February 2002
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NOTE: Post Reports are prepared and distributed by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra, to provide everyday information about the living conditions at its overseas posts. Any opinions and interpretations expressed therein should not necessarily be regarded as the official view of the Australian Government.
Vanuatu forms part of the arc of Melanesian islands to the north-east of the Australian continent. It is a scattered group of about 80 islands located between latitudes 13 and 21 degrees south and longitudes 166 and 170 degrees east, with 900 kilometres from extreme north to extreme south. The total land area is about 12,000 square kilometres.
There are 12 principal islands in the Group, the largest of which are Santo (3,900 sq kms), Malekula (2,000 sq kms), Erromango (1,000 sq kms), Efate (900 sq kms) and Ambrym (600 sq kms). The two urban centres are Port Vila and Luganville on the islands of Efate and Santo respectively. Port Vila is the capital and the centre of administration and Government.
The islands in Vanuatu are generally hilly and only about 6,000 square kilometres are potentially suitable for agricultural use. Only about 1,000 square kilometres are exploited at present.
The first European to discover Vanuatu was the Spaniard, de Queiros, who sailed through the Banks Islands to Big Bay, Santo in 1606. He thought he had discovered the Southern Continent then speculated on in Europe and called it "Tierra Australis del Espiritu Santo". In 1768, more than a century and a half later, the French explorer, Bougainville discovered five more of the more northerly islands which included Pentecost and Malekula and called these the New Cyclades. Six years later Captain Cook in the "Resolution" visited the islands again. He mapped the central and southern islands and called the whole group the New Hebrides.
European influence began to make itself felt around the middle of the last century when first missionaries and then small traders came to the islands. However, with the shortage of labour in the Queensland plantations and in Fiji, labour recruiters appeared in large numbers and many men were taken, often by force. The missionaries, among others, campaigned against the activities of these "Blackbirders" and eventually laws were introduced in the New Hebrides, Australia and elsewhere, to protect the islanders.
As Britain did not want the responsibility and expense of additional colonies in the Pacific, French influence grew rapidly towards the end of the century. In response to Australian calls to annex the islands, Britain and France agreed on joint supervision, initially, in 1887 by setting up a Joint Naval Commission and later, in 1906, the Condominium Government was established.
The New Hebrides remained isolated until the Second World War when Santo and, to a lesser extent, Port Vila were major American bases for the Allied drive through the Pacific islands and particularly for the Battle of Guadalcanal. After the Second World War, local political concern grew over alienation of native land, more than 36% of which was owned by foreigners. In 1972 the New Hebrides National Party, now known as the Vanua'aku Pati (VP) was formed and was instrumental in negotiating independence from Britain and France. This was achieved on 30 July 1980. At independence the country became the Republic of Vanuatu.
The VP led by Father Walter Lini, governed the country during the first decade of independence, after winning general elections in 1983 and 1987. The 1991 general election followed the ousting of Lini in a no confidence motion, arising from bitter divisions in VP ranks. The VP split led to the formation by Lini of the National United Party (NUP), and fragmented the previously secure anglophone majority. The election saw the rush to power of the francophone dominated United Moderate Parties as the dominant partner in Vanuatu's first coalition government. The coalition was formed under the Prime Ministership of UMP leader Maxime Carlot Korman, who was accompanied by the newly established NUP led by Father Lini. This coalition lasted until 1995.
The period from November 1995 until the next election in 1998 was characterised by political volatility as coalitions, quite characteristic of Melanesia, changed several times, both within government and opposition ranks under the Prime Ministerships of Korman and Serge Vohor.
Since 1998 there have been 3 different governments and elections are now due before the end of May 2002. The last parliamentary elections were held on 6 March 1998 following a successful motion of no-confidence in the government of Serge Vohor on 26 November 1997. No party emerged from the March election with a majority in its own right. The VP and National United Party (NUP) ultimately entered into coalition to form government with VP leader Donald Kalpokas as Prime Minister and NUP leader Walter Lini as Deputy Prime Minister. This coalition ended on 19 October 1998 when Prime Minister Kalpokas sacked all 12 NUP members of government for disloyalty. The VP entered into a new coalition with a breakaway seven-member group from the United Moderate Party (UMP) led by Willie Jimmy and the two John Frum Party MPs.
On 25 November 1999 Prime Minister Kalpokas resigned in the face of evidence that he would be ousted in a vote of no confidence initiated by the Opposition. The leader of the Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak Sope, was elected Prime Minister to lead a five party coalition government, comprising the MPP, NUP, Serge Vohor's faction of the UMP, the John Frum Party and the Vanuatu Republican Party (VRP). The Sope-led government was marked by rampant corruption and a lack of transparency in business deals between the government and investors, as well as in the appointments to boards of statutory authorities.
Sope's luck ran out in April 2001 when he was toppled by yet another motion of no confidence. The VP, led by Edward Natapei joined forces with Vohor's UMP to form a ruling coalition with a majority of just 27 in the 52-seat parliament. The Natapei Government is a marked improvement on its predecessor, but is hampered by grave budgetary constraints and the demands and priorities of its UMP coalition partner. Natapei has demonstrated a consistent commitment to good governance and accountability and enjoys relatively strong public support. Meanwhile Sope's support base has faded in the electorate and the Parliament, with several minor parties occupying the cross-benches and acting as centrist parties rather than opposition. Many predict the VP's return to power in the next election, but with every party reliant on a coalition partner, their position is by no means assured.
Economic Overview
The first few years of independence were prosperous ones for Vanuatu, with rising prices for Vanuatu's main export commodity, copra, and healthy tourist inflows. However, in recent years the Vanuatu economy has slowed and is now struggling. In many ways it is still recovering from the 1998 Vanuatu National Provident Fund (VNPF) crisis and the Asian financial downturn. The VNPF riots and the attempted devaluation of the vatu in January 1998 destabilised the economy and reduced investor confidence. Poor financial management by successive governments remains a significant constraint to economic development and growth.
Vanuatu's trade is based on export receipts from tourism and agricultural production such as copra, beef, kava and cocoa. The financial services and tourism sectors are important contributors to the economy, particularly in terms of employment. Attracting foreign investment remains a government priority, although many established investors are discouraged by poor fiscal management and policy implementation as well as increasingly high utility costs. A new Foreign Investment Code, overseen by the Vanuatu Investment Promotion Authority was introduced in late 1998 and has led to improved foreign investment approval processes. Successful investment proposals have centred on the tourism, international finance and agricultural sectors.
Vanuatu saw an upturn in tourism in 2000 as a result of political crises in Fiji and Solomon Islands and growth in the construction sector. However in 2001 these numbers have slipped downward due to the global downturn after the 11 September terrorist attacks, and due to the increasing value of the Vatu against the Australian dollar. Major tourism operators are putting pressure on the Government to ensure reliability of air services and to address the issue of ever-increasing utility costs. Two new major hotels are now near completion and it is hoped these will bring in even more tourists. However, in order for tourism to really grow, Air Vanuatu will have to address the issue of passenger capacity, either through leasing a larger aircraft or allowing other airlines in.
