house recommendations are marked by a star (
)
)
IHDE, Don (born 1934). Contemporary American phenomenologist who is especially concerned with the philosophy of science and technology.
Works Include:
ILLICH, Ivan (1926-2002). Austrian-born social theorist and philosopher of education.
Works Include:
ILYENKOV, Evald V. (1924-1979). Russian Marxist theorist who was known for his outstanding contributions to the theory of Marxist dialectics.
Works Include:
INGARDEN, Roman (1893-1970). Polish phenomenologist and contemporary of Husserl. Was primarily focused on aesthetics.
Works Include:
IQBAL, Allameh Muhammad(1877-1938). Pakistani-born Muslim philosopher and poet who fused Western ideas with classic Islamic thought. This Rumi-influenced scholar was perhaps the foremost Muslim thinker of the past several hundred years.
Works Include:
IRIGARAY, Luce (born 1932). French-Belgian post-structuralist feminist. One of the "big three" in post-structuralist feminism along with Cixous and Kristeva. Trained as a Lacanian psychoanalyst, Irigaray has written very interesting stuff on the conception of woman in philosophy. See especially Speculum of the Other Woman.
Works Include:
Works Inclde:
IVEKOVIC, Rada (born 1945). Postmodern Croatian feminist who cites as influences Buddhist and Indian thought.
Works Include:
JABÈS, Edmond (1912-1991). Egyptian-born French-Jewish poet and religious philosopher. Had a very unusual writing style.
Works Include:
JACOBI, Friedrich Heinrich (1743-1819). German idealist philosopher and anti-rationalist.
Works Include:
JAGGAR, Alison (born 1942). Postmodern American feminist.
Works Include:
JAJA, Donato (1839-1914). Italian idealist philosopher who was a pupil of Spaventa and a huge influence on Gentile.
Works Include:
JAKOBSON, Roman(1896-1982). Russian-American structuralist/formalist linguist. Highly influential.
Works Include:
JAMES, Cyril Lionel Robert (1901-1989). Trinidad-born Marxist theorist and Pan-African nationalist.
Works Include:
JAMES, William (1842-1910). American pragmatist and psychologist (also, brother of famed author Henry James). One of the more interesting--but overlooked--aspect of his thought is what he called his "radical empiricism."
Works Include:
JAMESON, Fredric (born 1934). American Marxist critic and theorist of the postmodern. Has made important contributions to social thought and aesthetics especially.
Works Include:
JANICAUD, Dominique (1937-2002). French religiously- and phennomenologically-inclined philosopher.
Works Include:
JANKÉLÉVITCH, Valdimir (1903-1980). French phenomenological philosopher--well-known for his philosophy of music--who was an influence on figures such as Emmanuel Levinas.
Works Include:
JASPERS, Karl (1883-1969). Famed German existentialist and contemporary of Heidegger and Sartre.
Works Include:
JAUCH, Ursula Pia (born 1959). Contemporary Swiss feminist.
Works includI:
JAURÈS, Jean (1859-1914). French Marxist socialist and--along with Eduard Bernstein--a revisionist.
Works Include:
JAY, Martin Contemporary American Critical Theorist.
Works Include:
JENCKS, Charles (born 1939). American architectural historian and theorist who is one of the most well-known advocates of a postmodern style in architecture.
Works Include:
JOAD, Cyril Edwin Mitchinson (1891-1953). British realist philosopher. Much like G.E. Moore, Joad was highly critical of some of the more esoteric philosophy trends of his day.
Works Include:
JOHNSON, Elizabeth A. (born 1941). Contemporary feminist theologian.
Works Include:
JONAS, Hans (1903-1993). German phenomenologist whose areas of interest included the application of phenomenology to technology, philosophy of science, and other areas.
Works Include:
JÖRGENSEN, Jörgen (1894-1969). Danish analytic philosopher who was influenced by and collaborated with the Logical Positivists.
Works Include:
JOUFFROY, Théodore Simon (1796-1842). French spiritualist philosopher who influenced the development of Victor Cousin's eclecticism.
Works Include:
JUAN DE LA CRUZ (English: John of the Cross) [né: Juan de Yepes y Alvarez] (1542-1591). Spanish mystical writer and poet. His mysticism is perhaps some of the most famous in the Western world.
