ideas of the dominant one .
Most cases of folie à deux show a pattern of dominance and submission . 90.
of cases are reported to occur in families . The primary agent must be in close
proximity,be a figure of authority or identification,and be in the early or less
severe stages of psychotic decompensation in order to be in touch with reality
enough to influence the other . In addition the secondary partner must derive
some gain from adopting the symptoms . The underlying process is one of
identification by the submissive party,which may be unconscious . Folie a deux
is an example of a pathological relationship in which the dominant party strives
to maintain a link with reality while the other fulfils dependency needs . The
recipient is not necessarily entirely a submissive partner since in most cases
he or she becomes delusional after considerable resistance and this may impact
on the primary sufficiently to modify her delusions . The secondary partner
seeks to preserve the relationship with the dominant one by adopting her
delusions because the threat of loss is greater than the fear of psychosis . All
families share a common reality and family myths which help the family to
maintain a stable cohesiveness in the midst of internal or external threats .
Both criminal acts and suicide pacts can occur in shared psychotic disorder
.
Diagnosis
Delusional disorders are largely underdiagnosed because patients retain
relatively high functioning in the community,actively denying disability and
avoiding help from psychiatrists,who also avoid these patients because of their
litigious and confrontational nature . These individuals drift between
delusional and normal modes and confound all but the most experienced clinicians
. Often passing as eccentrics until they cause harm or significant conflict in
the family or community,including suicides and murder-suicides . Other medical
specialists, non-medical professionals and law enforcement officers are the
likely first contacts . Inexperience and lack of skill in identifying and
eliciting paranoid phenomena leads professionals to accept delusionally based
reasons for patient's actions as rational if they are not immediately bizarre .
Delusional patients often do not meet criteria for involuntary treatment,leaving
professionals with few opportunities to remove children from potentially harmful
situations . Guidelines for the involuntary commitment of adults are often in
conflict with child protection legislation .
Paranoid patients are often litigious and make threats when issues of the
safety of their children are raised . They feel persecuted and sometimes make
delusionally based threats against professionals that they actually act upon .
This causes professionals to approach such situations with extreme caution .
Children in such families vary in their involvement in the delusional
beliefs . They struggle with 2 divergent belief systems;the delusional,based at
home and that of the larger society .
Paranoid parents tend to demand secrecy and loyalty ,interrogating their
children to confirm their beliefs . The children present with internalizing
symptoms,which they develop to prevent open conflict with the dominant
delusional parent . They do not challenge the beliefs because they fear the
parent's anger and retaliation,which in turn awaken separation and abandonment
fears . A similar situation exists for children who are the victims of parental
incest,whose obligation to secrecy is necessary to preserve their abnormal
relationship with the parent .
The risk of the second parent becoming delusional is significant . Other
emotional responses in the second parent include anger,perplexity,protective
feelings,help-seeking behaviour,or withdrawal and uncertainty whether the
partner is ill or not .
If the psychotic parent acts on her delusions,children are
endangered,especially if the other parent cannot protect the children . There is
a major concern when the delusional parent is violent towards the other parent .
Delusions bring the parents into conflict with the authorities who attempt
to rescue the children . This fuels the persecutory delusional beliefs,and
authorities are seen as provocateurs by the ill parent(s),who feel undermined
and may flee .
Child protection agencies,school authorities,public health nurses and mental
health professionals become involved . These patients though clearly ill,are
often deemed not certifiable,and the use of child protection and
education(truancy) legislation to bring attention to the plight of such children
is common . This often results in potentially violent confrontation with the
family,precipitating their departure from the jurisdiction -"pursuit of
isolation" .
Treatment
(Munro,1986) "in truth ,the majority of individuals with folie à deux are
not psychotic;they tend to be impressionable people who adopt untrue beliefs as
a result of a long and over-close association with a deluded person" .
Treatment of Inducer
When an inducer with a clearly recognized mental illness such as
schizophrenia can be identified,appropriate treatment,preferably as an
inpatient,is indicated . Admission may be under a section of the Mental Health
Act since there is generally resistance to admission from such patients .
Treatment with supportive psychotherapy has been reported to be successful in a
non-schizophrenic patient . After discharge,maintenance treatment to prevent
recurrence in schizophrenic patients is necessary .
Treatment of
recipient
For the recipient,separation is an essential therapeutic step,particularly
in cases of folie imposée . Separation should be full and prolonged,but leads to
recovery in only 40. of such cases,despite the popular belief that this always
proves effective . If the recipient has a true psychosis,treatment with
appropriate antipsychotic medication is indicated as strongly as for the
inducing member of the pair .