While the government recorded 2.7% GDP growth for 2000, growth in 2001 is estimated at negative 0.5 per cent, with growth of 0.7 and 1.9 percent predicted for 2002 and 2003, respectively. This poor outlook is due mainly to a fall in world copra prices and decreasing production in other areas of agriculture, as well as the fall in income from tourism. Low world copra prices will continue to be a major problem for rural areas in particular in the coming years and this will have ramifications for the whole economy. In August 2001 the Government introduced a heavy subsidy for copra producers, which is fiscally impossible to sustain, but is politically expedient and has resulted in increased production. It is unknown how long the subsidy will last.
The introduction of Value Added Tax has helped the Government's revenue
position, however its tax base remains insufficient. A further revenue
initiative - internet gaming licenses - has so far failed to bring in the
predicted revenue windfall. The Government's tight revenue position restricts
its ability to deliver services to the community, particularly in remote and
rural areas. The 2001 budget saw continuing commitment to health and education
but with resources so tight, the need for improved service delivery in these
areas is unlikely to be met in the foreseeable future.
Vanuatu has a parliament generally based on the Westminster system. The legislature consists of a single chamber of Parliament whose 52 members are elected every 4 years. The electoral system is based on a form of first past the post, multi-member constituency voting.
The Head of State is the President of the Republic, who is elected for a period of 5 years by an Electoral College consisting of members of Parliament and the Presidents of Regional Councils.
The executive consists of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, all of whom must be Members of Parliament.
The judiciary consists of a Court of Appeal, a Supreme Court, Magistrates' Courts and Island Courts.
A special advisory body to Government is the National Council of Chiefs. It is composed of custom chiefs who are elected by their peers sitting in the District Council of Chiefs. The National Council of Chiefs (Malvatumauri) advises on custom and tradition as well as the preservation and promotion of the country's culture and indigenous languages.
About 98% of the population of Vanuatu is Melanesian ni-Vanuatu. The 2% who are non-Melanesians are composed of Australians, New Zealanders, French and other Europeans, Chinese, Vietnamese and other Pacific Islanders, and are found almost entirely in the two urban areas. Results from a national census conducted in late 1999 indicate the total population of Vanuatu is 186,678. The town of Port Vila has about 30,000 people and Luganville about 11,000. There has been a significant urban drift, particularly to Port Vila, in recent years.
The national language of Vanuatu is Bislama, the lingua franca of the archipelago and close cousin to the Pidgin spoken in the Solomon Islands and PNG's Tok Pisin.
Bislama, English and French are the official languages, each having a constitutional protection, with English and French as the languages of education. In addition to speaking these languages, most ni-Vanuatu speak their own local language. There are estimated to be over 100 distinct languages in Vanuatu, making it one of the most linguistically diverse nations on earth.
Needless to say in a country which has seen intense local rivalry between the British and the French, the language question is especially sensitive. The ni-Vanuatu are keen to promote greater recognition of Bislama and parliamentary debates, for example, are carried almost entirely in Bislama. School lessons however are conducted strictly in either English or French.
Bislama is generally the language of communication between all ni-Vanuatu, whether English or French educated, and ni-Vanuatu are pleased when a foreigner takes the trouble to learn it.
English is not always clearly understood by ni-Vanuatu.
All officers should have at least a working knowledge of Bislama. Outside urban centres Bislama is the only effective means of communication. A good active knowledge of Bislama is essential for political and aid officers as most public speeches, and all outside Port Vila, are delivered in Bislama, and officers called upon to speak at public ceremonies (e.g. opening of aid projects) or on radio programs will be expected to use Bislama. Moreover, since there are no daily newspapers, radio broadcasts (in Bislama) must be carefully monitored for political speeches and news items not reproduced in either English or French.
Because Bislama has an essentially English derived vocabulary, it is not difficult to pick up and officers can usually acquire a fairly good understanding of spoken Bislama after a short period of training.
Knowledge of French is useful, especially for political officers. A number of politicians and public servants do not speak English with any degree of fluency and it is essential to converse with them in either French or Bislama. Vanuatu is recognised as a French and Bislama speaking post for payment of Language Proficiency Allowances.
Port Vila is a small tropical town which has developed from the sleepy hollow of the late 1960s into (by South Pacific standards) a diversified well-serviced urban complex following the development of the Finance Centre (an international tax haven) and the tourist industry in the 1970's and 1980's.
Expatriates in Port Vila have access to a variety of restaurants, three resort hotels and good recreational options. At the same time, it should not be forgotten that Port Vila is the capital of a developing country and is home to thousands of ni-Vanuatu whose incomes and standard of living are very low by Australian standards.
Port Vila is a small town. Western-style cultural facilities are minimal. Availability of accommodation and the high cost of internal airfares limit possibilities for local travel.
Travel to other islands - if it can be arranged through friends, missions, work contacts, etc. - is, however, very worthwhile although facilities can be very basic. There is not a great deal to do when one arrives on the various islands and only Santo and Tanna have hotel-style overnight accommodation. A number of "guest houses" and commercial bungalows are available but rooms are limited. It is advisable to bring your own food and toiletries when travelling to the islands. Your island hosts will usually go out of their way to welcome you.
Sport, Church-related activities and the kava drinking circuit are some ways in which these barriers between expatriate and ni-Vanuatu communities can be broken.
Port Vila is approved for payment of DPA3. (Hardship Category C, 2002 OCS review).
The climate in Vanuatu varies from tropical in the north to sub-tropical in the south. From December to May it is hot and wet (temperature between 21 and 32); June to November is cooler and drier (temperature between 16 and 29). Vila's climate is fairly pleasant for much of the year although the period December to March can be very humid and unpleasant.
Vanuatu is subject to cyclones and tropical depressions in the wet season particularly from December to April, and the high winds and heavy rainfall associated with cyclones can cause considerable damage. The relatively high humidity means that, unless carefully supervised, mould can develop extremely quickly in clothes, leather goods and on books, tapes and inside camera equipment.
The post was established as a Consulate in 1978 and was upgraded to full diplomatic status on independence. Present A-based establishment comprises:
High Commissioner;
First Secretary (DHOM);
First Secretary (SAO) &
Consul;
First Secretary (Development Assistance);
Second
Secretary;
Third Secretary;
Defence Adviser, (non-resident - located in
Honiara).
Defence Administrative Assistant
There is also a Senior Liaison
Officer, AFP, attached to the mission who works at Vanuatu Police
Headquarters.
The locally-engaged staff comprises:
Office Manager
Post Systems Administrator
Accounts Manager
Projects
Manager
Property Manager
Public Affairs Officer
Receptionist
HOM
Driver
Community Liaison Officer (Part-time)
Cleaner
Gardener
There are currently six unattached DCP personnel located in Vanuatu. They work on various projects with the Vanuatu Police Force and Vanuatu Mobile Force.
