Zia, Helen, 1952-Publications:Asian American Dreams
My Country versus Me ; the story of Wen Ho Lee
Who Killed Vincent Chin?
Helen Zia
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By Andrew Li-ren Wang
As a journalist, author, and activist, Helen Zia has been an influential voice for pan-Asian unity and political empowerment. She has also been an outspoken feminist and supporter of equal rights for gays and lesbians, many times finding herself at the confluence of race, gender, and sexual orientation issues. In her career she has repeatedly made the cause of disenfranchised people her own and told stories to the world.
Ms. Zia was born in New Jersey in 1952, the daughter of immigrants from Shanghai. At the time, there were less than 150,000 Chinese Americans in the country, most of whom were concentrated on the West Coast. As a child, she was proud of her heritage, though admittedly, she had little concept of the meaning of being Chinese in America. Her sense of cultural self-identity was fundamentally shaped by a society filled with stereotypical caricatures of Asians, in which any discussion of race was limited to black and white and the term "Asian American" had not yet been coined.
As an undergraduate at Princeton University, Ms. Zia joined with nascent the Asian American movement, heightening her level of awareness of her role as a person of color. Princeton in the early 1970s was dominated by whites of privileged background, from the highest levels of the administration to the undergraduate population of roughly 4,000 students. Ms. Zia and other Asian American students founded the Asian American Students Association and joined with other minority students to form the Third World Students. In 1971, as part of a larger protest against the war in Vietnam, the Third World Students organized an overnight sit-in at the campus library, for which she was in charge of security. It was at the rally following the sit-in, at which she spoke before a crowd of hundreds about the inhumanity of the war, that Ms. Zia began to discover her voice and the power her words had to influence people.
At the same time, she came into her own as a feminist, blazing a trail as a member of one of the first coeducational classes at Princeton. As an activist for two distinct minorities on campus, she saw that the fault lines of each movement cut across the other. For the first time, Ms. Zia realized that she occupied a unique position as a person equally devoted to both feminist and Asian American issues who could bridge the gap between them.
In 1976, following two difficult years in medical school, Ms. Zia decided to move to Detroit to discover, as she describes it, "what it meant to be an American in America's heartland." There she experienced first-hand the frustration of the failing American auto industry. In this tumultuous climate, she became a journalist, writing on labor organizations for the Detroit Metro Times and Monthly Detroit Magazine. Because of Detroit's small Asian American population and the non-existent demand for news related to that community, Ms. Zia very rarely wrote on Asian American issues.
This changed with beating death of Vincent Chin by disgruntled white autoworkers in the summer of 1982. The incident and the light punishment that followed for the killers evoked a visceral reaction from the Chinese American community in and around Detroit. Ms. Zia was one of the founding members of American Citizens for Justice (ACJ), a group with the expressed purpose of claiming justice for the death of Vincent Chin. Her work in publicizing the case eventually led to a federal civil rights trial in which one of the killers, Ronald Ebens, was convicted of violating Chin's civil rights. This decision was later overturned, though a civil suit found the killers liable for Chin's death and mandated that they pay the Chin family $1.5 million. The work of Ms. Zia and the ACJ on behalf of Vincent Chin is chronicled in the Academy Award-nominated documentary film Who Killed Vincent Chin?
In the years since, Ms. Zia has continued to give voice to Asian Pacific Americans who ordinarily would not have spoken out when face to face with discrimination. The result of this work was her book, Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People. It was at once a journalistic work recording the history of Asian Americans' continued fight for self-identity and empowerment and a series of personal anecdotes telling the stories of Ms. Zia's life against the backdrop of the Asian American community's continued progress. Ms. Zia tells the history of Asians in America from the first Filipino settlers in Mexico in the 1500s to the struggles of a diverse group of communities today. She discusses, among other subjects, the perceptions of Asian Americans in the popular media, the conflicts that rage between Korean American grocers and African American communities in Los Angeles and New York City, and the continued struggle of Asian Pacific Americans for a political voice, particularly on the national level. She also discusses the struggles of South Asian cab drivers for workers' rights and the fight for acceptance and rights by Asian American gays and lesbians.
In 2001, she published My Country Versus Me, the story of Wen Ho Lee, the Chinese American nuclear scientist falsely accused of being a spy for the People's Republic of China. A staunch opponent of racial profiling, Ms. Zia has written articles and spoken out against discrimination in the federal workplace and malicious characterizations of Chinese American political campaign donors. In 1997, she testified before the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights on the impact of the campaign finance hearings on the perception of Asian Americans. She also wrote a complaint to the Commission, charging Congress, both major political parties, and the news media with racially discriminatory treatment and coverage of Asian Americans.
