THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
FOUNDATIONS OF WESTERN ASTROLOGY
By Amir Bey
Copyright, 1998 All Rights
Reserved.
[This article appears on this
page with the written permission of the author]
The study of ancient Egypt is
necessary in order to prevent misconceptions concerning the
origins of terms and techniques found in ancient and modern
western astrology. Because of over-reliance on Greek and Roman
sources, the depth of Egypt’s full role in the formulation
of astrology is difficult to see clearly. The loss and
destruction of original Egyptian institutions and records plus
the complex symbolism of Egyptian religion are responsible for
this. The priesthood were the custodians of the traditions,
science and history of Egypt, yet relatively little original
documentation survived through the centuries. In addition,
Egyptians of the New Kingdom dynastic period did not know some
aspects of their ancestors’ lives of the Old Kingdom, the
pyramid builders. Historians in the modern sense did not exist
until Egypt’s waning centuries. Accounts of battles, the
list of the pharaohs’ names, love poems, fables, enduring
monuments and other sources have survived. Much of the surviving
materials are religious in nature, or were associated with
burials. Papyrus containing significant information for
archeologists was used to wrap mummies; this is the incidental
nature of archeology, and of Egyptian archeology in particular.
The Dead were not to be disturbed, and what has been found was
not meant for our eyes. Outright destruction occurred through
conquest, with successive waves of invading armies, religions,
and cultures gradually destroying or incorporating what remained
of the sciences and indigenous institutions of Egypt. Finally
during the Christian era hieroglyphic writing was forbidden, and
along with it much of the subtleties of the language was lost,
and information laid dormant for centuries until the expedition
of Napoleon and the resultant decipherment by Champollion in
1822.
This left most of the surviving
written documentation on Egypt coming from Greek and Roman
sources, except for contemporary diplomatic records in cuneiform
that are still being translated. For example, the names of the
pharaohs still used in most textbooks are often Hellenized names,
when their original names are known. Even the name Egypt is from
the Greek Aiguptos, originating from Ha(t)-ka-Ptah
[H(w).t-k3-ptH] 
,
one of the names of the ancient capitol Memphis, meaning "House
(Temple) of the Soul of Ptah", as it held a major temple of
that godhead. The original name was Kemet [k m.t] 
meaning Black Land,
that is: land of the fertile dark earth of the Nile Valley. The
inhabitants often simply called called themselves "People of
Kemet" ("People of the Black Land") [rmT n km.t] 
most often just
"People" [rmT] 
. The original Middle Kingdom pronunciation for
"Egyptians" was something like rama-ni-KUma. They also
referred to their land as Ta-meri [t3-mri] 
, meaning "The Beloved Land",
and Tawi or Taui, [t3.wy] 
, meaning "The Two Lands". This last name
refers to the idea that there were once two kingdoms, Upper and
Lower Kemet. The two kingdoms were united by the first dynastic
pharaoh, Narmer. In order to better evoke those people, the
civilization, the land and that distant time, they will be
referred to as the Rama ni Kuma and the land as Kemet in this
paper.
Kemet had a great influence on
the civilizations of the Mediterranean. There is linguistic,
cultural, religious, astronomical and astrological evidence of
Kemet’s influence on Greece and Rome, and the surrounding
area before horoscopic astrology came to be. Like most
significant human developments, the horoscopic astrology that was
developed in Alexandria was the result of an amalgamation.
Chaldea (Babylon), Greek, and Rama ni Kuma astronomical and
astrological concepts fused together at a critical juncture in
African, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean history. During this
time the transition from the dominance of the older civilizations
of Kemet and Mesopotamia to that of the Greek, and later the
Roman eras was taking place.
DEITIES AND HELIACAL STARS
Ancient Kemet arguably had the
most complex polytheistic religion that any civilization ever
possessed. The gods that are of interest here are those who were
sky-gods. Major gods such as Re, or Ria 
, who was the Sun, and Djehuti [DHwty]
(Thoth) 
, who was
the Moon and the precursor of Hermes and Mercury, symbolized
those planets, yet had other meanings. Their roles often blended
or overlapped with other deities, and had different aspects, such
as Kheper-Re (the Becoming -rising) Sun, or Re-Sherayu, the
Little Sun (winter).