DIMA Support Officer (Part-time)
Senior Program Manager (AUSAID Office Manager)
Senior Program
Officer
Program Officer (x 3)
Administrative Officer
AUSTRADE covers Vanuatu from Noumea and officers make occasional visits to
Port Vila.
The Immigration Office in Suva also covers Vanuatu and visits
once or twice a year.
The High Commission hours are:
Monday to Friday 0730-1145 1300-1600
A-base officers formal hours of duty extend to 1610 hours, Monday to Friday.
The High Commission is located on the first (AusAID) and third floors of KPMG house, an ageing office block. There is no lift, no wheelchair access or other facilities for the disabled. The building is in the centre of town and has undercover parking for the official vehicles only.
An earthquake in January 2002, damaged the building and restorative work should return the building to its previous state.
The Post has embarked on a process of moving to a new Chancery on a purpose-build/lease back arrangement. Target date for the move is toward the end of 2003
The rental market in Port Vila is quite limited with a relatively small number of houses available for rent at any one time. There are only a few furniture suppliers and manufacturers in Vila, offering an extremely limited and expensive range. Purchasing furniture locally is not recommended except in dire necessity. It is usual for furniture to be ordered from Australia. Air conditioners are provided in all bedrooms of houses currently occupied by A/Based staff.
The Official Residence is a Commonwealth-owned property. It is a free-standing house in the Elluk area with views over Erakor Island and the south coast of Efate. Renovations in 1990 extended the public areas by some 50 square metres. The kitchen was renovated in 2001 and the two bathrooms in 2002. The house has three bedrooms, a small study, and a small television room. The living/reception area is of reasonable size, and there is a covered verandah at the rear of the house. Living quarters for two domestics, a small storeroom and double garage are behind the main building but within the same roofline. The property has a large landscaped garden, which is suitable for outdoor entertaining and includes an above ground pool, which is scheduled for replacement in 2002.
The residence of the First Secretary, Political is a Commonwealth-owned four bedroom bungalow style house, located below the First Secretary (AUSAID) and next door to the Official Residence in Elluk Drive. The house has 4 bedrooms, a study, and good-sized living and dining areas. Outside, there is a double garage with laundry and lockable storage room. Outdoor lighting has been installed in the garden and enjoys views similar to the Official Residence. The elevation of the house together with its position overlooking the ocean means that it receives cooling breezes even during hot, humid months.
The First Secretary (AUSAID) occupies an owned three-bedroom house next to the Official Residence. It is a little under-sized, situated on a small block that includes a fully enclosed garden. It has the advantage of sharing the same view as the Official Residence, and has a medium sized, covered verandah, which is acceptable for entertaining when the weather is fine. The living/dining area is of a good size, there are two double bedrooms, a bedroom/study, and two bathrooms (one an ensuite off the main bedroom). Unfortunately, the kitchen is quite small. There are two lockable garages, providing some storage space.
The High Commission also occupies three owned townhouse units on Elluk Drive, located across the road from the Official Residence. The units have three bedrooms, two bathrooms, and combined living/dining areas. They are all above ground level, and have a laundry, storeroom, and carport area below. They were repainted inside and out in 1999. Like other houses in the same street, they have views across Erakor Lagoon and the South Coast of Efate. Currently, the SAO, Third Secretary and a DCP officer occupy the townhouses. It should be noted that the floor plan (160 sq metres) of the townhouses is below the floor area usually recommended for officers of First Secretary rank and above.
The Second Secretary residence is located at Tassiriki. It is a leased single storey 3 bedroom house fronting on to a lagoon. The lounge and dining areas are of a reasonable size, the master bedroom has an ensuite and the house is tiled throughout. The patio provides an outdoor entertaining area, and the garden is fully enclosed and fenced off from the canal.
Visas are issued at the airport when officers first arrive to take up duty. It is useful for officers to carry a copy of the Third Person Note, written by the Mission for the local authorities, to assist during various stages of the arrival journey.
Settling in/out accommodation, if required at all, is usually arranged at one of the three major tourist hotels.
Vanuatu has three retail banks including local branches of ANZ and WESTPAC. It should be noted that these banks operate autonomously to the Australian organisations and it is not possible to utilise Australian accounts directly from these offices. The official account is maintained with the ANZ Bank. Bank accounts can be opened under similar conditions as in Australia. For ANZ accounts, diplomatic staff are exempt from most account-keeping charges and some other bank fees. Salaries of A-based officers are automatically credited to their bank accounts on paydays, and are paid in Vatu. Most officers elect to have some funds paid through the High Commission and some to their Australian Account.
The official currency is the Vatu and the exchange rate in January 2002 was AUD$1 = 75.7 Vatu.
Although the AUD is readily accepted, prices are usually advertised in Vatu and only duty-free stores in Vila catering for Australian tourists list prices in AUD as well. Most commercial establishments accept credit cards.
There are no foreign exchange controls and the Vanuatu Government has stated that none will be introduced in the foreseeable future.
The expatriate community relies on local expatriate GPs for family health care, and their services are reasonable. As health facilities are very poor, officers and their families are medivaced to Australia for anything more than routine medical treatment. Paediatric care is very limited, and as a consequence, most expatriate women choose to return to Australia for their confinements. Although some mothers have had their babies in Port Vila, it is not recommended, as there is limited capacity to deal with complications, and the level of care is inadequate. Most baby items are available in the shops. Cloth nappies and many other baby items are expensive.
A very limited range of toys from Australia, Europe and the USA are available from a few toyshops, but are expensive. Much cheaper, but still overpriced, "stocking stuffers" can be found in various Chinese shops throughout the town.
A large number of Christian denominations are represented in Vanuatu. The Presbyterian Church is the largest denomination in the country followed by the Catholic, Anglican, Seventh Day Adventist and the Assembly of God. Protestant churches generally conduct their services in Bislama mixed with English; Catholic services are normally in French and Bislama, although there is an English language service in Port Vila on Saturday evenings. Ni-Vanuatu are predominantly Christians and many take church-going seriously. Churches are the centre of many social gatherings and officers may find themselves invited to church or church-related functions and should remember that, at ni-Vanuatu functions, including official and political functions, prayers are often said. The growth in popularity of several of the smaller Christian churches and revivalist and evangelical movements in recent years, at the expense of the three large churches, has led to tension between the new arrivals and the established faiths. There are no mosques, synagogues or Indian Temples in Vanuatu.
Port Vila's cinema (Cine Hickson) shows almost exclusively French language, and French-dubbed films. Often there are recent releases but it is advisable to watch carefully for advertised films, as they are generally shown for a few nights only (due to distribution agreements with Noumea agents). The Alliance Francaise screens French films with English subtitles once a week. Entrance is free. There are several video shops offering for rent (pirated and poor quality) movies and some British and Australian television shows or serials. The DVD market is expanding.