The isolation from friends and community in induced psychotic disorders is
often self-imposed and results from the hostile and rejecting attitude that
accompanies the delusions . Whatever the origin of the sequestration of the
partners there is the loss of the possibility of any balancing dialogue or
self-correcting impact on the delusional formation . Similar underlying needs in
the partners allow a delusion to be transmitted because it is "tailor made" . It
may not be communicated,transmitted,or forcibly imposed but adopted . It
is still the common belief that the delusion is often imposed by a persistent
wearing away of the recipient's resistance .
Delusions function as psychotic defenses . In folie a deux the mutual
acceptance of delusions enables the inducer to stay in contact with at least one
other person despite the loss of contact with reality . The more dependent
recipient is willing to accept delusions as the price of maintaining the
connection .
Sources
The Psychosis of Association - Folie a Deux, Kenneth
Dewhurst,J. of Nervous & Mental Disease,1956,124,451-9
Folie a Deux,M H
Sacks,Comprehensive Psychiatry,29,No 3,May 1988,270-277
Mummification &
Folie a Deux,D P Boughton,Comprehensive Psychiatry,30,No 1,Jan
1989,26-30
Induced Psychosis,R Howard,British Journal of Hospital
Medicine,1994,v 51,No 6, 304-307
The Delusional Parent,TPM Ulzen,Canadian
Journal of Psychiatry,42,Aug 1997,617-622
Folie a Deux in a Seychellois
mother and adult son,Hospital Medicine,Nov 1999,V 60,No 11,832-835
A
Psychotic Family - Folie a Deux,H Waltzer,J of Nervous and Mental Disease,
1963,v137,67-75
Folie a Deux:Psychosis by Association or Genetic
Determinism,A Lazarus, Comprehensive Psychiatry,Mar 1985,129-135
Two Cases of
Fole a Deux in Husband and Wife,GN Christodoulou,Acta Psychiatrica
Scandinavia,1970,46(4),413-419
Thanks to the staff and facilities
of
Post-Graduate Library
Department of Psychiatry
Royal South Hants
Hospital
I watched a TV documentary about the life of Diana, Princess of Wales. Some
people (not psychiatrists) in her lifetime had diagnosed her ,in absentia, as
having Borderline Personality Disorder . Probably very true but I noticed traits
of MPD/DID and behaviours that I had become familiar with, including eating
disorder,bullying,pathological lying . I borrowed a copy of a book by Sally
Bedell Smith from the library,not the usual fawning drivel on Di. US title is
Diana:In search of herself and in UK Diana: The Life of a Troubled Princess .
It seems almost impossible that someone so much in the public eye as
Princess Di could have functioned for years with so few people twigging that she
had a serious personality disorder . An exploration of a pathological liar or
was it someone displaying different alters . She was often referred to as being
manipulative . But someone manipulative covers their tracks not her sort of
behaviour, saying one thing to a person one day and plainly contradicting it to
that same person the next. Someone manipulative has a goal in mind and sticks
with it through consistent lying not inconsistent lying .
The following
is quotes from that book .
"Because of her quicksilver temperament ,Diana
could slip easily from one mood to another,confounding those around her ... She
was a curious mixture of incredible maturity and immaturity,like a split
personality . "
"She had real difficulty telling the truth purely because she
liked to embellish things . " It was hard to take Diana's word at face
value,since she so often said things to make a point,whether or not she
contradicted a previous account .
The following certainly smacks of
MPD,October 1981
Instead of prescribing an antidepressant ,the doctors gave
Diana the tranquilizer Valium,which she rejected,believing that they only wanted
to remove her as a problem by sedating her . Diana revealed her rage,resentment
and denial: "She spoke in the third person,as if about someone else" - classic
MPD/DID behaviour .
Diana panicked when Charles didn't arrive home on
time,which drove her to tears because she thought"something dreadful had
happened to him"
Diana said different things to different friends - yet
another reason she preferred that they not compare notes .
The Hoare
household started getting anonymous telephone calls to their home . The calls
began in 1992 and numbered as many as 20 a week,some as late as midnight . Each
time the caller remained silent . The police equipped their phone with a
computerized code that could activate tracers . All the calls originated from 4
lines at Diana's addresses and her mobile phone . The phone calls had to stop
because the police were involved and prosecution under nuisance call laws was
being considered . At this point ,the calls ended .
