PROTO INDO-EUROPEAN | PROTO BALTIC | NOSTRATIC

The Indo-European pre-proto-language originated in a homeland in Eurasia by a collection of semi-nomadic clans and pastoral tribes which more or less could understand each other (approx 6th Millennium BCE). As such, we might better conceive of Pre-Proto Indo-European as a group of related dialects which evolved from one group* ( Indo-Uralic ) of another ( Uralo-Siberian ) group of an earlier ( Eurasiatic) group of the proposed primitive Nostratic parent language macro-family ( Vladislav Illich-Svitych ). From the very beginning, multi-ethnic additions have helped shape it's path thru time to the present. Scholars have determined the location based on an extensive reconstructed vocabulary of Proto Indo-European, and the habitat it describes. This was an adaptive language, one with which they sang, joked, loved, lamented and prayed. Linguistic evidence indicates that they prayed to * deiu̯os ( heaven ).

These Proto Indo-European dialects were either of the peripheral tribes, or of the central tribes. Innovations which occurred within the central tribal dialects might not be reflected in some of the peripheral dialects. Migrations due to climate shifts further differentiated the dialects, as various groups dispersed to seek opportunities. Outside influences on the peripheral dialects might not be felt by the central dialects. Multi-ethnic influences were a constant thru many migrations due to climate change. Thus, it is difficult to say what "Proto Indo-European" was like if we do not accept the diversity of that proto language and it's speakers. PIE was a diversity of dialects from a culture of poly-ethnic roots - a hybrid, so to speak, of Steppe and North Caucasian ( R1 ) people. It's a faded puzzle where most of the pieces surviving don't fit together easily. Even today, Europe is much like an unmarked ancient sack of mixed genetic seeds.

The migration from Northeast of the Black Sea (approx. 6th Millennium BCE) to the steppes of Russia and beyond to settle the expanse in the North near the Ural mountain range must have coincided with climatic changes. The "Epoch" or origin of Proto Indo-European in the Samara area of Russia was (approx. 5th Millennium BCE) characterized by slow dissolution of tribal groups dispersing due to climate changes and eventually migrating to distant lands. The spread of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1a1 & B blood type is associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages, especially the Satem branches. The vocabulary of these groups adapted to new environments, but enough "core" terms survived to enable the reconstruction of those terms. Click here for more about the reconstructed terms. It is ironic that there are now more students of PIE than there were speakers.

Close to the homeland of Proto-Uralic, the Lyalovo (5500-3650 BCE) culture on the upper Volga, it is the Khvalynsk culture (5000-3900 BCE) on the middle Volga that spoke variants of PIE. It was itself the local continuation of the Samara culture (5500-4900 BCE), around the present-day Russian city of Samara, which must have spoken an more archaic version of PIE. So now, at any rate, the PIE cradle-land is known with some precision.