As a general rule summer weight clothing is worn all year round. Cotton garments are the most comfortable, as they breathe better than synthetic ones. However a lightweight sweater or cardigan to wear in the cool season, especially at night, should supplement summer weight clothing. Children will find lightweight slacks, jeans and skivvies useful for school wear at this time of the year. Lightweight squall jackets and raincoats are also useful all the year round.
The universal office wear for men is open-neck shirt and slacks. Shorts and long socks can be, but are rarely, worn. Suits are seldom worn, except on the formal occasions such as greeting dignitaries at the airport, Independence Day, etc. It is however worthwhile for officers to have one or two long-sleeved shirts e.g. batik, (Philippines, Fijian) which can be worn as a concession to formality on occasions such as balls and banquets. For normal everyday situations smart casual wear is appropriate. There are up to six or so formal balls each year in Vila, so if one wants to, formalwear can be frequently used.
There is not much clothing available locally although there are a few French/Australian run boutiques which are very expensive by Australian standards. Most clothing shops do not get beyond the T-shirt and shorts level. Generally speaking, most of the clothing for everyday use is of poor quality and does not stand up to the hard water well.
There is one shoe shop in Vila, and a limited range of good sports shoes and casual shoes are available from sporting goods and variety shops in Vila and Santo.
The usual range of summer dresses are appropriate for day-time wear and if you wish to attend the circuit of balls there are opportunities for evening wear. There are few dress shops and accessories including swimwear, shoes and underwear are available but on the whole clothing is very expensive by Australian standards and the range is very limited. There are a few good seamstresses and a tailor who are competitively priced, however the range of material available is very limited. The Chinese shops sell thin t-shirts, shorts and dresses.
Children are probably easier to clothe from local sources than are adults. Shorts, shirts and cotton dresses are generally available, but can be expensive. Children's shoes, beyond thongs and cheap sandshoes are almost always not available.
Most Clubs in Port Vila centre on sporting facilities. A popular club among English-speaking expatriates is the Port Vila Golf and Country Club. A NSWGU-affiliated eighteen-hole course with clubhouse adjacent to the sea is situated a few kilometres outside Port Vila near Mele Village. Competitions for both men and women are held during the week and on weekends.
The Cercle Sportif, with six tennis courts and two glass-back squash courts, provides probably the best of the available facilities in Port Vila for these two sports. There is a clubhouse with a bar. Courts can be floodlit for night games. The Club does have rather restrictive rules about non-members playing as guests. There is also a fee for use of the courts, which varies with number of players and whether or not the lights are used. A "Muscle and Fitness Gym" is located above the Cercle Sportif centre and provides a selection of gym equipment and regular aerobics classes.
The Le Meridien Resort, the Melanesian Hotel and Crowne Plaza Resort have sports clubs which allow access for non-guests to the respective hotel facilities, such as the pool, tennis court and modest golf courses etc. Memberships must be purchased to gain access to these facilities. In some cases the membership may also provide discounts on meals and a number of other services and activities.
A Sailing Club operates from The Waterfront and they organise races and events most weekends. Membership is open to anybody and there is often the opportunity to crew on visiting yachts.
Club Vanuatu, which is situated in the centre of Port Vila, is popular with expatriate and ni-Vanuatu and provides good opportunity for social contact with people one may come across professionally. The Club offers a bar area, meals, (including pizza), a dance floor, a convivial atmosphere, poker machines and a large scale screen for satellite-accessed television. It is also home to the Vanuatu Amateur Theatrical Society (VATS).
White Sands Country Club offers an 18-hole golf course, pool and restaurant. The Club is approximately 12km from Vila. Whitesands also provides bungalow style accommodation at reasonable rates by Vanuatu standards.
Lions, Rotary and Kiwanis are active in Port Vila - the Lions and Rotary are run as bilingual clubs.
The women's Corona Society is a group that aims to promote friendship and welcomes newcomers to Vanuatu. The Society acts as an information exchange, operates a library and organises a variety of activities. There is also an International Women's Association and other smaller informal women's groups that provide a good choice of social activities.
There are a number of smaller resort facilities spaced around Efate Island. Beachcomber at Takara Resort is located in North Efate near the World War 2 airstrip of Quoin Hill. The resort features several modest bungalows and a hot thermal pool. Blue Water Resort is approx. 22kms from Port Vila and has proven popular with family groups as it has a safe swimming environment. The main road which goes around the island is very poor and during the wet season it requires an off road vehicle to make the trip.
Port Vila is served by international airlines: Air Caledonie and Air Vanuatu, which code-shares with Qantas. Flight frequencies and times vary throughout the year, however at the time of writing there are 3 flights per week to Sydney, 4 to Noumea, 3 to Brisbane, 2 to Melbourne, 2 to Auckland and 1 to Nadi. Direct Melbourne flights are to cease at the end of March 2002. It should be noted that the Air Vanuatu service (the only carrier direct to Australia) consists of one 737-300 aircraft. If for any reason this plane becomes unserviceable or delayed, there can be almost a complete breakdown in access to flights to Australia. It can also severely affect the provision of mail, fresh produce and other associated services.
Because of the direct flights from Sydney, and Brisbane, officers should dispatch unaccompanied luggage by Air Vanuatu. Goods and personal effects dispatched by sea from Sydney are usually received in Port Vila in less than six weeks.
VanAir operates all internal flights within Vanuatu utilising one Dash8, two Twin Otters and one Islander. For those personnel required to travel intra-island for work purposes there are no alternatives to the use of these light aircraft. The safety record of this airline was tarnished in 1999 with the loss of an aircraft, which included several fatalities. The crash was credited to a combination of bad weather and pilot error.
Commercial mail is sent by air to Australia twice per week. There are no internal mail deliveries and mail for officers at the High Commission should be sent to the High Commission, P.O. Box 111, Port Vila. Airmail charges start from vt55 for a small letter to Australia. Incoming mail takes a minimum of 7 days to arrive from Australia and has been known to take up to a month. A-Based officers may have their mail sent via Departmental Airfreight Bag. Please remember that restrictions apply to the use of the Departmental Airfreight Bag.
Telephone/fax links to Australia and elsewhere are satellite-based and of a good standard. IDD operates with a pause in transmission. The cost of a call to Australia is Vt 160 per minute (approx AUD 2 per minute) plus 12.5% VAT. Telephone contact with Santo and Tanna is reasonable but radiotelephone links to other islands of Vanuatu are not good. Local calls in Port Vila are timed and are billed at Vt18 each three minute unit (approx AUD 0.20, plus 12.5% VAT). Telecom Vanuatu Ltd now offers an Internet service that is billed at Vt20 per minute (approx AUD 0.25, plus 12.5% VAT).
Each residence is provided with a telephone. Under current conditions of service, the cost of 840 units of local calls is met officially, as are all official international calls. Calls in excess of the annual 840 local unit allowance are charged to officers twice-yearly.
Clothes-makers should note that paper sewing patterns are not available in Vanuatu and the supply of fabric is poor. There are materials available but largely of the stereotypical "island" style. There are a few stores that occasionally bring in more varied material.