Works Include:
JUNG, Carl Gustav (1875-1961). Swiss psychologist who began his career as a disciple of Freud, but broke with his teacher and founded his own school of thought. Extremely influential.
Works Include:
JÜNGEL, Eberhard (born 1934). Contemporary German theologian who developed a creative theology utilizing elements from the thought of Karl Barth as well as the metaphysical "death of god" pronounced by secular philosophers.
Works Include:
KAILA, Eino (1890-1958). Finnish analytic philosopher-psychologist, who was heavily influenced by Logical Positivism.
Works Include:
KANG Yu-Wei (1858-1927). Idealistic Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher who instituted many reforms in Confucianist thought.
Works Include:
KANEKO Takezo (1905-1987). Japanese Hegelian-inspired existentialist.
Works Include:
KANT, Immanuel (1724-1804). German idealist. As he began his philosophical writings, he realized that the first thing he had to do was tackle the problems raised by Hume in his philosophy. The result was Kant's concept of the "synthetic a priori" and a philosophy we today call transcendental idealism. Kant had a proufound influence on not only the philosophers immediately following him (Fichte, Schelling, Hegel) but also numerous philosophers of the twentieth century.
Works Include:
Some Secondary Literature on Kant:
KAPLAN, David (born 1933). American analytic philosopher of language and epistemology.
Works Include:
KAPLAN, Mordecai Menachem (1881-1983). Lithuanian-American Jewish philosopher who, by creating "Reconstructionist Judaism", sought to make Judaism more modern and cultural by removing many religious elements from it.
Works Include:
KARSAVIN, Lev (1882-1952). Russian religious philosopher and poet who cited various mystics (e.g., Nicolas of Cusa) as influences. Died in a Soviet gulag.
Works Include:
KAUTSKY, Karl (1854-1938). Czech Marxist theorist.
Works Include:
KAVCIC, Stane Slovenian Marxist theoretician whose advocacy of self-management puts his thought quite close to the ideas of 'council communism.'
Works Include:
KELLER, Evelyn Fox (born 1936). Contemporary feminist philosopher of science.
Works Include:
KHAN, Sayyid Ahmad (1817-1898). Indian-born Muslim leader and modernizer of Islam.
Works Include:
KHOMYAKOV, Alexei Stepanovich (1804-1860). Russian philosopher and leading thinker among the Slavophiles. Was a potent critic of what he saw as the highly abstract philosophy of Western Europe.
Works Include:
KIERKEGAARD, Søren (1813-1855). Danish religious philosopher. Usually called the "father of existentialism", Kierkegaard concerned himself with questions of what it meant to be a man of faith in the modern age. He has exerted influence on figures as diverse as Theodor Adorno, Karl Barth, and Jean-Paul Sartre.
Works Include:
Some Secondary Literature on Kierkegaard:
KIRCHHEIMER, Otto (born 1905). German philosopher and Frankfurt School Critical Theorist.
Works Include:
KIM, Jaegwon Contemporary Asian-American analytic philosopher of mind.
Works Include:
KLEIN, Melanie (1882-1960). Austrian-born British psychoanalyst whose revisionary approach to Freudian theories revolutionized psychiatry.
Works Include:
KLEUTGEN, Josef Wilhelm Karl (1811-1883). German Thomist. He was perhaps one of the most important German philosophers responsible for the nineteenth-century revival of Thomistic thought.
Works Include:
KLINGER, Cornelia (born 1953). Contemporary German feminist who sepcializes in gender studies, political theory, and aesthetics.
Works Include:
KOCKELMANS, Joseph J. (born 1923). Dutch-American phenomenologist and hermeneutic thinker.
Works Include:
Works Include:
KOJÈVE, Alexandre (1902-1968). Russian-French phenomenologist whose interest in Hegel helped spur on thinkers ranging from Levinas to Sartre.
Works Include:
KOLAKOWSKI, Leszek (born 1927). Polish Marxist theorist. After much of the repression at the hands of Soviet puppet regimes in Eastern Europe, he stopped considering himself a Marxist--but that seems to be in name only. His Main Currents of Marxism is a masterpiece.