From the Samara and Khvalynsk Cultures onward, scholars identify some expansions and migrations in the archaeological, archaeogenetic, and linguistic record. This leads to the secondary joint homeland of all the European branches of IE in the Sredny Stog culture (4300-3350 BCE) in Ukraine, where they follow Proto-Anatolian splitting away ( 4300-3800 BCE ) to later develop the Suvorovo > Ezero cultures of Bulgaria (3700-3300 BCE) on its way to Anatolia, while another branch of Ezero-Cernavoda III becomes part of the polyethnic Balkan-Danubian complex, extending to mixed Lengyels, Yamna, Cucuteni, and groups of later arriving ( ERC ) Usatovo-Cotsofeni migrants (w/ Italic *uR resonant ), which became the Baden Culture ( 3,600-2800 BCE ) of Proto Italic-Celtics-Illyrian-Venetic. Near to Baden Celts, a tumuli w/ stone cist burial horizon ( *Ri resonant ? ) near Ternopil in Galician region of the Ukraine later became the Bilopotok culture, which was replaced by a distinct Satem group SW of the neighboring Middle Dnieper horizon that became the Monteoru culture, which became Celt bordered Dacian, surviving in part today as Albanian. The "Europeanized IE" Corded Ware culture (ca. 3300 BCE) spreads as far as the Netherlands and the Volga, differentiating along the way into regional variants under the influence of various substratum languages like Tripolye "Temematian" or TRB Funnel beaker, becoming the various poly-ethnic Pre-Proto Germanics, and Middle Dnieper Culture sub-groups of Early-Baltics, Proto-Slavics, and Thracians. From the Middle Don-Volga region somewhere near the Catacomb, Pit Grave, & Pre-Balto-Slavic Satem speakers, a northern branch of the related Volga-Repin Centum ( VRC ) culture by the Urals (perhaps due to a conflict event) began an Trans-Ural exodus towards far southern Siberia to become the Afanasievo culture ( 3500 - 2500 BCE ); apparently contributing to the later various Tocharians. Related Middle Dnieper Repins may have contributed influence on the polyethnic TRB - Globular Amphora Euro-Repin-Centum ( ERC ) of Pre-Proto Germanics ( re: " Yuezhi " < + > Old Nord. " Gautar "). Staying behind in Ukraine for a half millennium or so, before they moved on to their respective destinations, the Proto-Greco-Armenians developed from the Catacomb Grave culture, while their eastern neighbors in the Pit-grave / Poltavka culture became the Proto-Indo-Iranians. Some Poltavka Proto-Iranians retained this region while other Proto-Aryans spread to the North along with MVK Catacomb tribes to evolve into the poly-ethnic Sintashta - Arkaim area cultures - intensifying the Ural region metallurgy of, and integrating ( О.Д. Мочалов 2001-2 ) earlier Corded Ware Abashevo - Fatyanovo - Balanovo culture Eastern Balts ( w/ Uralic Volosovo admixture). Some of these poly-ethnic horizons would later develop into the steppe Timber - Grave cultures, while others became the Petrovka culture before turning southeast on their dramatic migration as the Andronovo culture of Siberia and Central Asia (2000-1500 BCE), some even continued on thru BMAC and beyond, to the Mitanni of the Middle East, or India .

Many migrations (especially Corded Ware) coincide, as reflected in their Indo-European lexicons, with the new revolutionary technology of the wheeled wagon, dated 3,500-3,250 BCE at numerous excavated sites. It isn't until more than a millennia later that wagon-chariots show up in China. The Beijing Chinese word for wheel is KuLu, which bares an interesting resemblance to a nearby Repin Centum derived Tocharian kokale.

The proto-language dialect of each of these migrating tribes evolved differently from the other dialects. Chalcolithic stone hammer-axes appear in male burials in Bulgaria ( K. Boyadzhiev 2009 ), reflecting new immigrants from the East. Many encountered various different ethnic groups that were assimilated and changed the spoken languages. Poly-ethnic Globular Amphora ( Y-DNA R1a1a- M458 ) was an amalgamation of Danubian Cucuteni-Tripolye with Centum Repins merging with TRB-Funnel Beaker populace. The Satem Middle Dnieper Cultures (Y-DNA R1a1a-, Z280, etc ), which later yielded Baltic and Slavic, was a "vortex" of multi-ethnicity, a fusion of various Indo-European Satems, some Centums, and assimilated central European indigenous populace ( TRB, Tripolye C2 ). Some dialects lost and later re-established contact with each other, as in the case of East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Pre-Vedic Poltavka by Sintashta - Arkaim in the Ural region ( О.Д. Мочалов 2001-2002 ), or E. & W. Baltics and Slavic via Globular Amphora trade. The lexical correspondences between Thracian, Dacian, Baltic, and Slavic imply a large Satem dialect area and similar substrate ( Dacian place name " Clevora ", Lith " Klevas " maple, Lith. place-names "Liepora, Beržorai " w/ distributive -or- suffix ). This explains the complex similarities between those four groups, of which they have many archaic features still worthy of serious study.