In 1994 even the Sun
newspaper under the heading "Two faces of Tormented Di" contained details of her
"Jekyll and Hyde" personality
Bashir (a TV presenter) had informers but as
explanation for source of this knowledge had easily convinced Diana that her
house was bugged .
From Jane Atkinson "It was a very funny 20 minutes,
lighthearted and girlie and laughing . Suddenly she switched off and left the
room . She was outgoing,and then suddenly shut down . "
Besides her
sons,Diana looked to a dwindling number of friends she could count on .
Diana was now "telling pointless lies more and more frequently"
Tiggy
Legge-Bourke (nanny) was photographed pouring champagne for Diana's 2 boys which
made Diana "hit the roof" . Diana instructed the press to convey her withering
critism . After printing ,Diana put out a statement that "it was untrue and she
admired Tiggy"
From a reporter Arthur Edwards covering the romp with the
Fayeds in the Med . "he had never seen her act more bizarrely ... hiding from
the camera one minute and walking around like a supermodel the next"
Diana
reported hearing voices that instructed her
Finally to open out this study and of assistance to the general public the
following is from a very useful book for all aspects relating to witness
testimony and other evidence. It is a book that will not be found in the
ordinary public library but is available interlibrary loan from the Brittish
Library .
Analysing Witness Testimony
A Guide for Legal Practitioners and
other Professionals
By Anthony Heaton-Armstrong ,Eric Shepherd and David
Wolchover
Blackstone Press
Chapter 8 . 2 FALSE ALLEGATIONS FROM INTENTION
TO DECEIVE
8 . 2 . 1 False Allegations of rape
A Survey (Kanin 1994) in
America looked at all rape allegations made in one police agency within a
nine-year period and found that 41 per cent were retracted and declared to be
false . This study identified three purposes served by the false allegations -
providing an alibi,gaining revenge,or seeking sympathy and attention .
a)
The allegation as an alibi - more than half were invented to account for the
unforseen consequence of a consensual sexual encounter . Amongst the most common
reasons given was a pregnancy for which the alleged 'rape' provided a plausible
explanation.
b) The allegation as revenge- slightly over one quarter of the
women made allegations against a rejecting man. Usually this followed the
break-down of a relationship but occasionally the accusation was made when the
man spurned the woman's advances .
c) The allegation to gain sympathy -this
was the smallest category and occurred within the context of other relationship
difficulties.
Were the retractions valid? The allegations were only declared
to be false following police investigation and withdrawal by the women. Many
women are reluctant to report sexual assault from fear of the police
investigation and court procedures, and prefer to withdraw their accusation. In
the past the police have tended to be unsympathetic towards women who reported
rape. However, in this study all retractions were made early on and did not
follow prolonged investigation or police interviewing. Moreover, the women were
told they would be charged with filing a false complaint, a felony which carried
a heavy fine and possible custodial sentence. None of the women later withdrew
their retraction, and it seems likely that the retractions were legitimate . The
women who made false declarations did not differ from women whose' complaints
were legitimate, but the complaints differed. The fabricated accounts did not
include accusations of forced oral or anal rape, in contrast to a quarter of the
substantiated rape complaints. None of the women appeared to be deluded or
suffering from obvious psychiatric disorder, but were attempting to deal with a
personal crisis or social distress. In a later study of false allegations at two
university campuses half of all rape complaints were admitted to be false. Of
these, half provided an alibi for the complainant and half were motivated by
spite and desire for revenge. Only one was made solely from a wish for attention
.
8 . 2 . 2 Allegations arising from disputed custody
An allegation of
sexual abuse is a potent weapon against a despised spouse and in cases where
custody is disputed such allegations have a high probability of being false.
That is not to imply that there are no true cases of sexual abuse in custody
cases ,merely that the context offers peculiar temptations to the adults.
Divorce and disputes over custody form the background to about 50 per cent of
cases of false allegations of sexual abuse involving children. Typically this
kind of allegation is a deliberate manipulation by one parent to obtain
custody,using the child as an instrument of directed deceipt. Most often it is
the mother who accuses the father of abusing the child and sometimes coaxes the
child to confirm the allegation. Some children come to believe their stories
,while others are simply suporting the parent. Not all accusations are as
flagrantly dishonest and some arise from anxious misinterpretation of a child's
behaviour. Children who are torn between two parents frequently show signs of
distress which can be misconstrued as fear of the non-custodial parent.