Works Include:
KOLLONTAI, Alexandra (1872-1952). Russian Marxist feminist. Was a voice of opposition to Lenin and his policies in the early years of the Soviet Union, as well as a radical advocate of sexual emancipation.
KOOK, Abraham Isaac (1865-1935).Latvian-born Jewish theologian who was interested in developing a potent spirituality to go along with the secular nationalism of Zionism.
Works Include:
KORSCH, Karl (1886-1961). Radical left-wing German Marxist.
Works Include:
KOSIK, Karel (born 1926). Czech Marxist whose approach is radical and slightly influenced by phenomenology.
Works Include:
KOYRE, Alexandre (1892-1964). French existential phenomenologist whose fields of interest also included philosophy of science.
Works Include:
KRAFT, Viktor (1880-1975). Austrian logical positivst and member of the Vienna Circle.
Works Include:
KRAUS, Oskar (1872-1942). German philosopher and pupil of Franz Brentano.
Works Include:
KRAUSE, Karl Christian Friedrich (1781-1832). German post-Kantian idealist whose ideas were quite similar to Schelling's.
Works Include:
KRELL, David Farrell Contemporary American phenomenologist, novelist, and Heidegger and Nietzsche scholar.
Works Include:
KREMER-MARIETTI, Angele (born 1927). French phenomenologist, with an interest in the philosophy of science.
Works Include:
KRIPKE, Saul (born 1940). Contemporary American analytic philosopher who is known mainly for his important work on Wittgenstein.
Works Include:
KRISHNAMURTI, Jiddu (1895-1986). Indian-born philosopher who--although influenced by many traditions--was not associated with any one particular religion or system. Advocated a sort-of "secular" spirituality.
Works Include:
KRISTEVA, Julia (born 1941). French-Bulgarian post-structuralist feminist who has written in literary criticism and semiotics as well. Heavily influenced by Lacanian psychoanalysis.
Works Include:
KROKER, Arthur (born 1945). Postmodern Canadian media theorist and social philosopher. Is also co-editor of The Panic Encyclopedia.
Works Include:
KUHN, Thomas S. (1922-1996). Radical American philosopher of science who was widely known for his unorthodox theory on scientific revolutions.
Works Include:
KUKI Shuzo (1888-1941). Japanese phenomenologist whose philosophy draws upon the work of the Kyoto School and the thought of Martin Heidegger.
Works Include:
KÜNG, Hans (born 1928). Contemporary Swiss Catholc theologian whose ideas have gotten him into trouble with the Vatican on more than one occasion (in fact, his license to teach as an "official" Catholic theologian has actually been revoked).
Works Include:
KUYPER, Abraham (1837-1920). Dutch Reformed theologian whose theology--although extremely influential--was actually very conservative.
Works Include:
LABERTHONNIÈRE, Lucien (1860-1932). French Catholic theologian and philosopher who was a close adherent of the system of Maurice Blondel.
Works Include:
LABRIOLA, Antonio (1843-1904). Italian Marxist (often called the father of Italian Marxism) and leading proponent of Marxism in the years immediately following Marx's death.
Works Include:
LACAN, Jacques (1901-1981). Highly influential French psychoanalyst whose work is considered to straddle the border between structuralism and post-structuralism.
Works Include:
LACOUE-LABARTHE, Philippe (born 1940). One of the lesser-known French post-structuralists. Known for his collaborations with Jean-Luc Nancy.
Works Include:
LAFARGUE, Paul (1841-1911). Important early French Marxist theorist.
Works Include:
Works Include:
LAKATOS, Imre(né Imre Lipschitz) (1922-1974). Hungarian-Jewish philosopher of science and mathematics.
Works Include:
LA MOTHE-LE VAYER, François de (1588-1672). French thinker who radicalized Michel de Montaigne's skepticism.
Works Include:
LANDGREBE, Ludwig (1902-1991). German phenomenologist and pupil of Husserl.
Works Include:
LANGE, Friedrich Albert (1828-1875). German materialistic Neo-Kantian.
Works Include:
Works Include:
LATOUR, Bruno (born 1947). Contemporary French postmodern philosopher of science.
Works Include:
LAUTMAN, Albert (1908-1944). French structuralist philosopher of mathematics.