Also, some Proto-Indo-European tribes (dialects) maintained tribal -linguistic contact ( sometimes via assimilated substrate) prior to their various distinct Proto-Stages, as in the example of Tripolye C2 and Pre-Baltics/ Pre-Thracian/ Pre-Slavic/ Pre-Germanic GAC, or Pre-Greek Catacomb/ Pre-Tocharian Don-Repin which closely followed a Pre-Graeco/Armeno/Indo-Iranian alliance. The Volga Finnic Erzya / Moksha "Mordvin" languages have loanwords from early Indo-Iranian, East Baltic, and a Tocharian like Ural Volga area Repin Centum language ( VRC ), inferring another contact period. Re: haplogroup U5, Tokharian A " wäs ", Tokharian B " yasa " - gold ( PT *w'esā ), Kamassian " waza ", Uralic Mari " waž ", Votyak " az-veś ", Hungarian " vas ", Mansi " atvės ", Forest Nenets " wyesya ", whereas Sámi " vieške ", Moksha " uśkä ", Estonian " vask " reflect Tokharian A wsā-yok < *w'esā-yāku - gold colored. The distribution of haplogroup U4 in those very same groups reflects the breadth of such exchanges.

THE BALTIC & URALIC IN VEDIC SANSKRIT / AVESTAN
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Indo-Iranian "Soma" preserved the native N1c1 Uralic word ( Sŏma ) for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl that was used as the dried Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) was pressed with stones in water ( Skt. "saumya"- soft ). The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of Balanovo-Volosovo cross-cultural verbal misunderstanding. "m-m-m, Sŏma good "! Uh-oh. Balts ( R1a1a- Z92 & N1c1 poly-ethnics ) to this day still partake dried / žalas Amanita muscaria with milk & honey, as they have done for well over four thousand years. It is "Senasis Takas"- The Ancient Way.

thousand bur mace - vajra of Uralic Soma - * vẽźras " > Lith. "vėzdras"

That there is possibly a Ural-Baltic Daina, Ratas, or Šapalas in Sanskrit or Avestan should not come as a surprise,
considering Uralic ( re: Sŏma ) is indisputably present. (re: N1c1 Khanty "Sŏma" hewn mortar-bowl )

Such drift of semantics can be seen even today in the English phrase "Do you want to do a bowl?"
The Āryan Soma of the Urals eventually became a later generic term to identify an entheogen.

All the Satem languages are inherently related, yet differ in various degrees or another. Certain lexical correspondences ( or isoglosses, such as in Lithuanian "šapalas" and Indic "śapharas" - chub-carp / "śāpharikas" - fisherman ) are rather unexpected ( as cognates are absent in Avestan, and even Slavic ), and will require closer scrutiny with the emergence of new archaeological evidence from Sintashta & Arkaim. That a central European culture ( 3,400 BCE - Baden / Globular Amphora ) centered new "wheel" term ( Old Irish masc. sg. roth / pl. rothai, Latin sg. rota / pl. rotae, Albanian diminutive w/ th from a * t > sg. rreth / pl. rrathë ), reflected in Corded Ware East Baltic baritone masc. "ratas / ratai ", was loaned into Finnic languages is uncontested (re: Finnish ratas, North Sámi ráhtis ), but where does a baritone masc. sg. Āryan ráthas - "vehicle" figure in the pre-Sintashta ( 2,100 BCE ) Graeco-Armeno-Indo-Iranian shared lexicon? It doesn't !