Occasionally,normal events such as soreness around the vulva or rectal
irritation have been wrongly construed as evidence of penetration. 8 . 2 . 3
Deliberate deceit by children
Deception by the child, not at the bidding of
a parent, is unusual. As with adults, when it occurs it is usually opponunistic
and motivated by spite or to provide an alibi; for example, an older child may
sometimes accuse an adult in order to conceal sexual activity with a peer, and
young children have made accusations to avoid being returned to neglecting but
not abusing parents.
8 . 3 FALSE ACCUSATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHIATRIC
DISTURBANCE
Not all false allegations are deliberately such. Allegations of
sexual abuse may occur as part of a psychiatric illness. Such individuals
generally show other features of illness and will respond to treatment of the
underlying condition. However, some may come to the attention of investigating
authorities before the correct diagnosis is made. The division of mental illness
into psychosis and neurosis, though imprecise, remains a useful distinction. As
well as mental illness are the various forms of personality disorder which may
exist independendy of any mental illness but nevertheless causce significant
impairment of social functioning. 8 . 3 . 1 Psychosis
Psychosis is a mental
disorder in which there is gross impairment of mental function to such an extent
that insight, judgment and contact wjth reality are affected. The majority of
sufferers experience delusions or haiiucinations, have conspicuous social and
personality difficulties and generally do not recognise themselves as unwell.
Case example 8 . 1
A professional woman 'knew' instantly that sexual
abuse had taken place when she saw her father comfort his grandchild after a
fall. The police and child protection authorities were involved and
investigations begun before the case was dropped when it became clear that the
mother was hypomanic. Aftet treatment with mood-stabilising drugs she withdrew
all her allegations and became severely depressed. Two later relapses were
ushered in by further accusations. Now well, the patient is ashamed and
embarrassed by her allegations, and when depressed they fuel her sense of
herself as irredeemably evil. Psychiatric illness is rare in young children ,but
in adolescents an accusation may sometimes be the first indicator of a
developing psychosis
Case example 8 . 2
A 12-year-old girl accused her
father of repeated rape. An extensive social services enquiry found no evidence,
but, as a precaution she was rehoused in her own fiat. When she later stated
that her mother, a music teacher, greeted her pupils topless, doubt was cast on
her story. Several years later she had clear symptoms of schizophrenia.
Accusations may arise out of psychological disturbance involving more than one
individual. The folie a deux is a delusional disorder shared by two people;, who
have close emotional ties. Commonly the stronger, more dominant person develops
a delusion and induces it in the other. The condition generally remits if the
dominant person is treated. Some custody disputes may be of this kind,. in which
a child takes on the delusion of the parent. Allegations involving children
which are later found to be false often involve mothers with a psychotic
illness. 8 . 3 . 2 Neurosis
Neurosis is a psychological reaction to stress,
expressed through behaviour or emotion which is either excessive or
inappropriate. In contrast to psychosis patients with a neurosis do not strike
those around them as out of touch with reality. Rather, their state of mind can
be 'understood' and the border between a normal reaction to stress and a
neurosis is blurred. Patients may complain of anxiety, phobias, or
obsessional-compulsive conditions and some are severely incapacitated by their
worries. Their personalities remain relatively intact. Anxious and 'neurotic'
individuals are prone to misperceive cues or misinterpret ordinary actions. It
is not uncommon that an immature and sexually naive young woman ignores, or
fails to recognise, sexual signals. This may in turn be misconstrued by the man
as consent to intercourse. By the time the woman realises what she has got
herself into she may not have the social skills to extricate herself. Some women
are afraid of upsetting or 'rejecting' the man at this point, recognising that
to some extent they are to blame for their own predicament. Others attempt to
say 'no' at too late a stage or simply acquiesce as the easiest solution. Guilt
and shame may later lead such a woman to reinterpret the event as outside her
control and herself as injured. External influences, such as the views of
friends and relatives, also exert pressure upon a young woman to regard herself
as a victim and minimise her role in the sexual encounter. Women who find
themselves in this plight may later 'cry rape'. Some cases of so-called 'date
rape' may be ofthis kind. The woman is not deliberately deceitful so much as
deceiving herself. Some individuals have difficulty in distinguishing fact from
fantasy. Case example 8 . 3
At the time of a highly publicised murder
investigation,a young woman with personal and family stress reported that two
men resembling police "identikit" pictures had attempted to drag her into a
green "Volkswagen". Within 24 hours she had retracted her statement and later
told how she had longed for her husband's attention. As a result she had woven
an imaginary story and had come to believe it. Two years later she still said,
"I know it did not happen but it seemed so real I could see the men and the car
so vividly ,I can still see them" .