Ni-Vanuatu domestic assistants, referred to as housegirls, are generally very friendly although they will usually need to be trained. The High Commissioner employs 2 full-time house-girls and one full-time gardener. Other officers have a combination of part time and/or full time housegirls according to their family composition and all have a part time gardener. Wages vary from around vt10,000 to vt25,000 per month depending on ability and hours worked. A-Based officers are reimbursed up to set limits for part time domestic assistance and gardeners.
Qualified cooks are virtually non-existent and good experienced cooks difficult to come by. However, there is a small pool of adequate casual cooks. Some hotels provide in-home catering and there are also private caterers.
High Commission staff with young children have found domestic staff to be good with children, and usually reliable as child-minders in cases where both parents work or during after hours engagements.
Port Vila International School Pre-school (PVIS Pikininis)
This is an extension of PVIS which caters for children turning 4 or 5 during the school year. It offers either full or part time enrolment into a program, based on the Queensland curriculum, and is designed to allow a smooth transition into primary school.
Peter Pan Kindergarten (Benchmark Pre-School)
This privately run school accepts children from 3 years of age and then progresses through to Class 6 (entry for High School in the Vanuatu schooling system). All of the groups are held in the morning and offer a structured curriculum in preparation for schooling. Each group operates with a maximum of 26 with a staff of 2.
Central Primary School Pre-School
Central Primary School has a pre-school located in the grounds of the main primary school. It serves as a useful introduction to the "full" school way of life and has a very structured curriculum. Each group has approx. 35 children with a staff of 3.
The Port Vila Kindergarten
Main aims of this Kindergarten program are to help your child to make the break from home and family, to help them to learn to mix with other children (playing and working together and sharing things) and to prepare them for school by developing a variety of skills. As with all other preschools, there are morning or afternoon sessions according to the age of the child. Morning session hours are 7.45 - 11.15 a.m. and afternoon sessions are 1.15 - 3.00 pm. Each group has up to 45 children with a staff of 3
Port Vila International School - Primary Section (Benchmark Primary School)
This privately run school accepts children from 5 years of age and then progresses through to Class 6 (entry for High School in the Vanuatu schooling system).
All of the groups are held in the morning and offer a structured curriculum in preparation for schooling. Each group operates with a maximum of 26 with a staff of 2.
Grades 1 - 7 are fully taught by experienced qualified expatriate teachers and provide sport, languages, music and art to compliment the Queensland curriculum. The International School has been recognised as the benchmark school for this post. During the past two years the facilities within the school have expanded considerably and it is widely supported within the multicultural expatriate community. Currently all school age children of A-Based officers are attending this school. Minimum age requirements are that the child turns 6 the year that they commence school. Hours are 7.30am - until 1.30pm with the usual lunch and recess breaks.
Central Primary School
Minimum age for enrolment in Central Primary is 5 years before the 15th of April of the year they wish to start, with classes from Class 1 to Class 6. The school has, on average, approximately 350 students from around the world, with 12 qualified teachers. All instruction is in English and Central Primary runs a dual curriculum from varying states of Australia and integrated with the Vanuatu curriculum.
The school offers a very good computer program with 10 computers and the appropriate software. The hours are 07:30am to 1:30pm with a lunch break for students during this time.
Ecole Francaise Primaire
The French Primary teaches entirely in French. The curriculum is that of the Metropolitan French Education System and the standards are high. The majority of the teachers are employed on contract directly from France.
After a short period of adjustment, children entering at age 5 or 6 without any previous knowledge of French could be expected to settle in quite well. Older children could have more problems, but if able to have extra tuition in French, they are able to cope. There are French language classes at the school to help children to whom French is a second language. These classes take place daily in the afternoons when the remainder of the children follow courses in the Social Sciences and Science.
The Maternelle Nursery School, is highly recommended and is attended by many expatriates. Classes at the Primary School run from 5yr level (kindergarten in Canberra) to grade 5 after which, if they are successful in DFP examination, children pass into the Lycee Secondary School. Hours are 7.30am to 11.30am and 1.30pm to 3.30pm, Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday. 7.30am to 10.30 Wednesdays. The school year is broken into 3 13-week terms roughly equivalent to the old NSW school year.
Most expatriate children either attend boarding schools in Australia or New Zealand or do correspondence courses from various State Education Authorities. Senior Secondary School - Malapoa in Port Vila goes to Year 13 (expatriate children can attend in limited numbers if they pass the entrance examination).
Port Vila International School - Correspondence Section (Benchmark Secondary School)
PVIS was established in 1985 to cater for educating students by correspondence and continues with this facility in Grades 7 - 12. Students attend the school with their correspondence work organised through whichever state is appropriate and receive fully supervised class time. Extra activities and languages are provided as long as work is completed. The advantage with this arrangement is the child has the benefits of social contact by being a part of the school community. Please note that there is a large input needed by parents of a correspondence student if the child is to benefit fully from the correspondence work.
Electricity charges are extremely high; (typically $900 to $1,300 per month). The Australian Government meets utility costs for staff residences, but the high charges mean they are monitored carefully.
The electricity supply is normally 220v/50cycles and is reasonably good, although with occasional sharp fluctuations and cuts. Power outlets have been tested as low as 170v and hertz ratings vary greatly. Some form of surge/spike guard is highly recommended for sensitive electrical equipment and should be brought with the officer from Australia. Computer equipment at home should be carefully purchased. (An uninterrupted power supply unit would be a prudent investment). All housing currently occupied by A-Based staff use Australian 3-pronged plugs.
The Vanuatu Government will not currently grant permission for Spouses of A-Based Officers to work unless they give up their Diplomatic or Official status. The Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade will not agree to this as it is not in accordance with arrangements in Australia and many other countries where spouses of Foreign Diplomats are permitted to gain employment without restriction. Employment opportunities for spouses are therefore limited. There is sometimes an opportunity for spouses to gain a part time, relief or full-time position in the Australian High Commission or with the British High Commission. However, positions are few and cannot be relied upon. Work permits are not required to work in Diplomatic Missions and hence applications for these positions are very competitive.
Spouses or partners who do not have Diplomatic or Official status could apply for work permits if they are able to find a position in the community. However, the process is a difficult one with employers required to pay annual fees for expatriate employees of approximately VT 200,000 (approx AUD 2,400). Anybody wishing to carry on any type of business would need to have their business plan approved by the V.I.P.A. and lodge a security bond of approximately VT 5,000,000 (approx AUD $62,000).
As can be expected in a small but relatively wealthy expatriate community in a town with few nightspots, home entertaining is common. There are several groups of people to be entertained and it is not easy to attempt to mix them.
The French tend to entertain formally to sit-down dinners where the standard of cuisine is expected to be high and two or three wines served. It can often be difficult to mix English and French speaking guests unless all have some degree of bilingualism, although many people, particularly the French and some ni-Vanuatu, are bilingual.