3635 - 3370 BCE - wheels on pot, Bronocice, Poland. Note *darža motif. *©jp
Bronocice Poland - Pot pre-3500 BCE - Farmer's Wagons

And why would Indo-Europeans need to rename the wheel? ( PIE: * kʷekʷlos ). Perhaps the assimilated European farmers did it. East Baltic ( LWb allele, R1a1a- Z280, ..., w/ Z92, L235 ) Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( 3200 - 1800 BCE ) copper metallurgy in the Urals has it's roots in central European cultural traditions, including Euro-Repin-Centum ( ERC ) Globular Amphora ( Berezanskaja 1971 ), which were ethnic contributors in the multi-ethnic "vortex" of the Middle Dnieper ( eg. R1a1a- M458 GAS > Czech " pýř " fire embers ) & Fatyanovo cultural horizons. The old Carpathian metal trade of central Europe, & ancient flint or amber trade routes, provided for tribal contacts and cultural exchanges between language groups like Baden pre-Celts, pre-Albanian Dacians and Middle Dnieper Balts / Slavs ( Albanian lopë - cow / Latvian Luops - id ), as well as Triploye C2, TRB & Centum Globular Amphora substratum. To the West of the Middle Dnieper, C-14 dates reflect an amalgamation of ERC Globular Amphora w/ TRB, or Funnel Beaker culture for near a millennium in Poland & Germany ( R1a1a-, M458 ), then along with other Corded Ware variants assimilated Erteboelle natives while on towards Scandinavia, as some GAC did earlier while expanding the flint-amber trade with the Narva of the Baltic region, and their Uralic neighbors. Some outlier GAC Centum speakers were assimilated by the pioneering Satem Balts moving North.

The Centum influenced features of East & West Baltic are like a window into one component of an archaic Proto-Germanic, just as Uralic languages have frozen old Baltic words in time. The Middle Dnieper Repin contribution to poly-ethnic ERC Globular Amphora is reflected by Tocharian / Germanic proclivities, and the ERC Globular Amphora substratum ( "GAS " ) influence on variations in the Baltic languages ( klau- / šlav-, or akmuo- / ašmuo- ) and their lexicons ( peku ). Albanian also exhibits inconsistencies with Satemization, perhaps due to bilingual dynamics. The study of Baltic languages provides a unique perspective for Tocharian / Proto-Germanic Repin-Centum investigations. Trade networks between ERC GAC subgroups were conduits for isoglosses even beyond the other Balts in the West. Comb & Pit Ware ( N1c1 ) amber contacts & Uralic bilingual substratum may be a phonetic impetus for dative plural "-M-" type linguistic transitions away from a "-B-" ( Baltic žambas / Estonian hammas ), as well as the use of chamotte ceramic admixture. Language is not genetic, it is acquired. Note N1c1 ( N-M178 ) Baltic speakers in Lithuania & Latvia, or R1a1a ( w/ Z92, LWb ) Uralic speakers in Estonia, or Yoeme speakers of " Yoi Noki ".

Poly-ethnic Narva-Globular Amphora outliers added substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957; Ozols 1962; Česnys et al., 1990 ) to Fatyanovo-Balanovo, contributing a " residual " non-Satem substratum vocabulary of their central Euro-Repin Centum ( ERC ) words like "pẽku " - livestock ( vs.Satem Lith. "pešti ", OCS "pьsъ " ) into East Baltic. The impact of a Centum Globular Amphora poly-ethnic substratum ( GAS ) also influenced the incongruities in Baltic Satemization & partial RUKI ( eg. Finnish "laiha ", GAS Lith. "liesa", ipo *lieša ). Make no mistake, the impact of this Centum / Satem tango went both ways ( GAS > pre-proto Germanic 11,12 leftover term & 1,000, etc.). Balanovo jewelry from the Urals also emulates specific designs of a Central European provenance, perhaps derived from the integrated poly-ethnic Globular Amphora substratum of Fatyanovo-Balanovo and Middle Dnieper. Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery often exhibits unique trademark *darža "checkered" ceramic ornamentation motifs not found on the steppes ( О.Д. Мочалов 2001-2002 ), thus allowing their contacts to be tracked - even into Sintashta & beyond. The "parallel lines" motif may well represent a *darža, or a tilled garden plot ( re: Finnish tarha < Fatyanovo ) of barley or hemp ( *©jp ), evoking comparison to a similar motif on the famous Bronocice pot ( see above ). This European farmer's motif was perhaps inherited from early Dnieper Satems or the more probable Fatyanovo-Balanovo GAS ( re: Perkūnas velar below ). Corded Ware Fatyanovo-Balanovo Ural copper metallurgy preceded Corded Ware Abashevo and later Sintashta metalworking, predating them by near half a millennium.