Folie à Deux a
Personal Story
If you have found this file in an archive then put
keyword of "Nutteing4" in a search engine to find an updated version,also some
sites do not support the .wav sound files.
county on Ablington it southern it county hall on Alcombe it weston it bythesea at Aldbourne it westwood by
chairman at Alderbury it white it county on Alderton it whiteparish if council at Allcanningswick by by baddeley
at Allington it willow by chief on Alton it willows by executive at Alton Barnewilson it s it keith on Alton
Priorburcombe it s my robinson at Alvediston winchester an if secretary at Amesbury it winding if solicitor a corrupt social worker corrupt social workers corruption in social services off the rails collusion
t Ansty it windsor if holder on Ansty Coombflats it e my chalker at Ashley it windmill it treasurer at Ashton
Commlodge it on it services at Ashton Giffstoke it ord my inspector at Ashton Hillporton it brewer on Ashton
Keynwishford it es if peter on Atworth it witherington my social on Aughton it woodland if director at Avebury
it wood my assistant at Avebury Truwoods it sloe by gardner at Avon it wyndham, matthews at Avoncliff it
york by emergency at Axford it road it duty on Bagshot it street my chambers at Bapton it lane it brian on
Barford St avenue it Martin my john on Barnfield it salisbury it tony on Barrow Stredownton it et it judith
on Bathampton amesbury an my seager on Baverstock wilton an chair on Baydon it petersfinger, my
chairperson the Beanacre it bemerton my chairman at Bearfield it ford christine at Beckhampton it crisp
on Beechingstoke by malford at Bemerton if christian at Bemerton Heath if committee at Berryfields if
coleman at Berwick Bassett if james on Berwick St James if landell at Berwick St John if mills on Berwick
St Leonard it sample on Beversbrook if catton on Biddestone if downes on Birdbush it jarvis on Birobush it
throp on Bishopdown it chidren at Bishops Cannings it families at Bishopstone if division at Bishopstrow it
principal at Black Dog it officer at Blackland by liz at Blackmore Forest if planning at Bleet if divisional the
Bodenham my manager at Bohemia my training at Boreham my peter on Boscombe if bert on Boscombe Down
by fanshawe at Bottlesford my ruddock at Bourton if wing on Bowden Hill it contracts at Bower Chalke it area
on Bowerhill my kid at Bowood my norris on Box it of nick on Box Hill my team on Boyton if fieldwork at
Bradenstoke Cum Clack it hunter on Bradford Leigh my hudson on Bradford-on-Avon my annie on Bratton it
alcock on Braydon if katie on Braydon Brook it o'neill at Braydon Side it rosemary at Bremhill if hamley on
Bremhill Wick it jan at Brickworth it russ on Brigmerston it , of aminul on Brinkworth it of hamid on Britford
by child on Brixton Deverill it health on Broad Chalke it patrick at Broad Hinton if smith on Broad Leaze if
chris on Broad Street if rakoczi at Broad Town it liz at Broken Cross my pearce on Brokenborough it hiett on
Brokerswood it higgins at Bromham it kathy on Brook it of home on Broughton Common it learning at Broughton
Gifford it disabilities the Broxmore if reception at Brunton if stoddart at Bugley it todd on Bulbridge my
eleanor at Bulford my pook on Bulkington by sue at Bullocks Horn by philips at Bupton my mark on Burbage
my green on Burcombe Without it barbara at Burdens Ball it laws on Burton it finlay on Burton Hill it adult
on Bushton it personnel at Buttermere my gearygardner the Cadley it chorley at Calcutt my sheena on
Callow Hill it glastonbury the Calne it erica on Calne Marsh my pam at Calne Without it strong on Calstone
Wellington my dewlindsay the Castle Combe my davison at Causeway End my angela on Chalford it stansby
at Chapel Knapp it rees on Chapmanslade it mike on Charlcot it marshall at Charlton it worker on Chedglow
it lattimer at Chelworth if kay at Chelworth Lower Green my draper on Chelworth Upper Green my sally on
Cherhill my banister at Cheverell Magna my debby on Cheverell Parva by avery on Chicklade my golding
at Chilhampton my neil on Chilmark if smurthwaite the Chilton Foliat it hospital at Chilvester it valerie at