As a journalist, Ms. Zia's work has appeared in A.Magazine, Essence, The Nation, The Advocate, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The San Francisco Chronicle, The Detroit News, OUT!, Arizona Republic, and numerous other publications. She is also the former executive editor with Ms. Magazine, and continues to act as a contributing editor. In 1995, she attended the Fourth United Nations World Congress on Women as part of a delegation of journalists of color from the United States.
Ms. Zia sits on the board of the San Francisco chapter of Asian American Journalist Association, and has received numerous honors for her journalistic work, including being named Chinese American Journalist of the Year by the Organization of Chinese Americans in 1998.
Ms. Zia currently lives and works in Oakland, California.
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from imDiversity
The 2001 National Conference
Asian/Pacific American Association for Advancement (4A)Helen Zia, Author and Journalist
By Whilma Williams
Helen's speech was subtly humorous, yet quite thought provoking and mobilizing as she highlighted the challenges and opportunities facing the Asian/Pacific people in America. She spoke about the vast population growth of the Asian/Pacific American communities in America. She talked about what it was like, and still is, growing up "different" in her traditional Chinese culture. From her book, "Asian American Dream, the Emergence of a People," she read excerpts about her own family relations. She spoke of the passiveness that overshadowed her people. She cited her own experience of growing up passive and quiet. She said that for ten years as young student she passively let a schoolteacher pronounce her last name incorrectly until another student corrected the teacher. Helen pointed people to look at the demographics to see how far they have come as a people. She recalled that as a child, that there was just a small handful of Asian/Pacific people living in the United States, and they were not given the opportunity to be on American's social and entertainment spectrum. Therefore, members of her family had a special, joyous ritual each time there was an "Asian/Pacific sighting" on TV or some national spotlight. Today, however, the Asian/Pacific American population has increased from 400,000 to over 10 million. She urged listeners to take note of the fact that today, "Asian/Pacific Americans are everywhere and in every fabric of the American society." That is why Helen called on the Asian/Pacific American community to work together to help dispel the stereotypical political and social perceptions that the American society holds of Asian/Pacific people.
Helen also alluded to the fact that even in this modern and diversity age most Chinese and other Asian/Pacific Americans are treated as refugees in the land of their birth -- America. She spoke of the air of suspicion that often surrounds her people, a classic example being Wen Ho Lee, the Chinese American scientist who was accused of spying for China. However, she spoke of some of the great efforts and contributions that Chinese and other Asian/Pacific Americans have given to make America what it is today. The most lasting phrase that Helen left on my mind is her trade mark phrase, "MIH," which mean "Missing In History." MIH, she said, is what has happened to the positive history, the rich heritage, and the contributions of her Asian/Pacific forefathers who were also American pioneers. Helen told the audience that it was very surprising and upsetting at the same time to have recently found out some of the positive contributions the Asian/Pacific people have given to our society. She found out that it was Chinese Americans that invented the freeze resistant orange that gave rise to the Florida's citrus industry; that it was a Philippine American who introduced sun-dried shrimp to Louisiana in the 1700's; that it was a Vietnamese American who revived the fishing and shrimp business in the South; that it was Korean brothers who invented the nectarine as the perfect fuzz-less peach; that it was Japanese and East Indian American farmers that drained the California swamps and developed the whole area there into the breadbasket of America. Additionally, there are many other modern contributions especially in the field of science and technology. She said even though Asian/Pacific Americans has reached a critical mass in terms of population, that growth has not become a reality in the mind and psyche of most of the people. She called on her listeners to help change the one dimensional, stereotypical notion that the American society has of the Asian/Pacific people. Therefore, she called on the members of 4A to show that they being Asian/Pacific can provide leadership in their relationship with others. She called on them to let go of old limitations, to publicly express their feeling about issues that affect them as a people and to raise their voices for civil rights and for peace.
Book describes stories of Asian-Americans' struggle in the 'beautiful country'
California writer Helen Zia interweaves stories of the continuing struggle of Asian-Americans in "Asian-American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People"
'What does it take to be an American?' asks 'Asian-American Dreams' authorDecember 1, 2000
Web posted at: 2:37 PM EST (1937 GMT)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALBUQUERQUE, New Mexico (AP) -- The Chinese name for America is "beautiful country."
Many Asian-Americans might wish it were "hospitable country" or "tolerant country" or "easy country" instead.
For all the opportunity Asian-Americans have found here since their first main wave of immigration in the mid-19th century, many say it's still a struggle for acceptance.