Ni-Vanuatu are generally willing to accept invitations but, again with few exceptions, prefer a more relaxed style of function, if possible with kava available. They are often uncomfortable if they find themselves submerged in a large number of expatriates. Buffet-style meals or barbeques are the most appropriate form of function.
Ni-Vanuatu are seldom in a position to return hospitality, except for major functions such as weddings, since very few indeed have the financial resources or facilities to indulge in entertaining. Do not expect all ni-Vanuatu invited to a function to attend - lunches and cocktail parties usually draw a higher percentage of ni-Vanuatu attendance than formal dinners. It is unusual for the wives of politicians or senior public servants invited to a function to attend and it should be borne in mind that some husbands of female public servants resent their wives going out in the evenings without them.
English-speaking expatriates can be entertained as in Australia. It is worth keeping in mind that some members of the large Australian community in Port Vila assume that the Mission is obliged to entertain them.
Most foods available in Australia are from time to time available in Port Vila. There are three main supermarkets run along Australian lines with mainly Australian products. "Use-by" dates are seldom shown, and shelf lives are often exceeded. It is not unusual to find weevils and other insect life inside packaged foods i.e. flour, biscuits, pasta etc. The high prices are offset, in theory, by the provision of cost of living adjustment in OLA. However, officers continue to be surprised at the cost of some items, which might be double or quadruple the Australian prices.
Good quality local beef, veal and to a lesser extent pork and chicken are available.
Locally grown fruit and a few vegetables are available (except in post cyclone periods) and are supplemented by supplies flown in from Australia or New Zealand. Shipping delays may cause shortages of some items and it can be several weeks before some items return to the shelves.
Tropical fruits and other local produce are available in the local market, which is held daily except Sunday. The range is limited, especially after cyclones. Fresh bread is baked 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Brown or wholemeal type breads are sometimes available in a limited range.
Longlife milk and other dairy products are generally available and are used by most officers in the post. Fresh milk, cream and yoghurt are available but supplies are neither regular nor dependable and are of doubtful quality. Soya products are also available from the supermarkets, but on occasions, supplies disappear from the shelves, and may be absent for weeks at a time.
Local hairdressers of a similar standard to Australia are available. Most salons also cater for men's hairdressing. In general, the cost for most styling services is at least twice that of the cost in Australia.
Medical facilities in Port Vila are variable. There are three doctors most often used by expatriate patients and there are expatriate and local doctors employed at the hospital. All complicated cases are evacuated to Australia.
As is common in most South Pacific countries, hospital standards are slipping, particularly in the areas of patient care and comfort. The world-wide AIDS scare has resulted in a genuine fear on the part of local nursing staff to clean blood from a patient. There have been cases of mis-diagnosis by medical personnel and, in at least one case within the High Commission, this proved to be near fatal.
The standard of nursing is very poor, and expatriates are not permitted to work in the hospital, even voluntarily.
Anyone with concerns relating to specific medical problems should seek advice from the DFAT Medical Adviser.
There are limited testing facilities at Vila Central Hospital and often blood and other tests must be sent to Australia, Fiji or Noumea.
Generally, Port Vila has a fairly healthy climate. Having said that, officers should keep in mind the high incidence of skin diseases and similar ailments that easily occur in the tropics. Sores and cuts on children, for example, become infected easily. Dengue, Malaria, T.B., Hepatitis "A", Hepatitis "B" and Leprosy are endemic in Vanuatu.
The Australian Department of Health recommends that officers posted to Port Vila should take effective malarial prophylaxis. The Department's Medical Adviser currently recommends Doxycycline and Chloroquin, both of which are usually available in Port Vila. Some officers choose not to take malarial prophylaxis for extended periods while remaining in Port Vila and instead are very vigilant in avoiding mosquito bites. Outside of Port Vila malarial prophylaxis is essential.
The town water is 'hard' and high in calcium content and long-term health impacts are unclear. The town water supply is susceptible to contamination, particularly during the wet season. All residences have 455 litre rain water tanks. For those officers accompanied by children it should be noted that the water supply is not fluoridated.
Dental treatment is available from two private dentists and they is adequate for basic emergency work. More complex cases are medivaced to Australia. Officers and families should have dental care performed in Australia before departure or during holidays.
There is a French-speaking optometrist in Port Vila, who prescribes for prescription glasses and contact lenses.
There is no dry cleaning service in Port Vila. There is one laundromat service near the High Commission and laundry services are available at some of the larger hotels. There is one limited shoe repair service in Port Vila.
Officers posted to Port Vila qualify for an additional 8 days Difficult Post Leave per annum. Brisbane is the designated leave centre, four times in a three year posting or twice in two-years.
There are not many opportunities or facilities for local leave and most officers prefer to take leave in lumps in Australia, New Zealand or at other Pacific Island holiday centres. The Mission encourages officers to take leave regularly.
There are two Government-controlled radio stations, Radio Vanuatu and Tudei FM. Radio Vanuatu, broadcasts in English, Bislama and French from 6am until 10pm, 7 days per week, and Tudei FM, which is mainly a music station, broadcasts from 6am until 6pm, 7 days a week. Radio Vanuatu broadcasts on one MW, one FM and two SW frequencies. Radio Australia can also be heard on a sub-audio frequency on the Satellite TV units installed in the residences. The British High Commission has funded a facility for a rebroadcast of the BBC World Service; available 24 hours a day. Brisbane and North Queensland radio stations can usually be picked up at night on medium-wave transistor radios. Reception from the townhouses can be difficult at times.
Each residence is provided with TV, video recorder, DVD player and satellite television decoder equipment. A Pay TV system, in English, should be in place by mid 2002 which should provide a greater range of viewing options.
There is one Government-owned newspaper, the Vanuatu Weekly, which appears on Saturday mornings and repeats its stories in English, French and Bislama. There are two independent newspapers; the Trading Post prints on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays in English; and "Le Presse" in English and French on Saturdays. Australian newspapers can be purchased from the local newsagent but are quite expensive and a few days old. The High Commission subscribes to a limited range of Australian papers for official use.
Television (Television Blong Vanuatu) was introduced into Port Vila in July 1992 and provides a few hours of television in French and English in the evenings. Unfortunately, some residences are unable to receive a good reception. The Vanuatu Broadcasting and Television Corporation went through some major funding and labour problems in 1998 which has resulted in an unreliable television service. A local news bulletin screens at 7pm weeknights; other programs are received from ABC (Asia Pacific) and Radio France Outre-Mer and are a mixture of sit-coms (often dubbed into French), documentaries and occasional films. A-Based houses receive satellite transmissions. It is possible to tune Radio Australia via the television satellite, and the reception is good.
There are intensifying problems of personal security, and instances of petty theft and house-breaking are increasing. Car thefts are also increasing. Security alarms are installed in all High Commission houses.
There has been an increase in the level of violence against women, both ni-Vanuatu and expatriate, although the overall level of violence is low.