Works Include:
LAVELLE, Louis (1883-1951). Influential French metaphysician who is considered an existential philosopher.
Works Include:
LAVROV, Piotr Lavrovovich (1823-1900). Russian philosopher who was heavily influenced by positivism, Marxism, and other Western European philosophies.
Works Include:
LEAHY, David G. (born 1937). Contemporary American theologian who analyzes time, being, and consciousness from a postmodern, post-Heideggerian perspective.
Works Include:
LE BON, Gustav (1841-1931). French social psychologist and sociologist.
Works Include:
LE DOEUFF, Michèle (born 1948). Contemporary French feminist theorist. While not as well-known as Luce Irigaray or Julia Kristeva, she is also a feminist with a more 'postmodern' bent.
Works Include:
van der LEEUW, Gerardus (1890-1950). German-Dutch theologian and religious philosopher.
Works Include:
LEFEBVRE, Henri (1901-1991). French post-Marxist and critic of Althusser's structuralist Marxism.
Works Include:
LEFORT, Claude (born 1924). French philosopher. Influenced by structuralism and phenomenology (especially Merleau-Ponty), Lefort was a one-time member of Cornelius Castoriadis' Socialisme ou Barbarie group.
Works Include:
LEHRER, Keith (born 1936). American analytic philosopher with an interest in metaphysics and epistemology.
Works Include:
LEIBNIZ, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716). German rationalist philosopher, famous for his atomistic view of the world made of "monads."
Works Include:
LENIN, V.I.[né Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov] (1870-1924). Famous Russian Marxist and one of the masterminds behind the birth of the Soviet Union. Theoretically, is second in importance to Marx himself as far as contributions to Marxism are concerned.
Works Include:
LESSING, Gotthold Ephraim (1728-1781). German Romantic dramatist, critic, and writer on philosophical and aesthetic matters.
Works Include:
LEVI-STRAUSS, Claude (born 1908). Belgian-born French structural anthropologist. Considered--along with Ferdinand de Saussure and Mikhail Bakhtin--one of the founders of structuralism.
Works Include:
LEVINAS, Emmanuel (1906-1995). Radical French-Lithuanian Jewish phenomenologist. Wrote especially on the concept of the "Other" and explored the limits of rational thought, invoking religion every so often. Extremely important in the contemporary postmodern scene.
Works Include:
LEWIS, Clarence Irving (1883-1964). American analytic pragmatist, as well as important logician.
Works Include:
LEWIS, Clive Staples (1898-1963). British Christian author and religious thinker who has gone on to influence all types of people in all walks. Intellectually, Lewis was a jack-of-all-trades.
Works Include:
LEWIS, David Kellogg (born 1941). American analytic philosopher. Famous for his theory of 'possible worlds.'
Works Include:
LIEBKNECHT, Karl (1871-1919). Left-wing German Marxist theorist. One of the more radical theorists of his time--along with Rosa Luxemburg.
Works Include:
LINDBECK, George (born 1923). American theologian whose cultural-linguistic conception of theology is considered representative of the ' New Yale School' of theology.
Works Include:
LINGIS, Alphonso (born 1933). Contemporary phenomenologist.
Works Include:
LIST, Elisabeth (born 1946). Contemporary Austrian feminist.
Works Include:
LOCKE, Alain (1886-1954). African-American pragmatist philosopher of race and education.
Works Include:
LOCKE, John (1632-1704). English empiricist and political theorist. Famous for his contractual theory of government more than his empirical philosophy.
Works Include:
LOISY, Alfred Firmin (1857-1940). French Catholic theologian and chief thinker associated with Catholic Modernism.
Works Include:
LONERGAN, Bernard (1904-1984). Canadian Catholic theologian-philosopher.
Works Include:
Works Include:
LORDE, Audre (1934-1992). African-American poet and lesbian feminist.
Works Include:
LORENZ, Konrad Zacharias (1903-1989). German zoologist/ethologist whose work on aggression has been instrumental in the development of contemporary psychological theory.
Works Include:
LOSEV, A.F. (1892-1988). Russian Hegelian phenomenologist.
Works Include:
LOSSKY, Nikolai Onufrievich (1870-1965). Russian religious philosopher and speculative metaphysician who was influenced by Neo-Kantianism.