From the detention of Japanese-Americans during World War II to the plight of New Mexico scientist Wen Ho Lee, California writer Helen Zia interweaves stories of this continuing struggle in "Asian-American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People," published this year by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Zia, an Oakland-based friend of the Lee family who attended Lee court hearings, knows firsthand how Asian-Americans are often mistaken for foreign. Even if they speak English without an accent, their nationality is questioned. Zia tells questioners she's from New Jersey.
Her mother and father emigrated from China, where her father, a poet and scholar who spoke English, Russian and German, had been on the diplomatic staff of former nationalist Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek. In "the beautiful country," Yee Chen Zia, who died in 1995, ran a failing furniture store, drove a cab and an ice-cream truck, went door to door as a Fuller Brush man and made wooden knickknacks -- miniature merry-go-rounds.
His American-born daughter, a graduate of Princeton University, remembers growing up searching for identity in a land where white men called her "China doll" and a black high school friend told her: "You've got to decide if you're black or white."
"What," Zia writes, "does it take to be an American?"
She answered her own question in an interview: "It's not terribly profound, but it has everything to do with democracy in the highest sense of the word. It means to participate in our democracy, our government and, more than that, in our daily life, workplace, schools, communities."
To groups too shy or dignified to speak out, she warns: Silence fosters misunderstanding.
"They cannot afford NOT to be visible, vocal, because otherwise all the assumptions about them will fill people's minds," Zia said.
Sticking together
It's doubtful her high school friend would remember Vincent Chin, whose 1982 baseball-bat bludgeoning death remains a rallying point for Asian-Americans. Chin, a bridegroom out for his bachelor party in Detroit, was tracked down and killed after a barroom confrontation with two white men who were enraged by Japanese car imports and 300,000 U.S. autoworker layoffs. It didn't matter that Chin was of Chinese, not Japanese, descent.
The assailants got probation, avoiding prison.
A pan-Asian group, American Citizens for Justice, grew out of the Chin case. Citizens of Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Philippine descent bonded even though sharp differences have kept Asian subgroups apart in many communities. Many Chinese-Americans fled to the United States because of the repressive Japanese occupation of China preceding World War II. But these groups have learned, living in America, that it pays to stick together.
Some obstacles noted by Zia:
- Underpayment of Chinese-American workers on the transcontinental railroad completed in 1869 -- and the railroad's refusal to let them participate in the completion ceremonies or to ride home on the train to California; they had to walk. from where?
- Suppression of the fact that Japanese-American soldiers liberated the Dachau death camp in Germany during World War II.
- The casting of a Welshman, Jonathan Pryce, as an Asian character in the Broadway musical "Miss Saigon," despite availability of Asian-American actors.
- Hard feelings between Korean-American shopkeepers and black communities in Los Angeles and New York City. Los Angeles riots broke out in 1992 after police were acquitted of brutalizing Rodney King, a black motorist, and 4,500 stores burned -- many owned by Korean-Americans.
Afterward, Korean-Americans worked to mend community fences.Jae Yul Kim saw his One Stop Market burn. But now, ethnic harmony is evident.
"Before the riots, I never talk to my customers," Kim told Zia. "They don't like me. Now we make jokes, we like each other. I learn to change -- I have to."
Communication is key
Communication is key, agrees Iris Chang, author of "The Rape of Nanking" and "Thread of the Silkworm," who praised Zia's book.
"Asian-Americans are first and foremost American. But if they want to be true patriotic Americans, they need to speak out," Chang said by telephone from San Jose, Calif. "They need to challenge the abuse of government power. They need to foster a healthier democracy by holding their elected officials accountable."
Zia's book can help Asian-Americans make that democratic leap of faith, Chang suggests.
"It's a fabulous book," she said. "There has always been a tendency to see Asian-Americans as either invisible or foreign, not truly American. I think her book reminds us of a significant and growing part of our society."
As for Wen Ho Lee, Zia believes politics led to his prosecution, that the focus on Lee stemmed from a partisan "scandal" over Asian campaign donations.
Because the case against Lee, freed after pleading guilty to one of 59 counts of illegal data downloads at Los Alamos National Laboratory, was just starting as Zia finished writing, her book touches on him only briefly. It catalogs Asian-American outrage over "scapegoating" Lee.
The 60-year-old Taiwan-born Lee lived the Asian-American dream. A naturalized U.S. citizen, he had a U.S. education, a job at a national lab, wonderful family, lovely home, loyal friends.
"And yet this could happen to him," Zia said.
Lee committed "data security infractions," she said, but others did, too -- former CIA director John Deutch, for example. Like Lee, Deutch was accused of downloading secrets to an unsecure computer.