The purely astronomical deities
had more specific roles. There were deities for months, the days
of the month, and for the hours of the day. The star the Rama ni
Kuma called Sepdit 
,
known as Sirius today, was probably the most important of the
astronomical deities. To understand why, we must look at the
natural environment of Kemet. Some major forces of nature in
Kemet were : The Nile River, whose yearly rise and fall
occurring in regular cycles were crucial in a land where there
was hardly any rainfall. The Nile’s regularity and
predictability contributed to Kemet’s development as the
first nation-state with a stable society and enduring traditions;
The Sun, which is extremely hot and has a strong presence
there, notably during summer. This is due to Kemet’s
proximity to the Tropic of Cancer, which crosses the Southern
portion of the country. The Nile and the Sun determined the
seasons, for which there were three: Axhet 
("inundation"
or "Verdure", mid-July through mid-November), Peret 
("Coming
Forth", or "Sewing", of the previously flooded
fields, mid-November through mid-March), and Shemu 
("Warmth" or
"Harvest", mid-March through mid-July). The Nile's and
the Sun's cycles joined when they reached the peaks at the same
time; the Nile would flood and the Sun moved furthest north and
thus closest to all of Kemet at the Summer Solstice. After a
period of absence in the sky, the star Sepdit’s sudden
appearance announced this time by its heliacal rising (just
before sunrise). Sepdit’s heliacal rising precisely
coincided with dawn at the summer solstice around the year
3,300BC, near the beginning of Kemet’s dynastic period. The
Rama ni Kuma observation of the heliacal rising of Sepdit and its
coincidence with the Nile’s flooding at the Summer Solstice
enabled them to plan for the economic administration of the
country.
This was the New Year, and
indeed it was a time of spiritual as well as material
significance for Kemet. The heliacal risings of stars and planets
were observed in all the stages of Rama ni Kuma history. Their
representations can be seen in countless religious artifacts. One
early religious form was the association of the goddess Aset
[3st] (Isis) 
,
with a heliacal rising star or planet. In this regard she was
depicted holding in her lap the nursing infant Her [Hr] (Horus) 
, who symbolized the
rising Sun, she the heliacal body. This is not to say the
Aset-Her allegory and icons were limited to representing heliacal
risings. The heliacal body, as Aset, was seen as mother to the
Sun, Her. While the mother and child is an ancient and universal
theme in art, the Rama ni Kuma version of this icon along with
Aset’s title Mut-netjer [mwt-nTr] 
, or "Mother of God", later
evolved into the Madonna and child icons found in Roman Catholic
religious art.
It is unknown at what time the
Rama ni Kuma began observing the cycles between the Sun and
heliacal stars and planets. We can get an idea from other
examples of heliacal risings of importance that this knowledge
reached back far into Kemet’s long history, before the
dynastic period. Taking Sepdit's heliacal rising in 3,300 BC and
its coincidence with the Nile's flooding at the Solstice, - just
before the dynastic era- we have a date for such an observance.
The Pleiades also suggest a possible date for early knowledge of
heliacal risings. This group of stars rose before the Sun when
the Spring Equinox occurred in what would be known as the
constellation of Taurus, spanning the period from about 4,200BC
to 2,100BC (the age of Taurus). The Rama ni Kuma name for these
stars was Atauria, or Tauri, associating these stars with Het-Her
[Hwt-Hr] (Hathor)
.
The Chaldeans and the Hebrews also used this name for these
stars, and the name for the sign and constellation Taurus was
derived from it.
During that same period the
scorpion goddess Serqet 
rose before the Sun at the Autumnal Equinox. (Her
name is sometimes transliterated as Selqet, as the L sound (the
hieroglyph of the lion couchant) was later added to the
language.) Her name and meaning lent itself to the sign and
constellation where the Sun transited at that time, Scorpio.