Works Include:
LOSSKY, Vladimir (1904-1958). Russian Orthodox theologian-philosopher.
Works Include:
LOTZE, Rudolf Hermann (1817-1881). German physiologist, psychologist, and idealist philosopher.
Works Include:
LOVEJOY, Arthur Oncken (1873-1962). American philosopher who, like Santayana, was a Critical Realist. Was also a well-know historian of philosophy.
Works Include:
Works Include:
de LUBAC, Henri (1896-1991). Prominent French Jesuit theologian. Was associated with the "nouvelle théologie" movement.
Works Include:
LUHMANN, Niklas (1927-1998). German sociologist and social systems theorist. Influenced by the structural functionalism of Talcott Parsons.
Works Include:
LUKACS, Georg (1885-1971). Hungarian Marxist critic. Was foundational in linking Marxism to literary and artistic criticism, and is usually cited as one of the most influential Marxist thinkers of the 20th century.
Works Include:
LUNACHARSKY, Anatoly Vasilyevich (1875-1933). Russian Bolshevik theorist who was a close associate of literary figure Maxim Gorky.
Works Include:
LUXEMBURG, Rosa (1871-1919). Polish-Jewish Marxist theorist. In the early twentieth century, Luxemburg--along with Karl Radek, Karl Korsch, and Antonio Gramsci--was one of the more radical theorists of Marxism.
Works Include:
LYOTARD, Jean-François (1924-1998). French post-structuralist who was well known for his theories on postmodernism and his "language games" (following Wittgenstein).
Works Include:
Just Gaming(with Jean-Loup Thébaud)
The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge
MACHIAVELLI, Niccolo (1469-1527). Italian political philosopher who can perhaps be considered the first major political thinker of the modern era.
Works Include:
MACH, Ernst (1838-1916). Austrian physicist-philosopher whose ideas (including his scientific materialism) influenced Marxism as well as other scientists, like Albert Einstein.
Works Include:
MACINTYRE, Alsadair (born 1929). American ethical philosopher who was influenced by analytic thought. He is most well-known for being an advocate of virtue ethics.
Works Include:
MACINTOSH, Douglas Clyde (1877-1948). Canadian theologian who was an advocate of "empirical theology."
Works Include:
MACKINNON, Catharine Alice (born 1946). American feminist theorist and legal scholar. Is perhaps most well-known for her crusades against pornography.
Works Include:
MACLEAN, John (1879-1923). Foundational Scottish Marxist theorist and scathing critic of British imperial policies.
Works Include:
MACMURRAY, John (1891-1976). Scottish religious philosopher whose thought was individual-centered and personalistic.
Works Include:
MACQUARRIE, John (born 1919). British existentialist theologian and philosopher of religion.
Works Include:
Works Include:
MAGNUS, Bernd (born 1937). Jewish German-American philosopher with an interest in phenomenology, Nietzsche, and Heidegger.
Works Include:
MAIMON, Solomon (1754-1800). Eastern European (born in modern day Belarus, died in modern day Poland) Jewish philosopher and critic of Kant.
Works Include:
MAINE DE BIRAN, Marie François Pierre Gonthier (1766-1824). Leading French sensationalist philosopher of the early 19th century.
Works Include:
MALCOLM, Norman (1911-1990). Analytic philosopher of mind, and pupil of Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Works Include:
MALEBRANCHE, Nicolas (1638-1715). French Cartesian philosopher who also developed his own philosophy, called occasionalism.
Works Include:
MALINOWKSI, Bronsilaw Kasper (1884-1942). Polish-born anthropologist and one of the founders of the functionalist school of anthropology.
Works Include:
MALRAUX, André (1901-1976). French existentialist journalist and writer.
Works Include:
MAMIANI DELLA ROVERE, Terenzio (1799-1885). Italian philospher and statesman who was heavily influenced by both Rosmini-Serbati and Plato.
Works Include:
de MAN, Paul (1919-1983). Belgian-American literary critic and--along with Jacques Derrida--an advocate of deconstruction.
Works Include:
MANDELBAUM, Maurice (1908-1987). American phenomenological philosopher of history and science.