"What they did was completely parallel," Zia said, yet Deutch escaped prosecution.
Many fellow scientists, mostly non-Asian, supported Lee through his nine-month incarceration "even to a greater degree than Asian-Americans have," Zia said. "If there's any hesitation among Asian-Americans, it's because they're fearful."
Lee's case transcends race, she said.
"It has enormous implications for all of us. I think we need to be concerned about whether we are on the verge of a new McCarthyism. It's this kind of climate of suspicion that led to the incarceration of 120,000 Japanese-Americans -- more than half of them children and dirt farmers."
Copyright 2000 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Asian American Dreams
The Emergence of an American People
By Helen ZiaPublished by FSG; 0-374-14774-4; $26.00US/$41.00CAN; March 00;
This groundbreaking book is about the transformation of Asian Americans from a few small, disconnected, and largely invisible ethnic groups into a self-identified racial group that is influencing every aspect of American society. It explores the junctures that shocked Asian Americans into motion and shaped a new consciousness, including the murder of Vincent Chin, a Chinese American, by two white autoworkers who believed he was Japanese; the apartheid-like working conditions of Filipinos in the Alaska salmon canneries; the boycott of Korean American greengrocers in Brooklyn; the L.A. riots; and the casting of non-Asians in the Broadway musical Miss Saigon. The book also examines the rampant stereotyping of Asian Americans, which has an impact on key issues concerning all Americans, from affirmative action and campaign finance to popular culture and national security.
Helen Zia, the daughter of Chinese immigrants, was born in 1952, when there were only 150,000 Chinese Americans in the entire country, and she writes as a personal witness to the dramatic changes involving Asian Americans.
Author
Helen Zia, an award-winning journalist, has covered Asian American communities and social and political movements for more than twenty years. Born in New Jersey and a graduate of Princeton's first coeducational class, she lives in the San Francisco Bay Area.Reviews
"Helen Zia is one of our nation's most original thinkers, and her book serves not only as an invaluable record of a movement but also as a moving and often funny personal memoir. Asian American Dreams marries social history to literature; it caused me to reflect upon the past, and ask questions about the future."
--David Henry Hwang, Playwright"An inspiring story of the struggles of Zia and diverse Asian Americans to transform themselves from "aliens" into Americans, their fervent and hopeful "dreams" of equality unfurled before the winds of the coming multicultural millennium."
--Ronald Takaki, Author of Strangers from a Different Shore"Helen Zia has produced what many of us were waiting for - an honest, scholarly, yet intensely personal book about the transformation of Asian America. She deftly interweaves the remarkable history of a people with her own unique journey as a pioneer activist and writer. The result - Asian American Dreams - is a fresh and incisive narrative, epic in its sweep, thrilling in its verve and clarity."
--Iris Chang, Author of The Rape of Nanking"Zia has given us a way to examine the gritty reality of what it takes to strengthen a voice from within America, from student organizing movements, the prosecution of hate crimes, advocacy for equality of job opportunities, to an examination of intergenerational tensions."
--Angela E. Oh, Attorney, Former Member, Advisory Board to the President's Initiative on Race"Dreams is a wonderful, sophisticated, lively sociohistorical biography of Asian Pacific Americans fighting back to broaden the human rights of U.S. citizens and immigrants alike. Herein Helen Zia emerges as the foremost activist-chronicler of the eighties and nineties."
--John Kuo Wei Tchen, Professor, New York University, Author of New York Before Chinatown"Powerful and encompassing. For the first time, I feel as if I am not an outsider reading about other communities. This is the first comprehensive account of the Asian Pacific American political movement that my generation has the power and position to shape."
--Kaying Yang, Southeast Asia Resource Action Center"Part memoir, part theory, part call to action - this book swept me away."
--Mari Matsuda, Author of We Won't Go BackExcerpt
The following is an excerpt from the book Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of am American People
by Helen Zia
Published by FSG; 0-374-14774-4; $26.00US/$41.00CAN; March 00;
Copyright ? 2000 Helen Zia"Little China doll, what's your name?"
This question always made me feel awkward. I knew there was something unwholesome in being seen as a doll, and a fragile china one at that. But, taught to respect my elders at all times, I would answer dutifully, mumbling my name.
"Zia," they would cluck and nod. "It means 'aunt' in Italian, you know?"
To me, growing up in New Jersey, along the New York-Philadelphia axis, it seemed almost everyone was a little Italian, or at least had an Italian aunt.
One day in the early 1980s, the routine changed unexpectedly. I was introduced to a colleague, a newspaper editor. Making small talk, he said, "Your name is very interesting. I noted his Euro-Anglo heritage and braced myself for yet another Italian lesson.