Chippenham if sonnenberg the Chippenham Without it graves on Chirton if mann on Chisbury my blake on
Chitterne my lynn on Chittoe Heath my middleton at Cholderton my occupational the Choulston my therapist
at Christian Malford it heather at Church End my ludlow on Churchfields it reese on Chute my carol on Chute
Forest it scarterfield the Clack (Bradenstoke Cum Clack it of people on Clarendon Park my melanie at
Clatford it lock on Clear Wood if ann at Clearbury Down it purvis on Clevancy it jenny on Clivey my gilbert at
Cloatley if cyana on Cloatley End if overall at Clyffe Pypard it jane on Coate it evans on Cock Road if brabner
at Cocklebury if nicola on Codford if gregson at Codford St Mary if beverley at Codford St Peter my elliott at
Cold Harbour my george on Colerne it blackburn at Collingbourne Ducis my sandy on Collingbourne Kingston
it major on Compton my janice on Compton Bassett if cage on Compton Chamberlayne by julia on Conkwell my
parfitt at Conock it of jill on Coombe it smart on Coombe Bissett it dave on Coped Hall my streeter at Corsham
it mental on Corsham Side if carole on Corsley if king on Corsley Heath my ed at Corston if brand on Corton it
russ on Cottles my hearn on Coulston if maria on Countess by melbourne at Court Street it steve on Cowbridge
my richards at Cowesfield my phil on Cowesfield Green by stevenson at Cricklade it roger on Crockerton it
volkk on Crofton it colyer on Crooked Soley if providers at Cross Keys my harper on Croucheston my miranda
at Crudwell if gallagher at Culverham it hostel on Dauntsey it dillon on Dauntsey Green if malcolm at Dauntsey
Lock my wilson on Dazel Corner if whyman on Deptford if jo at Derry Hill by margaret at Dertfords if nightingale
the Devizes it lorraine at Dilton it walters at Dilton Marsh it naylor on Dinton if anna on Ditchampton my
stasyshyn at Ditteridge it ruth on Dogridge if nice on Donhead St Andrew by bee at Donhead St Mary my
maidlow at Downton my derek on Draycot Cerne if downs on Draycot Fitz Payne it hiscock at Drews Pond it
verity on Drynham it ainsley at Dunge if bill on Dunkirk if lambert at Durley my muriel on Durnford my
walton on Durrington my lovesey at East Chisenbury my ridgewell at East Coulston it deboer on East Everleigh
my rickman at East Gomeldon my diane on East Grafton my gooch on East Grimstead my residential the
East Harnham it older on East Hatch it luce on East House Estate my day at East Kennet my jenkins at
East Knoyle by sharon on East Sharcott my burns on East Tytherton it wendy on East Winterslow it joslin on
Eastcott my norman on Eastcourt my mclarry at Easterton if ashley as Easton if avon as Easton Grey it
ayleswade at Easton Piercy it balmoral at Easton Royal it barrington the Easton Town it beatrice at Eastrip
my bedford at Ebbesborne Wake if bedwin as Eden Vale if belle vue at Edington if bingham at Elley Green it
bishopdown the Elston my bourne as Enford it bouverie at Erlestoke my south as Etchilhampton if north as
Everleigh my west as Eysey it east as Faberstown if brambles at Farleigh Wick by bridge as Ferne Park it
britford at Fiddington it brown as Fifield it brunel as Fifield Bavant if burcombe at Figheldean by burford at
Filands my carmelite at Fir Hill if castle as Firsdown if cathedral at Fisherton de la Mere if catherine at
Fittleton if cherry orchard Flintham Hill my cheverell at Fonthill Bishop if church as Fonthill Gifford if
churchfields the Ford by churchill at Forest if way at Fosbury if close as Foscote my coldharbour the Fovant it
coombe as Foxham it South Wraxall of cornwall at Foxley it Southbrook of coronation the Free Trade it
Southcott as crane as Frogmore it Southend of crow as Froxfield it Southwick as devizes at Fugglestone
St Peter it Sparoad of devonshire the Fyfield it Spirthill as dews as Gare Hill it St Bartholomews Hill as
donaldson at Garsdon it St Ediths Marsh of down as Gasper it St Martins of view as Gastard it St Paul
Malmesbury Without the downsway at Giddea Hall it St Pauls of duck as Goatacre it Standen at on elm at