Trademark "checked" ceramic, with *darža -"tilled plot", motif of Fatyanovo-Balanovo pottery. * ©jp
Trademark Fatyanovo-Balanovo
" checked " ceramic / " *darža " motif *©jp

The terminology of the typical dual wheeled cart ( Lith. dviratis ) of the early East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo (Goldina 1999) farmers & metallurgist-woodsmen and multi-cultural Abashevo successors may have been a quasi-bilingual source for a unique northern imported term, " ratH2as > * ratʔas > ratas " wheel ( *- circa 2,400 BCE ), for an Āryan masculine singular " * ratʔas > ráthas ", upgraded intact as a nominative singular word for the new chariot of the Abashevo - Sintashta era metallurgic bonanza. Semantic incongruity is a hallmark of loanwords in traditional linguistics. The Baltic amber sun disc talisman, or solar halo ( rẽtis ) wheel - Saulės Ratas, is found distributed in central European cultures, particularly the Centum Globular Amphora ( R1a- M458 ) - which also contributed substratum to Fatyanovo, which in turn eventually contributed to the Corded Ware Abashevo culture and finally poly-ethnic Sintashta / Arkaim ( О.Д. Мочалов 2001-2002 ). If the Sun's wheel became the Sun's chariot - Saulės Ratas became Sauryās Rathas.

Saulės Rẽtis ( Amber Solar Halo-Wheel ) = Linear B ideogram 243
Saulės Ratas

Vedic Sanskrit has the somewhat (15 times ) obscure word "Dhēnā ", meaning "hymn, song", which reflects East Baltic "Daina ", meaning "dance > song". From IE *dei- ("move, spin, whirl") we have Latvian "deinis " dancer, "daiņa " restless person, "dainēt / daināt " to dance, sing, "deja" dance, Lithuanian "dainuoti "to sing" ( vs. somuoti ) clearly illustrating the core Baltic etymology (It is also attested in West Baltic toponyms). But Vedic "Dhēnās" hymn-prayer, lacks any such "dance" etymology. The Avestan "Daēnā " ( Middle Persian "Dēn" ) is even more semantically vague - "that which is revealed, revelation". This implies a loanword, and like in Vedic - a word without a clear etymology. The closet indigenous Indo-Iranian cognate is Avestan "Dian", meaning "fast" (re: Grk. " δινεύω " whirl ). Scholars interpret the actual pronunciations of the old Vedic Sanskrit "Dhēnā" and Avestan "Daēnā " as "Dainā". Eventually, an East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo "daina " provided a term for the new Monotheism ( Daēnā ) that was later emulated to it's West. Small world.

An East Baltic Fatyanovo-Balanovo loanword proposal for post-Sintashtan dhēnā, śapharas, and especially ráthas, is not only linguistically practical, it is archaeologically probable ( О.Д. Мочалов 2001-2002 ). We do know the Corded Ware Abashevo cheek-pieces were copied - but what else? Given the " boatload " of Corded Ware influenced artifacts at Sintashta and Arkaim (re: ceramics with talc / chamotte & unique *darža "checkered" trademark design-motifs ), maybe one or two Corded Ware words leaked out. Just maybe. To quote M. Witzel (2003) quoting J.P. Mallory (2002) "there are still degrees of geo-linguistic plausibility".

"People lie. The evidence doesn't lie" - Grissom.

"Some ornament traits let us to link Sintashta with northwest forest Fatyanovo culture".
( Oleg Mochalov - Samara State Pedagogical University, Institute for History and Archaeology of Volga region, Samara, Russia)
- The origin of Sintashta culture ceramic / Ceramic through the Millennia: methods, approaches, results - 2008 -

Post Sintashta chariot rock carvings - 1800 BCE ?