"Zia, hmm," he said. "Are you Pakistani?"
I nearly choked. For many people, Pakistan is not familiar geography. In those days it was inconceivable that a stranger might connect this South Asian, Pakistani name with my East Asian, Chinese face.
Through the unscientific process of converting Asian names into an alphabetic form, my romanized Chinese last name became identical to a common romanized Pakistani name. In fact, it was homonymous with a much despised ruler of Pakistan. Newspaper headlines about him read: "President Zia Hated by Masses" and "Pakistanis Cry, Zia Must Go." I'd clip out the headlines and send them to my siblings in jest. When President Zia's plane mysteriously crashed, I grew wary. After years of being mistaken for Japanese and nearly every other East Asian ethnicity, I added Pakistani to my list.
I soon discovered this would be the first of many such incidents. Zia Maria began to give way to Mohammad Zia ul-Haq. A new awareness of Asian Americans was emerging.
The abrupt change in my name ritual signaled my personal awakening to a modern-day American revolution in progress. In 1965, an immigration policy that had given racial preferences to Europeans for nearly two hundred years officially came to an end. Millions of new immigrants to America were no longer the standard vanilla but Hispanic, African, Caribbean, and - most dramatically for me - Asian. Though I was intellectually aware of the explosive growth in my community, I hadn't yet adjusted my own sense of self, or the way I imagined other Americans viewed me.
Up until then, I was someone living in the shadows of American society, struggling to find some way into a portrait that was firmly etched in white and, occasionally, black. And there were plenty of reminders that I wasn't relevant. Like the voices of my 1960s high school friends Rose and Julie. Rose was black, and Julie was white. One day we stood in the school yard, talking about the civil rights movement swirling around us, about cities engulfed in flames and the dreams for justice and equality that burned in each of us.
As I offered my thoughts, Rose abruptly turned to me and said, "Helen, you've got to decide if you're black or white." Stunned, I was unable to say that I was neither, that I had an identity of my own. I didn't know the words "Asian American". It was a concept yet to be articulated.
Somewhere between my school yard conversation and the confrontation with my Pakistani namesake, Asian Americans began to break through the shadows. By then we had already named ourselves "Asian American" and we were having raging debates and fantastic visions of an America we fit into. But few outside of Asian America cared about our shadow dreams.
Gradually we began to be visible, although not necessarily seen the way we wished. Then we had to discover what it meant to be in the light.
When I was growing up in the 1950s and 1960s, there were barely a half-million Asian Americans in the nation. Of those, only 150,000 were Chinese Americans-not enough to populate a small Midwestern city. We made up less than 0.1 percent of the population. Most of us lived on the islands of Hawaii or in a few scattered Chinatown ghettoes.
My parents met in New York City's Chinatown in 1950. They were among the new wave of Northern Chinese who fled China as a result of the Japanese occupation, the devastation of World War II, and the rise of the Chinese Communist Party. My father, Yee Chen Zia, was a poet and scholar from the canaled, garden city of Suzhou, known as the Venice of China. Like many Chinese of his generation, he had been a patriotic warrior against Japan, later becoming a newspaper editor and a member of the Chinese diplomatic corps in the United States. After the war, he decided to settle in New York, taking on various odd jobs-cabdriver, Fuller Brush salesperson, Good Humor ice cream truck driver.
My mother, Beilin Woo, was raised not far from Suzhou, in the metropolis of Shanghai. She fled its postwar chaos as a tubercular teenager aboard the General Gordon, the last American ship to leave Shanghai before the Communist government took power. Her first task upon arrival at the port of San Francisco was to find a husband who could not only ensure her continued stay in the United States but also help her repay her sister for the cost of the passage to America.
Finding marriageable suitors was not a problem for women from Asia. For more than half a century before World War II, several racially discriminatory laws prohibited Asian men from becoming U.S. citizens or marrying outside their race. The United States also barred women from China, India, and the Philippines from immigrating. The combined impact of these prohibitions created generations of lonely Asian bachelor societies in America. But World War II forced the United States to change such policies, so obviously offensive to its allies in Asia as well as to the thousands of Asian and Asian American GIs fighting for America. The shameful citizenship laws were eventually repeated and women like my mother gained entry into the country.
Among the many Chinese American men who courted my mother at her boardinghouse near San Francisco's Chinatown was a bank clerk who had come all the way from New York City in search of a wife. His jovial disposition and stable job appealed to her, even though he said he was forty years old. They were married in Reno, Nevada, on October 31, 1949. My twenty-year-old mother was on her way to New York as Mrs. John Yee.