Gomeldon it Standlynch of grove as Gores it Stanley at on endless at Grafton it Stanton St Bernard at essex as
Great Bedwyn it Stanton St Quintin as empire as Great Chalfield it Stapleford as estcourt at Great Durnford it
Staples Hill of exeter as Great Field it Startley of fairfield at Great Hinton it Staverton at on fisherton at
Great Somerford it Steeple Ashton of fotherby at Great Wishford it Steeple Langford as fowlers at
Green Hill it Stert at on friary as Greenhill it Stibb Green of gainsborough the Greenway Lane it
Stitchcombe of close as Greenway Park it Stockbridge Road as gigant as Greenways it Stockley of glenmore
at Grimstead it Stockton of goringe at Grittenham it Stoford of greenwood at Grittleton it Stoke Farthing of
hamilton at Grovely Wood it Stonehenge of harnham at Gutch Common it Stonehill of saint as Ham it
Stoppers Hill as marks as Hamptworth it Stormore of harnwood at Hanging Langford it Stourton of harper
as Hankerton it Stourton With Gasper as hathaway at Happy Land it Stradbrook as high as Hardenhuish it
Straight Soley as highbury at Hartham it Stratford Sub Castle at highland at Hawkeridge it Stratford Toney
as highlands at Hawkstreet it Stratford Tony at hill as Hawthorn it Studley at on hillside at Haxon (Or Haxton it
Sturford at on hilltop at Haxton (Or Haxon it Stype at on hollows at Hayes Knoll it Sundeys Hill as hudson as
Hazeland it Sunset Hill of hulse as Heddington it Sunton of ivy at Heddington Wick it Sutton Benger of place as
Henfords Marsh it Sutton Mandeville as kelsey as Henley it Sutton Row of king as Heytesbury it Sutton Veny of
kingsland at Heywood it Swallowcliffe at kingsway at Higher Coombe it Swan at on laverstock the Highway it
Swindon of london as Hill Deverill it Teffont of lower as Hillcott it Teffont Evias as manor as Hillworth it
Teffont Magna at mayfair at Hilmarton my Close of meadow as Hilperton my Common as middle as
Hilperton Marsh my Folly as milford at Hindon my Forty of mill as Hippenscombe my Gib at on minster at
Hisomley my Green as moberly at Holloway my Linleys at on montague at Holt my Quarry at on montgomery
the Holwell my Ridge of at gardens at Homington my Shoe of at moot as Honey Street my Spa of at wilts as
Hook my Stocks at on wiltshire at Horningsham my Strand at on napier as Horsepool my obalds Green at
nadder as Horseshoes it Thickwood as nelson as Horsey Down it Thingley of netherhampton it Horton it
Thornend at on norfolk at Hudswell it Thornhill of odstock at Huish it Thoulstone as blandford at
Hullavington it Tidcombe and Fosbury as old at Hurdcott it Tidling Corner at george as Idmiston it
Tidworth at on mall as Iford it Tilshead at on sarum as Inmarsh it Tinhead of olivier at Ireland it Tisbury
of orchard at Keevil it Tockenham as park as Kellaways it Tockenham Wick at parsonage at Kent End it
Tollard Royal at on green as Kilmington it Tomkins Pool of pauls as Kilmington Common it Tottens of dene
as Kilmington Street it Totterdown as pembroke at Kings Down it Townsend at on pinewood at
Kingston Deverill it Trowbridge of potters at Kington Langley it Trowle Common of pound as Kington
St Michael it Tuckingmill as primrose at Knighton it Turleigh of princes at Knockdown it Tytherington at
priory as Knook it Tytherton Lucas as pullman at Knowle it Uffcott of queen as Lacock it Ugford of alexandra
at Landford it Upavon of queens as Landsend it Upper Castle Combe at queensberry the Lane End it
Upper Chicksgrove as quidhampton the Langley Burrell Without it Upper Chute as rambridge at Larkhill it
Upper Draycot at rampart at Latton it Upper Seagry at drive as Laverstock it Upper Stanton at randalls at
Lea and Cleverton it Upper Studley at croft as Leigh it Upper Town as rawlence at Leigh Delamere it
Upper Waterhay at red at Leigh Green (Lye Green it Upper Westwood at house as Limpers Hill
it Upper Whitbourne as ridgeway at Limpley Stoke it Upper Woodford at riverbourne the Little Ann it
Upper Wraxall at riverside at Little Ashley it Uppington as roberts at Little Bedwyn it Upton at on
rollestone the Little Chalfield it Upton Lovell at roman as Little Durnford it Upton Scudamore as