Depictions of Serqet often feature a scorpion on her head. One
image of immaculate conception shows her and another protective
deity Net presiding over the god Amun and Djehuti-mes [DHwty-ms]
(Thoth-mes) IV’s wife Mutemwia at the moment of orgasm. The
goddess’ hands are holding the feet of the lovers, while
their heads hold the sky that the lovers were perched upon. This
was the way in which the future pharaoh Amenhetep III was to have
been conceived! A graceful golden anthropomorphic sculpture of
Serqet was among the treasures found in Tutankhamon’s burial
chamber, as she was guardian to the deceased’s organs during
its journey in the after life. She also symbolized the heat of
the Sun.
The association in astrology of
the eyes with the Sun and Moon originates from the wedjat 
, the eye of Her.
The Rama ni Kuma believed the two luminaries were the two eyes of
the god, with the Moon as his left eye, and the Sun as his right
eye. In astrology this association can be reversed, depending on
the sex of the individual.
The Rama ni Kuma had different
constellations than those now used. The appearance of the sky has
changed little since then, yet the Rama ni Kuma had different
concepts about the groupings of the constellations. For example
the circumpolar constellations were: the Hippopotamus 
(now Drago), the Jackal
(now the Little
Bear), an ox-leg, or the Thigh 
(now the Great Bear). Later, Rama ni Kuma symbols,
names and attributes for their deities associated with certain
times of the year were incorporated into those for the signs of
the zodiac.
One major aspect, if not the
major aspect of Rama ni Kuma religion and culture is the cult of
death and everlasting life. To be sure there are astrological
corelations: Usar [wsir] (Osiris)
with Pluto/Hades; Djehuti [DHwty] (Thoth)
with Mercury/Hermes; and
as mentioned above, Serqet with Scorpio.
THE CALENDAR
The complexity of the calendar
of Kemet does not permit a full treatment of it here except to
mention a few important points. The Rama ni Kuma concept of time
involved cycles that reached beyond centuries, into eras.
Essentially, there were two calendars used simultaneously, one
can be called the seasonal year of 365 and one
fourth days, which was based on Sepdit’s heliacal cycle
(also called the Sothic Cycle), and the shifting, or civil
year of 365 days. With these two calendars a great year
of 1,460 years was derived. The civil year started its New
Year’s Day one day earlier than the seasonal year for
every four years of time that passed. It would then take
approximately one great year of about 1,460 years (365
x 4) for the two calendars to have the same New Year’s Day
again. The Rama ni Kuma used this calendar since the beginning of
the dynastic period. This indicates they had the knowledge of
these cycles well into pre-dynastic times to make the kinds of
observations of stellar and seasonal cycles necessary for its
creation.
The method of marking time for
the civil year was not based on impractical, stubborn tradition.
It measured days more precisely than the seasonal year. It had a
practical function since it had 12 months of 30 days each giving
it 360 days annually. This allowed for the distribution of
materials from granaries by 360, which is conveniently divisible
by many numbers. There were five intercalary days added later to
match the true length of the year. Thus the 365 day year was
important for the administration of the country, which is why it
was a civic calendar. With its saint days and Lunar feast
days, it had a religious purpose as well. While the true length
of time was known to them, each new pharaoh did not adjust the
civic calendar to coincide with the seasonal year. The observance
of the precise time of the Nile’s inundation was solely in
the priests’ hands, as it was their duty to plan for the
most important event of the year.
While complicated, this
arrangement is highly scientific and it combines knowledge of the
seasonal year based on a stellar cycle and seasons, with
the shifting civic year. The Rama ni Kuma knew how far on the
stellar cycle they were. They knew that the calendar based on
Sepdit’s heliacal rising was slightly longer than the year
based on the Summer Solstice. This gave them the knowledge of the
natural, or solar length of the year as well.