Most recreation in Port Vila revolves around sport or eating. While there are no Australian-style beaches nearby, there is reef beach swimming not too far away at various sites. Hideaway Island is about 15 minutes drive from Vila town and Erakor Island is just across the lagoon from Crowne Plaza Resort. There are considerable opportunities for bush walkers, photographers, bird watchers etc. There is no public swimming pool, although locals are permitted use of the pool at various hotels as long as a membership is purchased (see "Clubs"). Port Vila offers world-class scuba diving, good conditions for golf, small boat sailing, and horse riding. In the channel off Luganville in Santo lies the famous wreck, SS President Coolidge, a Mecca for scuba divers worldwide.
There are a good number of restaurants but of varying standards - French, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and Australian. Prices are reasonably high, but are comparable with the cost of produce from the local supermarkets. Wines, French New Zealand and Australian, tend to be very expensive, but slowly more Australian wines are being introduced into the restaurants at affordable prices.
As set out in previous sections, there is a wide variety of sporting facilities available - basketball, soccer, squash, tennis, golf, sailing, netball, aerobics, softball, water-skiing, cricket, rugby, snorkelling, scuba diving, horse-riding, Hash House Harriers and polocrosse. All are held on a limited basis and usually (with the exception of the snorkelling and diving) facilities are of a much lower standard than in Australia.
Productions by VATS (The Vanuatu Amateur Theatrical Society) and a French amateur theatre group provide the only live theatre. The standard is variable and is normally of the light or "panto" fare, performed 4 or 5 times per year. The standard of VATS productions has improved greatly since they established their home base in the theatre located in Club Vanuatu. New members are always welcome for either on-stage roles or behind the scenes support.
There are three pharmacies, one French and two Australian, with an adequate range of pharmaceuticals and toiletries. Prices are higher than in Australia but the standard of items is comparable.
There are numerous taxis and it is generally easy to find one, except during rainy weather or late at night. It is not possible to book a taxi by telephone and so it is a matter of flagging one on the street. Most taxis have meters (only some of which are used), and fares are comparable to Australia. Minibus Services are frequent and inexpensive (Vt100 for a one-way trip within the confines of urban Vila) but most, although not all, cease to operate around 8:30pm. It should be noted that a large number of these taxis and minibuses are in a very poor state of road-worthiness, and in general are not fitted with seat-belts. Accordingly, where road accidents occur, there is an increased risk of injury to the occupants. As a consequence, staff with infant children, tend to avoid using these services.
The High Commission operates a 4 Litre Toyota Landcruiser as the HOM Vehicle, a Toyota RAV4, and a Toyota Twin-Cab 4WD for general use. The AUSAID Section has a Subaru 4WD Station Wagon. It should be noted that while official vehicles may be hired on a private basis, this facility is restricted to limited periods during settle-in and settle-out, and for occasional other times. During periods of private hire, the vehicle can only be driven in Port Vila, and may not be taken beyond the general environs of the city due to the poor quality of the roads.
Traffic travels on the right hand side of the road and most vehicles are left-hand drives. The Vanuatu Government has banned the importation of right-hand drive vehicles.
Ownership of a private car is useful, even essential. Japanese, French and Italian models are available duty free from local dealers, although Japanese models are generally considered to be more rust-resistant. All new cars should be sprayed underneath with fish-oil as an anti-rust measure. Roads outside the centre of Port Vila are unsealed and rough, and some in the town are in very poor condition. The rate of wear and tear on cars is very heavy, which makes the purchase of a second-hand car often a risky proposition. Second hand cars can be expensive, particularly for the better quality cars that have not suffered the ravages of bad driving and/or bad roads and the ever-present rust.
Servicing facilities are adequate but occasional problems are experienced with spare parts although less with Japanese than with other makes of vehicles. Cost of a basic "tune & service" is more than that paid in Australia and costs will dramatically increase with the intricacy of the work performed.
Vanuatu drivers licences are required and can be obtained on production of a valid Australian licence and payment of the prescribed fee, which, at the time of writing was Vt3,500.
Motor vehicle insurance is far more expensive than in Australia. Third party property is compulsory and the difference in cost between this and full comprehensive insurance is not a lot more, once the officer is over the shock of the cost of the initial policy. Bring a No Claim Bonus statement from your current Australian MV insurer.
In January 2002, the petrol cost was Vt102 per litre (AUD1.35/Lt) and diesel Vt104 per litre. Both are readily available in Port Vila. Some officers run a monthly account at one of the petrol stations.
Officers are reminded that the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has a Family Liaison Officer (FLO) whose advice can be sought on a broad range of topics before, during and after posting.
The Post maintains the appointment of a part-time Community Liaison Officer who can be contacted at any time for advice on conditions at the Post, particularly relating to family matters. Contact the SAO for details of the current CLO or direct by e-mail at vila.clo@dfat.gov.au.
In general, the Vanuatu Department of Foreign Affairs has been keen to observe traditional diplomatic procedures but with a blend of Melanesian simplicity, imprecision and informality. Presentation of credentials, for example, contains the customary elements regarding brief remarks on both sides, hand-over of the documents and inspection of a guard of honour in conjunction with the playing of "Advance Australia Fair". President Bani has recently broken the tradition of taking Kava at the ceremony and now serves a chilled coconut. The whole event is quite brief and the atmosphere can be relaxed and pleasant.
In a country where personal contact is vital, it is essential that the Head of Mission make every effort to develop contacts as soon as possible after arrival. Calls should be made on:-
Calls should also be made on:
The Head of Mission spouse should call on the spouse of the President, Prime Minister, Chief Justice and the other Heads of Mission.
Because the diplomatic community is so small, invitations to the Head of Mission (and spouse) are usually extended for every local occasion or festivity, whether official, religious, commercial or sporting. Although it will not prove possible to attend them all, a good attendance record is essential to demonstrate an interest in community affairs and desirable for extending one's range of contacts. Other A-based officers receive irregular invitations to functions.
Major ceremonial occasions are relatively infrequent and the pattern of "fixtures" is still being decided. A suit is worn for the more solemn events, e.g opening of Parliament; wreath laying on ANZAC Day and Armistice Day but is not usually required for festive events.
After presentation of credentials, a suit need not be worn for calls on the President and should not be worn for other calls.
Ceremonial occasions outside Port Vila and occasionally in Port Vila involve kava-drinking. It is an honour to be invited to participate although in most circumstances it will be understood if an officer refuses. However in some circumstances officers will have to accept kava, and those a little squeamish at the mode of preparation will have to grin and bear it, even if they do not acquire a taste for kava. There are regional variations in kava-drinking etiquette (and potency of brew) and officers should consult reliable authorities. Kava-drinkers from elsewhere in the Pacific should note that Vanuatu kava is generally regarded as much stronger. In Port Vila it is acceptable for women, ni-Vanuatu and expatriate, to drink kava on social occasions although it will not cause offence if a woman does not accept kava. Outside of Vila, customs relating to ni-Vanuatu women drinking kava vary from island to island although in most places it is acceptable for an expatriate woman to drink kava if she desires.