Communicating with her new husband, however, was not easy. Like the vast majority of Chinese in America at that time, he was from Canton Province, a thousand miles away from Shanghai. The language, customs, and even facial features of the regions' peoples were different. Their local Chinese dialects of Shanghainese and Cantonese were unintelligible to each other. Cantonese people were considered more easygoing, light-hearted in spirit and darker in complexion, while Northern Chinese were taller and thought to be arrogant and hot-tempered. To get around in Chinatown, my mother had to learn some Cantonese. In the meantime she and her husband communicated in a mixture of pidgin English and pidgin Cantonese.
They settled into a dank tenement on Henry Street, where many new arrivals made their first home in New York. It stands today, with the shared bathroom down the hall and the bathtub in the kitchen, still home to new generations of Chinese immigrants. A year later, my older brother was born. They named him Henry, after the street. Had he been a girl, they planned to name him Catherine, after the nearby cross street. During the day, Henry's father worked a few blocks away in Chatham Square, at the Bank of China, while my mother found new friends. New York's Chinatown had only 15,000 residents in 1950, compared to more than 100,000 in 1990; a tiny but growing number came from Shanghai and its neighboring cities of Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, and Nanjing. Bound by their similar dialects and regional cuisine, which were so unlike those of the larger Cantonese community surrounding them, the Shanghainese speakers congregated at the curio shop of a Mrs. Fung, on the corner of Doyers and Pell. That's where my mother met my father.
When Henry was still an infant, his father suffered a massive stroke and died. From his death certificate my mother learned that her husband was ten years older than he had disclosed. The young widow was eligible for marriage again in the Chinatown society, with my father in pursuit. Months later they wed and moved to Newark, New Jersey, where my father was trying, unsuccessfully, to run a small furniture store. I soon came on the scene, another member of the post-World War II Asian American baby boom.
On a clear day the Manhattan skyline is visible from Newark, but the insular familiarity of Chinatown was worlds away. Outside of Chinatown it was rare to encounter another person of Chinese or other Asian descent. In Newark and the various New Jersey communities where we later moved, the only way to meet Asians was to stop complete strangers on the street, while shopping, or at the bus stop - anywhere that we happened to see the occasional person who looked like us. At an A&P supermarket checkout counter, my mother met her friend Sue, who came to the United States as a war bride, having married a GI during the postwar occupation of Japan. The animosity between China and Japan that brought both women to New Jersey was never an issue. Each was so thrilled to find someone like herself.
Auntie Sue and her son Kim, who was of mixed race, white and Japanese, were regular visitors to our home. Though our mothers bonded readily, it was harder for their Asian American kids to connect simply because we looked alike. Mom and Auntie Sue had the shared experience of leaving their war-ravaged Asian homes for a new culture, but Kim and I shared little except for our Asian features; we stuck out like yellow streaks on a white-and-black canvas. Outside of Chinatown, looking Asian meant looking foreign, alien, un-American. The pressure on us was to fit in with the "American" kids we looked so unlike, to conform and assimilate. Why would we want to be around other Asian kids who reminded us of our poor fit? At the tender age of six, I already felt different from the "real" Americans. I didn't feet comfortable with Kim and sensed his ambivalence to me. But the joke was on us, because no matter how hard we might try to blend in with the scenery, our faces gave us away.
Still, I was proud to be Chinese. Mom and Dad filled us with stories about their childhoods in China. Dad was born in 1912, one year after the founding of the Chinese Republic, and was imbued with a deep love for his native country. He was the second son of a widow who was spurned by her in-laws. His mother sold her own clothes to pay for his schooling. She beat my father every day so that he would study harder-this he told us proudly whenever we slacked off. Dad modeled his life after the ideal of the Confucian scholar-official: by studying assiduously he won academic honors and scholarships and achieved recognition as a poet and writer. China's system of open examinations was the foundation of the civil service - a Chinese creation, Dad pointedly reminded us as he turned the TV off. Studying hard, he said, was a time-honored route to advancement for even the poorest Chinese.
Mom grew up in Shanghai under the Japanese occupation. From the time she was a small child she lived with a fear and dislike of Japanese soldiers. Because of the war, her education was disrupted and she never went beyond the fourth grade - a source of regret that made her value education for her children. Mom's childhood memories were of wartime hard-ships and days spent picking out grains of rice from the dirt that had been mixed in as a way to tip the scales. Her stories taught me to be proud of the strength and endurance of the Chinese people.