One period of earlier mutual contact coincides with the more poly-ethnic "Europeanized IE" Corded Ware culture zone ( R1a1a- M417, Z283 ) after the advent of the wheeled wagon. It was perhaps a combination of climate change ( re: the Blytt-Sernander Sub-Boreal phase ) and the revolution of the new oxen drawn wagon which prompted the widespread Corded Ware migrations. Interaction between central European Dniester Tripolye C2 and the northern Dnieper Tripolye C2, TRB, and Globular Amphora populace may well account as a medium of some archaisms ( re: tauras ), cognates, and as a trade conduit for innovations ( dative plural "m" < phonetics of Uralic N1c1 bilinguals? ) in poly-ethnic East Baltic ( re: mtDNA N1a1 ), as well as a link for traditions of central European copper metallurgy. The combination of kurgan and flat graves, reflecting the integration of Tripolye C2 with I.E. steppe ethnicities ( eg. Centum Usatovo-Tripolye ), is found in the diverse Middle Dnieper cultures ( R1a1a-, Z280, etc ), Fatyanovo-Balanovo ( LWb allele, R1a1a-, Z280, w/ Z92, L235 ), and Corded Ware Abashevo. Sintashta kurgans account for about a third of the burials - the rest are, interestingly enough, flat graves. Estonian CWC Fatyanovo ceramics exhibit a protruding or projecting rim, as does later Corded Ware Abashevo pottery ( re: mtDNA N1a1a1 294 < ? GAS ). Volosovo & Balanovo pottery are even found in the same room. Words were spoken. Corded Ware Abashevo integration at Sintashta is indicated by various artifacts, including unique *darža "checkered" designs ( О.Д. Мочалов 2001-2002 ) & talc in ceramics from the Volosovo N1c1 admixture with the Corded Ware Balanovo & Abashevo, and the foreign mycologic sŏma tradition of these quasi-trilingual misfits. Fly Agaric is the fruit of the forests, not the wide open steppes. The Fatyanovo-Balanovo forest dwelling quasi-trilinguals stubbornly clung to their Euro-farmer identity, and never did quite fit ( ārya- ) in. A genetic study of the genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle ( J Kantanen et all., 2009 ) suggests a relationship between taurine breeds of the Baltic ( Fatyanovo ) region and Sakha ( Andronovo ) cattle, or Yaroslavl - Siberia.

Then there is the intriguing Baltic Perkaunis, Votiak Perkino, Erzya Pəŕgəńä, Vedic Parjanya legacy - the Ural elephant in the room, so to speak. Why are Parjanya cognates with a velar plosive absent in the multitude of other surrounding Iranian-Dardic-Nuristani Satem languages and dialects, - or even related Satem Slavic? Note Pashto "Perūney ", Slavic "Perun ", Nuristani "Pärun " vs. Gas Lith. " Perkūnas ". Slavic Ruki & Perun vs. Gothic Fairguni suggest a ERC GAC velar plosive was assimilated into Baltic Perkūnas-Perkōns type variants, and at an early date. Uralic " residuals-loanwords " agree. Archaeological support for such a linguistic assertion is beyond debate. And that zone of Centum / Satem contacts has been thoroughly dated with C-14. If linguists can ignore pots, they can ignore DNA. But an odd velar < plosive might actually elicit curiosity.