rosemary at Little Horton it Urchfont of russell at Little Langford it Victoria Park at andrews at
Little London it Vowley of clements at Little Marsh it Wadswick of edmunds at Little Salisbury it
Wardour of francis at Little Somerford it Warminster as georges at Little Wishford it
Warminster Common as james as Littlecott it Wedhampton as johns as Littleton it Well Head as
martyns at Littleton Drew it West Amesbury at martins at Littleton Pannell it West Ashton as marys
as Littleworth it West Chisenbury as michaels at Lockeridge it West Common as nicholas at
Long Close it West Coulston at peters as Long Dean it West Dean as thomas as Longbridge Deverill it
West End of salt as Longfield it West Gomeldon at seth as Longford it West Grafton at ward as
Longhedge it West Grimstead at shady as Longsplatt it West Harnham at bower as Longstreet it
West Kennett at shaftsbury the Lopcombe Corner it West Kington at shakespeare the Lotmoor it
West Kington Wick as silver as Lover it West Knoyle as somerset at Lowbourne it West Lavington at
salisbury at Lowden it West Overton at southampton the Lowden Hill it West Sharcott at stanley at
Lower Chicksgrove it West Stowell at little as Lower Chute it West Tisbury at station at
Lower Coombe it West Winterslow as stock as Lower Everleigh it West Yatton as stockbridge
the Lower Seagry it Westbrook as stoford at Lower Stanton St Quintin it Westbury of stratford
at Lower Studley it Westbury Leigh at sub castle the Lower Waterhay it Westcourt as sunnyhill at
Lower Westwood it Westrop of sutton as Lower Whitbourne it Westwells as thistlebarrow it Lower Woodford
it Westwood of tollgate at Lower Wraxall it Wexcombe of tournament the Lower Zeals it Whaddon of
triangle at Wilts it White Cross as trinity at Wiltshire it White Hill as tisbury at Luckington it
White Street at fovant as Ludgershall it Whitefield as tisbury at Ludwell it Whiteparish as ugford as
Lydiard Green it Whitley of upper as Lydiard Millicent it Whittonditch at lower as Lydiard Tregoze it
Wick at on folly as Lye Green (Leigh Green it Wick Green as valley as Lyes Green it Wick Hill as
vanessa at Lyneham it Widbrook of vicarage at Lypiatt it Widham of rectory at Maddington it Wilcot
of victoria at Maiden Bradley it Wilcot Green at wain-a-long the Maiden Bradley With Yarnfield it
Willesley as virginia at Malmesbury it Wilsford of wardour at Manningford it Wilsford Cum Lake as
warminster the Manningford Abbotts it Wilton of newton as Manningford Bohune it Wincombe of
stapleford the Manningford Bruce it Wingfield as water as Manton it Wingfield Common as watergate at
Marden it Winsley of waterloo at Market Lavington it Winterbourne at ditchampton the Marlborough it
Winterbourne Bassett at bulford at Marridge Hill it Winterbourne Dauntsey the amesbury at
Marston it Winterbourne Earls at watt as Marston Maisey it Winterbourne Gunner at wellington
the Marston Meysey it Winterbourne Monkton at wessex as Marten it Winterbourne Stoke at dean as
Martinslade it Winterslow as wake as Melksham it Wishford of tytherley at Melksham Without it
Witherington at winterbourne the Mere it Wolverton as gunner as Middle Coombe it Woodborough
as earls as Middle Whitbourne it Woodcock of gomeldon at Middle Winterslow it Woodfalls as
winterslow the Middle Woodford it Woodford of woodyates at Middlehill it Woodmarsh as western at
Milbourne it Woodminton as westfield at Mildenhall it Woodrow of field as Mile Elm it Woodsend
of eastern at Milford it Woolley of northern at Milkhouse Water it Woolmore of Wootton Bassett as
Wootton Rivers at Worton of Wylye at on Yarnbrook as Yatesbury as Yatton Keynell at Zeals at on
.
Oh What
a Tangled Web We Weave 70K
All the actual witness statements for the
forthcoming trial can be found by clicking here Pre-Trial Witness
Statements and evidence 150K
Continuation of the sorry tale
,nutteing2 The Saga
Continues ,nutteing3
Folie à
Deux,Dissociation and Crime 40K ,nutteing4
Setting-up Mirror Sites
,nutteing6
REURN PATH TO OTHER SITE Other site
Powered by counter.bloke.com
Counter
plus 155