Dad told us about our heritage. When other children made fun of us, or if news reports demeaned China, he reminded us that our ancestors wore luxurious silks and invented gunpowder while Europeans still huddled naked in caves. Of course, I knew that Europeans had discovered clothing, too, but the image was a reassuring one for a kid who didn't fit. My father wanted us to speak flawless English to spare us from ridicule and the language discrimination he faced. He forbade my mother to speak to us in Chinese, which was hard, since Mom spoke little English then. We grew up monolingual, learning only simple Chinese expressions - che ve le, "Come and eat"-and various Shanghainese epithets, like the popular phrase for a naughty child - fei si le, or "devilish to death." Dad also expected us to excel in school, since, he said, our Asian cranial capacities were larger than those of any other race. Pulling out the Encyclopaedia Britannica to prove his point, he'd make us study the entry, then test us to make sure we got the message. He told us about the Bering Strait and the land bridge from Asia to America, saying that we had a right to be in this country because we were cousins to the Native Americans.
These tidbits were critical to my self-esteem. In New Jersey, it was so unusual to see a person of Asian descent that people would stop what they were doing to gawk rudely at my family wherever we went. When we walked into a store or a diner, we were like the treat show at Barnum & Bailey's circus, where Chinese were displayed as exotic creatures in the late 1800s, along with the two-headed dog. A sense of our own heritage and worth gave us the courage and cockiness to challenge their rudeness and stare down the gawkers.
What Mom and Dad couldn't tell us was what it meant to be Chinese in America. They didn't know - they were just learning about America themselves. We found little help in the world around us. Asians were referred to most often as Orientals, Mongols, Asiatics, heathens, the yellow hordes, and an assortment of even less endearing terms. Whatever the terminology, the message was clear: we were definitely not Americans.
There is a drill that nearly all Asians in America have experienced more times than they can count. Total strangers will interrupt with the absurdly existential question "What are you?" Or the equally common inquiry "Where are you from?" The queries are generally well intentioned, made in the same detached manner that you might use to inquire about a pooch's breed.
My standard reply to "What are you?" is "American," and to "Where are you from?" "New Jersey." These, in my experience, cause great displeasure. Eyebrows arch as the questioner tries again. "No, where are you really from?" I patiently explain that, really, I am from New Jersey. Inevitably this will lead to something like "Well then, what country are your people from?" Sooner or later I relent and tell them that my "people" are from China. But when I turn the tables and ask, "And what country are your people from?" the reply is invariably an indignant "I'm from America, of course'
The sad truth was that I didn't know much about my own history. I knew that Chinese had built the railroads, and then were persecuted. That was about it. I didn't know that in the 1700s a group of Filipinos settled in Louisiana, or that in 1825 the first Chinese was born in New York City. I didn't know that Asian laborers were brought to the Americas as a replacement for African slaves - by slave traders whose ships had been rerouted from Africa to Asia. I didn't even know that Japanese Americans had been imprisoned only a decade before my birth. Had I known more about my Asian American history I might have felt less foreign. Instead, I grew up thinking that perhaps China, a place I had never seen, was my true home, since so many people didn't think I belonged here.
I did figure out, however, that relations between America and any Asian nation had a direct impact on me. Whenever a movie about Japan and World War II played at the local theater, my brothers and I became the enemy. It didn't matter that we weren't Japanese - we looked Japanese. What's worse, by now my family had moved to a new housing development, one of the mass-produced Levittowns close to Fort Dix, the huge army base. Most of our neighbors had some connection to the military.
At the Saturday matinee, my brothers and I would sit with all the other kids in town watching the sinister Zero pilots prepare to ambush their unsuspecting prey, only to be thwarted by the all-American heroes - who were, of course, always white. These movies would have their defining moment, that crescendo of emotion when the entire theater would rise up, screaming, "Kill them, kill them, kill them!" - them, being the Japanese. When the movie was over and the lights came on, I wanted to be invisible so that my neighbors wouldn't direct their patriotic fervor toward me.
As China became the evil Communist menace behind the Bamboo Curtain, and the United States was forced to deal with its stalemate in the Korean War, the Asian countries seemed interchangeable. Back when Japan was the enemy, China was the good ally - after all, that's how my mom and dad got to come to America. But now, quixotically, Japan was good and China was evil.
Chinese in America were suspected to be the fifth column of Chinese Communists, as J. Edgar Hoover frequently said before Congress and throughout the McCarthy era witch-hunts. In the 1950s, while Japanese American families attempted to return to normalcy after their release from American concentration camps during the war, the FBI switched its surveillance eye onto hundreds of Chinese Americans. My father was one.