When Julius Caesar wanted to
simplify and correct the Roman calendar, which was a lunar one,
he was advised by a scientist from Alexandria, Sosigenes. The
resulting Julian Calendar was based on the 365 and one fourth day
calendar of Kemet. Our present calendar combines some of these
concepts of time also, but it is a faint echo of the sense of
time the Rama ni Kuma had. However, it should be noted that the
Rama ni Kuma calendar became too complicated with so many cycles
merged into its body. At times it is difficult for archeologists
to know which calendar dates were used on some monuments. The
Kemetu did not date their calendars relative to a specific time
such as BC or AD, or the "Common Era", nor did they use
segments of time such as centuries and dynasties is a convenient
modern concept. Beginning in the Middle Kingdom, they related
calendrical time by the reign of the pharaoh. Thus, January 4,
2001 would be considered year 9,month 1, day 4 of President
Clinton by the civic calendar's reckoning. There was a more
elaborate formula that included the year, month of the season,
day in that order, and the throne name of the pharaoh, such as
"Year 10, 1 month of Inundation , 6th day, during the
incarnation of the King of Upper and Lower Kemet, User-
MAat-Re" (Ramses the Great).
The Rama ni Kuma used the
heliacal rising of the 36 decans to observe the progress of time
during the course of the year, as well as to mark passage of the
hours during the night. The 36 decans originally marked the sky
at approximately 10 degree intervals each. Thus the heliacal
rising of a decan star or stars would span a 10 day period, which
are often referred to as the Rama ni Kuma week. This gave each
month 3 decan-weeks, and they were sometimes written in
hieroglyphic as 
"Head
10-day period" for the 1st decan, 
"Heart 10-day
period" for the 2nd decan , and
"Tail ten-day period" for the 3rd
decan. During the time when Sepdit’s heliacal rising
coincided with the Summer Solstice, it started the yearly cycle
of the 36 decans. Because of the precession of the Equinox, the
beginning decan was eventually shifted to the succeeding
decan-star. Later the culminations of the decan stars were used
in place of the heliacal risings. During the Hellenistic period,
the 36 decans were adapted into the astrology of the Greeks, with
a slightly different definition.
Would changes in the locations
of the stars brought about by the precession of the equinoxes
have caused the Rama ni Kuma to make distinctions between
sidereal and tropical cycles? Could the battle between the god
Set 
, who represented
not merely evil, but the circumpolar stars, and the god Her the
Sun, been symbolic of these two cycles of the sky? One was
shifting, dark, and distant, the other constant, bright, and
life-giving. They may not have seen the need to distinguish
between the cycles, just as they would not have seen the need to
draw distinctions between astrologers and astronomers. It was
more practical to combine the new adjustments within the
traditional scientific and ceremonial practices. That is how
their calendar evolved. It is possible astrology will always have
to make adjustments, with the battle between Her and Set bringing
renewal.
The astronomical ceiling of
Chamber A of Senenmut's tomb. Note the wheels which are believed
to be representative of feast days for the lunar months.
The astronomical ceiling of the
tomb of the official Senenmut who lived during the New Kingdom
contains the earliest preserved list of decans that is in good
condition. There is a poorly preserved list from much earlier in
the Middle Kingdom coffin from one called Heny. Interestingly,
there is a lunar calendar on the ceiling of Senenmut’s tomb
that has twelve circles divided into twenty-four sections. These
circles are representative of the feast days of each of the lunar
months, and their twenty-four sections represent the twenty-four
hours of those days. They are striking in their similarity to
present-day horoscopic wheels and houses when viewed amongst the
traditional hieroglyphics and images of the Rama ni Kuma gods.
The cardinal points on the wheel used in astrology originates
with the Rama ni Kuma. They faced South and called West
"right", and East "left". This orientation
stems from the direction of the Nile River’s current, which
flows from the South ( "Upper Kemet") to the North
("Lower Kemet"). There are no planets or stars placed
in any of those sections of the wheels in Senenmut's tomb as an
astrological chart would have. That would come later, during the
Ptolemaic era. Nevertheless, these are examples of the
foundations laid by ancient Rama ni Kuma cosmology and geography
for astrology.
Kemet’s calendar could be
called a "structural ancestor" for western astrology.