In East Baltic Mythology, Perkūnas is closely associated with the Bull. In Nuristani Mythology, Pärun is a war god. The reason Perkūnas is associated with the Bull is due to the ancient correlation of the Taurus constellation's importance to the agricultural Dnieper Satem Tripolye Z92 substratum of East Balts. The Taurus constellation ( Latv. Vērsis ) signaled the start of the growing year, and the arrival of Perkūnas' loud Thunder storms. The stars brought the rain of the Bull representing the magic of fertility to the poly-ethnic Satem farmers. When the Satem East Balts assimilated the poly-ethnic Globular Amphora-post-Narva substatum, an ERC velar plosive was added to Perūnas, hence Perkūnas. Uralic "loanwords" attest to the antiquity of the East Baltic velar plosive variant. Perkūnas was very important to farmers, announcing the start of a new growing year by his loud return. The *darža "checkered" ceramics ( О.Д. Мочалов 2001-2, re: checked ceramics < ܀ > ) in Sintashta and Alakul' pottery track contacts with Fatyanovo-Balanovo Z92 farmers. Parjanya later appears in the Rig Veda as an peripheral, obscure deity, even though he is a son of Heaven ( Divas putrāya ). He is associated with Soma, Vāyu, and has Bull symbolism. He gladdens the Earth. He has a trace of a misplaced velar unlike Pärun or Perun, and Parjanya has lost his militaristic affinities. He has already been de-oaked in the Vedas. Parjanya isn't as popular in the Avesta. Nuristani Pärun is a war god, no bull. Embrace the Chaos

Let it Rain
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In the old Baltic dainos folksongs, Perkūnas was to wed the Laumė Indraja. One role of Indraja is as a mushroom guide spirit. Vedic Parjanyas is the father of Soma. The Abashevo used talc in their ceramics, as was common with their Uralic neighbors. The pottery of the two cultures have been found in the same room. Note ( N1c1 ) Mari " paŋgə" mushroom, Udmurt " paŋχəl- / paŋχət- " to howl and "carry on" after partaking of Fly Agaric. The Lithuanian version " Ar prisiėdęs musmirių ", refers to the partaking of the Fly Agaric mushroom, and exhibiting a skewed, altered state of reality. It is a quite common, courteous way of calling someone stone crazy. If they ate too much dried - žalas Fly Agaric mushroom, and there upon glare ominously "wild-eyed ", howl ecstatically, see " the Unseen", & "carry on" - that person would be labeled "aršus ". The Avestan term for " an ecstatic, seer " is " ǝrǝšiš ", which is a close cognate to Sanskrit " ṛṣiḥ "- a Seer. Back in the Ural forests, Uralic Khanty still has a word " sŏma " for a hewn wooden mortar-bowl, as well as one for the partaking of Amanita muscaria. Mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites were mediums of cross-cultural interaction for sharing ethnic customs preceding, and contributing to Sintashta, which influenced Alakul' ( Grigory'ev 2000 ) groups ( О.Д. Мочалов 2001-2002 - re: Fatyanovo-Balanovo "checkered" ceramic designs > Sintashta ). Sharing the Uralic hewn sŏma-mortar-bowl with it's entheogenic contents, like a diplomatic cross-cultural peace pipe, evidently sparked it's legendary admiration. The misnomer was perhaps just a simple case of cross-cultural Balanovo-Volosovo verbal misunderstanding. "... mmm, sŏma good "! Uh-oh. East Baltic neuters did not require a final consonant. They still don't. Fatyanovo-Balanovo is the link, the panta, between the two disparate cultures of Poltavka and Volosovo. Fatyanovo-Balanovo *darža checkered pottery connects Poltavka & Volosovo, revealing the conduit for cultural exchange. This would all be quite coincidental if these people had never met - but, they did. Archaeology has already provided the where, when, and why. Let it rain.