Our mail routinely arrived opened and damaged, and our phone reception was erratic. I thought everyone's mail service and phone lines were bad. Polite FBI agents interviewed our neighbors, asking if my father was up to anything suspicious. What attracted the attention of the FBI was Dad's tendency to write letters to newspapers and politicians when he disagreed with their views on China or anything else. Nothing ever came of the FBI investigations of my father, nor was a ring of Chinese American spies ever found-but I later learned that the probes succeeded in intimidating the Chinese American communities of the 1950s, creating a distrust of and inhibiting their participation in politics. The FBI queries hardly bolstered our acceptance in our working-class housing tract. Neighbor kids would nose around and ask, "So what does your father do?" It didn't help that my father had instructed us to say, "He's self-employed." This only added to our sense of foreignness.
Like so many Asian immigrants unable to break into the mainstream American labor market, my father had to rely on his own resourcefulness and his family's labor. In the back room of our house we made "baby novelties" with little trinkets and baby toys and pink or blue vases that my father then sold to flower shops. Every day, in addition to doing our schoolwork, we helped out in the family business. Our home was our workplace, the means to our livelihood, and therefore the center of everything. This conveniently matched the Confucian notion of family, whereby the father, as patriarch, is the master of the universe. In our household it was understood that no one should ever disobey, contradict, or argue with the patriarch, who, in the Confucian hierarchy, is a stand-in for God. My mother, and of course the children, were expected to obey God absolutely.
This system occasionally broke down when my mother and father quarreled, usually about my father's rigid expectations of us. But in the end, God always seemed to win. Growing up female, I could see the Confucian order of the Three Obediences in action: the daughter obeys the father, the wife obeys the husband, and, eventually, the widow obeys the son. The Confucian tradition was obviously stacked against me, as a girl. I found similar lessons in the world beyond our walls. Mom's best friend from the Chinatown Shanghainese clique had followed us to New Jersey, attracted by the low home costs and the fact that we already lived there. Auntie Ching and her husband opened a Chinese restaurant at a major intersection of the highway. In those days, there were few places outside Chinatown to get real Chinese food. After they had spent their own money to upgrade the kitchen and remodel the restaurant, business was booming. But Auntie Ching had no lease for the restaurant - and the German American owner, sensing an opportunity for himself, evicted the Chings and set up his own shop.
Our tiny Chinese American community was horrified that the Chings would be treated so unjustly. My cantankerous dad urged them to fight it out in court. But they chose not to, believing that it would be better not to make waves. Chinese cannot win, they said, so why make trouble for ourselves? Such defeatism disturbed my father, who would often say in disgust, "In America, a 'Chinaman's chance' means no chance.' He felt that the Chinese way of dealing with obstacles - to either accept or go around them, but not to confront them directly - would never get us very far in the United States.
As a child, I didn't see Chinese or other Asian Americans speaking up to challenge such indignities. When my parents were denied the right to rent or buy a home in various Philadelphia neighborhoods, they had to walk away despite my father's outrage. We could only internalize our shame when my mother and her troop of small children were thrown out of supermarkets because we were wrongly accused of opening packages and stealing. Or when Henry was singled out of a group of noisy third graders for talking and he alone was expelled from the lunchroom for the rest of the year. Or when my younger brother Hoyt and the few other Asian boys in school were rounded up because another kid said he thought he saw an "Oriental" boy go into his locker.
Other times the discomfort was less tangible. Why did my fifth-grade teacher, a Korean War veteran, become so agitated when topics of China and Asian culture came up? Was there a reason for his apparent dislike of me and my brothers, who also had him as a teacher? After my Girl Scout troop leader asked all the girls to state their religions, what caused her to scowl in disgust at me when I answered Buddhist? My family didn't practice an organized religion, so I didn't know what else to say.
Absorbing the uncertainty of my status in American society, I assumed the role that I observed for myself - one of silence and invisibility. I enjoyed school and, following my father's example, studied hard and performed well academically, but I consciously avoided bringing attention to myself and rarely spoke up, even on matters related to me.
Copyright ? 2000 Helen Zia
An interest in her Asian-American heritage led Helen Zia, a second-generation Chinese American, to journalism. She attended Princeton University where she became active in feminism and Asian American issues, then later dropped out of medical school to join the auto industry in Detroit. Her frustration with the profession inspired her to put pen to paper, but the 1982 death of Vincent Chin, who was beaten by two white autoworkers, was the impetus for her involvement with the Asian American community. After her work on the documentary Who Killed Vincent Chin?, which was nominated for an Academy Award, Zia wrote for numerous publications, including The Washington Post, the New York Times and Essence. A contributing editor to Ms. Magazine, Zia wrote the book Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People and co-authored Wen Ho Lee's autobiography, My Country vs. Me.