It had decans, 12 months, a 365 and one fourth day year, 24 hour
day, and 24-hour wheels that are suggestive of the horoscopic
wheels and houses used today. The Rama ni Kuma had to accurately
know when the inundation of the Nile would occur. They knew this
time corresponded to the Summer Solstice and the heliacal rising
of Sepdet. This led them to develop an accurate means to predict
their occurrence. They worshipped the Solstice and had temples
oriented to it. The Rama ni Kuma recognized the importance of the
Equinox, yet because of the cycle of the Nile, the Summer
Solstice was emphasized. This is in contrast to the Babylonians,
who oriented their temples to the Spring Equinox, when the Tigris
and Euphrates flooded in Mesopotamia. Significantly, they both
used the seasonal changes in the year to orient their calendars.
MEDU NETJER
The people of Kemet called their
hieroglyphic writing Medu Netjer
, meaning "Words [of] God". The Rama ni
Kuma source for the names of the signs Taurus and Scorpio have
been shown above to be from star deities. There are many
pre-Coptic Rama ni Kuma sources for words, letters, and symbols
found in the Greek, Romance, and Germanic languages as well as
some astronomical and astrological terms, some that evolved from
combining Medu Netjer with other languages. This interaction
would seem logical when considering Greece and Rome’s
proximity to Kemet. Moreover, Kemet’s extensive influence in
the area for over a millennium before Greece’s
"golden" age would have brought about more than shallow
exchanges between these cultures. For instance, there is evidence
of Rama ni Kuma colonies in pre-Hellenistic Greece and pre-Roman
Italy with resultant linguistic influences.
Each of the deities for the
months, days, and hours also had priests for those designated
times. The word for hour was unut
, and one word for priesthood was also
unut, 
. An imy-unut 
was an
hour-watcher, or an astronomer whose function it was to watch the
rising of the decans. There is speculation that this was also the
name used for astrologers, but it is likely that this kind of
distinction was not made. There were different functions for the
various priestly castes, and being an imy-unut was one.
There was an importance associated with the rising star of an
hour, and a priest whose function it was to observe and conduct
duties for that hour. This is much different from the concept of
the astronomer of today. However, the imy-unut can be seen
as a precursor to both the astrologer and the astronomer. While
modern astrologers do not conduct watches for the hours, we do
focus our attention on the meaning of time, down to the degree,
down to the second!
In my opinion there are some
connections between the Rama ni Kuma language and terms denoting
time presently in use. I am not a linguist, but I would like to
suggest some possible relationships. As mentioned above, the word
for hour and a small period of time was unut, and an imy-unut
was the title for an "hour watcher." If the
Latin word minuo, meaning to make smaller, to diminish, is
added to unut you get a word that reads minuo-unut.
The combination of these two words would mean a smaller amount of
time, or a diminished hour: a minute. The word minute could also
be derived solely from the title imy-unut. The word hru 
, in Medu Netjer
meant day specifically, and was the word for time in general.
There may be a connection between this word and the name for the
solar deity Her (Horus), which was pronounced with a more
emphatic "H" sound. The Medu netjer word hru as
the root for the words hour (English), heur
(French), hora (Spanish), and hora (Greek), seems
possible if not likely.
The present-day glyphs used in
modern western astrology are combinations of Medu Netjer
hieroglyphics, the Coptic and Greek alphabets. Coptic is a
surviving form of the Rama ni Kuma language which uses mainly
modified Greek letters plus modified Demotic, a shorthand
script that came into being in the Late Period. Two clear
examples of this are the glyphs for the Sun used in astrology
which is directly taken from the Medu Netjer hieroglyph for the
Sun ,
Re, and the wavy
lines of Aquarius which is derived from the hieroglyph for water
.
MODERN RESEARCH
The cosmology of pre-dynastic
Kemet, like dynastic Kemet, was formed by the unique
circumstances of it geography, meteorology, and social history.
The earliest known examples of pre-dynastic Rama ni Kuma
cosmology are discussed in the April 2, 1998 issue of Nature
magazine. The article states that about 11,000 years ago central
African monsoons moved into the previously hyper-arid region of
what is now Southern Egypt, forming temporary lakes, or playas.