Although not a signatory to the Vienna Convention, Vanuatu has enacted legislation (The Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities Act, No 9 of 1982) to give effect to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
Officers with diplomatic status are entitled to import goods for their personal use duty-free throughout their posting and buy certain items duty-free from a number of local stores. DCP personnel do not have diplomatic privileges. Officers' allowances reflect the differences in privileges.
Cars can be imported duty-free, and provided there has been a minimum three year ownership period, may be resold duty free or the purchaser must pay pro-rata duty. Married officers of diplomatic or consular rank, accompanied by family, may import two vehicles duty-free.
Port Vila is widely advertised as a duty-free port but in practice almost all imported goods are subject to some duty, and the range of items, products and models are quite limited. Items may be "duty-free" but are not "freight-free" and this keeps prices up. With the possible exception of some spirits, perfumes and cigarettes, it is often cheaper to buy duty free in Australia. Since the introduction of VAT in Vanuatu in 1998, duty free shopping has become more limited. Many retailers who previously offered this service now refrain from doing so because they have difficulty recovering the duty component from the Department of Customs. As an example, this has had the effect of totally curtailing the availability of duty free access to purchase of imported wine and beer (spirits are still obtainable duty free).
David Harcombe Lonely Planet-Travel Survival Kit: Australia 1991- reprinted 1999 edition.
J. Bonnemaison Photographic Guidebook to the New Hebrides, Tahiti
1975
A coffee-table publication with an interesting and intelligent text.
Despite the title, it is not much of a travellers' guide.
Ph Prudhomme, Decouvrir les Nouvells-Hebrides, Vila 1978
Discover Our Islands, Vila 1981 (English Version)
Very Superficial
but one of the few "general" guidebooks available.
Vanuatu, Institute of Pacific Studies, USP, 1980
J.MacClancy, To Kill A Bird With Two Stones: A Short History of
Vanuatu, Vila 1980
A succinct but comprehensive history with a useful
bibliography. Essential reading.
B. Sope, Land and Politics in the New Hebrides, Suva 1975
Ed C. Plant, New Hebrides: The Road to Independence, Suva 1977
Father Walter Lini, Beyond Pandemonium: From the New Hebrides to Vanuatu, Wellington, 1980
Howard Van Trease (Ed), Melanesian Politics, Stael Blong Vanuatu, Canterbury N.Z. 1995
William F.S. Miles, Bridging Mental Boundaries in a Postcolonial Microcosm: Identity and Development in Vanuatu. (Honolulu 1998).
The last five books are essential reading for an understanding of Melanesian political attitudes, especially the policies of the Vanua'aku Pati.
J. Guiart, The New Hebrides before Independence, Societe des Oceanistes (Vol XXXIII Mar-Jun 1978) Paris
J. Jupp, the Development of Party Politics in the New Hebrides.
Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol XVII, No 3, Nov 1979
Publications by the State Society & Governance in Melanesia, RSPAS, ANU - various
The New Hebrides prepares for Independence, M. Sawer and J. Jupp, Current Affairs Bulletin Vol 56 No 11, April 1980, Sydney
Hebridais: Repertoire bi-bibliographique des Nouvelles-Hebrides,
Father P. O'Reilly, Societe des Oceanistes, 1957
Valuable biographical notes
on historical (but few contemporary) figures.
Un Siecle et demi de contacts culturels a Tanna, J. Guiart, Societe des Oceanistes, 1956
L'Archipel des Tabous, Ch, Gourguechon, Paris 1975 (English edition: My Three years in the New Hebrides, New York 1977)
D.T. Tryon and R. Gely, A Gazetteer of New Hebrides Place Names, ANU 1979.
Ron Crocombe and Ahmed Alu (eds), Foreign Forces in South Pacific Politics, USP, Suva 1983.
John Beasant, Santo Rebellion, Heinemann Aust Pty Ltd and University of Hawaii Press, 1984
Asian Development Bank Vanuatu: Economic Performance, Policy & Reform Issues (Manila 1996)
John Fullon, The Vanuatu Economy: Creating Conditions for Sustained & Broad Based Development (Canberra 1994)
Pastor Bill Camden, A Descriptive Dictionary: Bislama to English, Vila
1977
Because of its extensive notes on idiomatic usage, an indispensable
handbook
J.B.M. Guy, Handbook of Bichelamar, ANU 1974
Useful for reference
but not recommended for unaided private study.
"The Language Situation in the New Hebrides", D.T. Tryon in New Guinea and Neighbouring Areas, ed S. Wurn, The Hague 1979
J. McCharpentier, Le Pidgin in Bislama et le multilingualism aux Nouvelles-Hebrides, Paris, 1979
Darell Tryon, Bislama. Used in the DFAT language training course, together with an audio-cassette tape.
Darell Tryon, Evri samting u wantem Save long Bislam, bae u fraet tumas
blong askem.
A light hearted but useful look at the contemporary
application of Bislama.
"They Came for Sandalwood" , (Melbourne University Press , 1967).
"Fragments of Empire" (Australian National University, Canberra, 1967).
"Isles of Illusion:Letters from the South Seas" (London 1925; reissued by Century Hutchinson, 1986).
"The Coconut War:the Crisis on Espiritu Santo" Cassel Australia Sydney, 1980.
"Yumi Stanap" (edited by Brian Mac-donald-Milne & Pamela Thomas, USP, Suva 1981.)
"Vanuatu" (USP Suva, 1980.)
"Young Voices of Vanuatu" (South Pacific Creative Arts Society, Suva, 1975).
Tom Harrisson's "Savage Civilization" (Victor Gollancz, London, 1937).
"Charlene Gourguechon's Journey to the End of the World" (Charles Scibner's Sons, New York, 1977).
"Footprinits on Malakula" Margaret Gardiner (London 1988.)
"Malakula: a Vanishing Race in the New Hebrides" Bernard Deacon - (London 1934).
"This is Vanuatu" Ronald van der Plaat (Sydney 1984).
"Art in the New Pacific" Vilsoni Tausie (Suva 1979).
"Handicrafts of the South Seas" (South Pacific Commission Publications, Noumea, 1964 & 1967).
"Handikraf Blong Vanuatu" (USP Centre, Vila, 1985).
"Tales of the South Pacific" James Michener ( New York 1947).
"His Return to Paradise" James Michener (London, 1951)
"Beachmasters" Thea Astley (Penguin, Australia, 1987)
"Peter Milne of Nguna" (Foreign Missions Committee, New Zealand, 1927).
"Islands Won by Blood" A K Langridge (Queensland, 1922).
"John G Paton, Missionary to the New Hebrides" (London, 1989).
"John Frum, He Come" (New York, 1974) by Edward Rice.
"Vanuatu - a Guide" (Pacific Publications, Sydney, 1986)
"Cruising New Caledonia and Vanuatu" by Alan Lucas' (Melbourne
1981).