"Balto-Slavic" is a generalization of the diverse poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture horizon of regionally related, distinctly archaic, Satem dialects - somewhat like collectively describing the nearby neighboring proto "Graeco-Armeno-Aryan" cultural horizon, or the central European poly-ethnic Centum proto "Celto-Italic" dialects. Peripheral contingents of Centum Globular Amphora ( Brjussow 1957; Ozols 1962 ), Corded Ware, TRB & Lengyel, Tripolye C2 peoples, outlying Carpathian & Maykop metal traders, and Dnieper Repins may well have also contributed to the multi-ethnic "vortex" that was becoming the diverse Middle Dnieper culture horizon ( note R1a1a- Z280 sub-branches ) and related Fatyanovo culture - imbuing them with an "retro" centralist character from the collective peripheral archaisms - on an already retro-core Satem (re: RUKI, absent perfect reduplication). This explains why one finds a unique Celtic-East Baltic term, separate Greek-East Baltic isoglosses, or Indo-Iranian-East Baltic isoglosses. The Corded Ware Eulau ( GAS type w/ R1a- M458 Y-DNA ) connection to 2 Shughnans in Asia highlights the Abashevo Corded Ware component of Sintashta & Arkaim. Mycenaean mtDNA had a match in SE Poland. CWC GAS? MVK-Monteoru ? Structured linguistic theories are a poor match to interpret the formative chaos of the past with the multicultural Middle Dnieper culture horizon and related Fatyanovo & Abashevo migrations. DNA has come of age. Embrace the chaos.

From historical accounts and ancient traditions, it is certain that hemp use was more than just for cord, cloth, and seed food. Reading from the archaeological record, one can associate dates starting at 3,200 to 2,300 BCE with various material artifacts and increased plant ( hemp and wheat ) pollens that appear to indicate the arrival of "Baltic" speaking farmers in the region around present day Lithuania and Latvia. Recent archaeological finds of Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5,600 BCE from the Akali Neolithic Narva-Kunda settlement in East Estonia (2006 A. Poska, L. Saarse) place the use of Cannabis cultivation in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the Corded Ware era. Baltic cannabis use for nets and medication is over seven thousand years old, or perhaps older, since the region was part of it's native range. A high incidence of Pan-Baltic Y-DNA from the haplogroup N1c1 [old name N3] with allele DYS19*15 indicates Baltic admixture with older Uralic substrate, as does haplogroup U4 ( Lith šeškas, Mari šāškə, Veps hāhk, re: Sanskrit śaśakas ) & the rare LWb allele blood marker - which is unique to East Baltic people like Fatyanovo. The Tocharian mummies of the Tarim Basin also share Haplogroup U4, as do the Kalasha people of North Pakistan, as well as some lineages in India. The uncommon LWb allele gene is more specifically a peculiar East Baltic related genetic marker that appears to have been rare or absent in West Baltic speaking peoples. The archaic nature of the distinction between East and West Baltic ( or Slavic, for that matter ) is well supported by Y-DNA ( R1a1a- Z92 L235 vs L366 ), skeletal-cranial remains, archaeological artifacts, and by the disparity of the unique rare LWb allele gene between them. >>> LWb PDF <<<. Elevated CCR5 DELTA32 mutation frequencies are also found among modern Balts & Uralic speakers. MtDNA H1 frequencies are very, very low among Lithuanians and virtually non-existent with the Sámi. In Lithuania, mtDNA H1 is mainly confined to only Northern Žemaitians. The Aukštaičiai ( LT Highlanders ), like the Sámi, have none. South Aukštaičiai R1a1a has a 61.8% frequency ( Kasperavicuite et al., 2004 ). Less the above referenced genetical info be misinterpreted as some form of encrypted "cracker-code-speak", I will stress that the fiction of ethnic or racial "purity & superiority" is clinical insanity, and definitively reflects a quantifiable low IQ by conservative adherents ( G. Hodson et al., 2012 ). People are people - some individuals shine, some hide in their fear.

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* The Seroglazovo culture may have been an Indo-Uralic group of related Pre-Proto Indo-European dialects
located in areas by the Ural River near the Caspian lowlands around the 7th-8th millenium B.C.E.

* Baltic " Deivas " - The Divine Spirit of Heaven, influenced Finnish " taivas " & Estonian " taevas " heaven, perhaps Sámi " taiw ", and also Hungarian " táj " - Khanty " tai ".
The often ignored semantics of East Baltic celestial " Deivas " are illustrated in phrases from Latvian dainās ( eg. " Saule noiet dievā " - Nav saulīte dievā gaiša ).