Megalithic alignments and stone circles were discovered in the
largest one, the Nabta Playa depression, which is around 10km by
7km in area and is located in the Nubian desert. Attracted to the
water, pastoralists settled in the area around 10,000 years ago.
The structure of the megaliths suggest a symbolic geometry of
death, water, and the Sun, which are major components of dynastic
Rama ni Kuma religion. Eventually hyper-arid conditions returned
to Nabta, becoming so inhospitable that it caused an exodus of
the inhabitants. The most recent radio-carbon dating is not more
recent than 4,800 years ago. The age of the ceremonial complex at
Nabta suggests that the astronomy and ceremonialism there
occurred before most of the megalithic features of Europe, Great
Britain, and Brittany were established. Within 500 years after
the exodus from Nabta, the first pyramid, the step pyramid of
Saqqara, was built around 2650BC. This indicates there was a
pre-existing cultural base which may have originated in the
Nubian desert. The exodus out of Nabta most likely brought social
differentiation and cultural complexity that formed pre-dynastic
Kemet. These Nomadic groups were better organized and possessed a
more complex cosmology than was found in the North.
The few astronomical and
astrological materials left by the Rama ni Kuma leaves
researchers with the impression they were not as developed in
those areas as the Babylonians. They did not leave law codes as
the Babylonians did either, yet they had a powerful central
authority in the pharaoh, a Vizier or Prime Minister, and a
highly efficient bureaucracy. What astronomical and astrological
testimonies the Rama ni Kuma did leave are pyramids, and temples
oriented to significant risings, star charts, and other
circumstantial evidence of their astronomical, astrological and
mathematical knowledge. Some of this evidence is in Rama ni Kuma
religious imagery that may not convey to our us what it
represented to them. As the Rama ni Kuma were tradition-bound in
their representations, they would use traditional forms to convey
new ideas. Their use of the two calendars is an example of how
they blended science and tradition.
The problem that researchers
have today is that most information on ancient Kemet that is
contemporary to that time is from Hellenistic or other foreign
sources. The Rama ni Kuma language was never international, as
the Akkadian, Greek, or Latin languages. With most scholars’
training centered in Greek classical models, the material that is
in Greek is attributed to the Greeks, when much of it could be
derived from Rama ni Kuma sources. The "Greek Magical"
Papyri and other papyri found in Kemet that date from the
Ptolemaic era are examples. When the Ptolemies became rulers of
Kemet, they gradually redesigned the structure of the country,
and the Greek language became the official language. Kemet, which
then became Egypt, is one of the most well documented countries
of that period due to the literature, magical spells and
extensive administrative records written on papyri, which were
largely in Greek. The Ptolemaic regime adopted the traditions,
science, and culture of an advanced and ancient civilization.
Funerary art from the Hellenistic occupation can serve as a
visual metaphor for this. The mummification process, coffins, and
religious observances for the dead were the same as for many
centuries in Kemet. The only break with tradition was that the
faces painted on the coffins were often in the Greek style.
Researchers must read between
the lines as they peer through the Hellenistic lens of the
chroniclers and scientists of that time. Modern cosmological
researchers would do well to have a background in Egyptology to
some degree if they are to follow the evolution of western
astrology. This would allow them to place ancient astrological
materials in as accurate a context as possible. While ancient
Kemet has much of its past buried or irretrievable, there remains
a reservoir of information available.
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Athena: The Afro-Asiatic Roots of Classical Civilization,
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"The Greek Magical Papyri In Translation: Including The
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"The Gods of the
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LIONEL CASSON
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J. McKIM MALVILLE/ ALI MAZAR/
ROMAULD SCHILD & FRED WENDORF "Megaliths and
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WILLIAM T. OLCOTT
"Star Lore of All Ages: A Collection of Myths, Legends,
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ANKH MI RA "Let The
Ancestors Speak: Removing the Veil of Mysticism From Medu
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RICHARD H. WILKINSON
"Reading Egyptian Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide To Ancient
Egyptian Painting and Sculpture", Thames and Hudson Ltd.,
1992.
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