Works Include:
MANNHEIM, Karl (1893-1947). Famed Marx-influenced German sociologist of knowledge. Was also a contemporary of Georg Lukacs.
Works Include:
MANNONI, Octave (1899-1989). French-Madagascarian postcolonial and Lacanian philosopher.
Works Include:
MAO Tse-tung (1893-1976) Needs no introduction, except to say that, like Stalin, was a theorist as well as a dictator.
Works Include:
MARCEL, Gabriel (1889-1973). French existential Catholic theologian who was critical of Sartre's existentialism.
Works Include:
MARCUSE, Herbert (1898-1979). German Jewish Critical Theorist/Freudian-Marxist. Of all philosophers associated with the Frankfurt School, Marcuse is the most well-known and has had the most influence outside of philosophical circles.
Works Include:
MARÉCHAL, Joseph (1878-1944). Belgian Thomist theologian who infused some ideas from German philosophy with his theological thinking.
Works Include:
MARIÁS, Julián (born 1914). Spanish Ortegist existentialist and religious thinker.
Works Include:
MARIATEGUI, José Carlos (1894-1930). Peruvian Marxist social critic.
Works Include:
MARION, Jean-Luc (born 1946). Contemporary French phenomenologist whose interests and writings touch fields as diverse as theology and postmodernism. Draws heavily upon Heideggerian ontology and writes greatly about "being".
Works Include:
MARITAIN, Jacques (1882-1973). French Catholic theologian. His theology is characterized as combining elements of Thomism and existentialism.
Works Include:
MARKOVIC, Mihailo (born 1923). Serbian Marxist theorist. Influenced by humanistic interpretations of Marxism.
Works Include:
MARTINEAU, Harriet (1802-1876). Foundational American sociological thinker.
Works Include:
MARTINETTI, Pietro (1872-1943). Italian idealist philosopher who was inspired more by Kant than Hegel.
Works Include:
MARTOV, Iuli Osipovich Tsederbaum (1873-1923). Russian Menshevik Marxist who left Russia shortly after the revolution.
Works Include:
MARTY, Anton (1847-1914). German Neo-Kantian philosopher and pupil of Franz Brentano and linguistic philosopher.
Works Include:
MARX, Karl (1818-1883). German political philosopher as well as important social theorist. Originator of contemporary Communism and a profound influence on both postmodernism and critical theory.
Works Include:
MARX, Werner (born 1910). German phenomenologist.
Works Include:
MASHAM, Damaris Cudworth (1658-1708). English philosopher, daughter of Cambridge Platonist Ralph Cudworth, and important proponent of Lockean philosophy.
Works Include:
Works Include:
MASSUMI, Brian American post-structuralist theorist. Influenced by Deleuze and Guattari.
Works Include:
MATTICK, Paul (1904-1981). German-American council communist.
Works Include:
MAUSS, Marcel (1872-1950). French sociologist and anthropologist whose work is considered foundational in the history of structuralism.
Works Include:
MAWDUDI, Sayed Abul Ala (1903-1979). Pakistani-born Islamist thinker. Was an early advocate of the establishment of Muslim states.
Works Include:
Works Include:
MAZZINI, Giuseppe (1805-1872). Italian nationalist revolutionary and philosopher.
Works Include:
MCCUMBER, John Contemporary American phenomenological and postmodern philosopher. I recommend his difficult Metaphysics and Oppression.
Works Include:
MCFAGUE, Sallie (born 1933). American theologian who addresses concerns of a feminist and ecological variety.
Works Include:
MCTAGGART, John McTaggart Ellis (1866-1925). Scottish philosopher and Hegel scholar. One of the more well-known of the British Neo-Hegelians. He advocated an extreme form of idealism.
Works Include:
MEAD, George Herbert (1868-1931). American pragmatist sociologist/social psychologist.
Works Include:
MEDAWAR, Peter Brian (1915-1987). Arab-British immunologist and philosopher of science.
Works Include:
MEINONG, Alexius (1853-1920). German psychologist-philosopher who was an early influence on phenomenology and Husserl.
Works Include:
MEMMI, Albert (born 1920). Tunisian-Jewish author and postcolonial thinker.
Works Include:
MENÉNDEZ Y SAMARA, Adolfo (1908-1954). Mexican phenomenologist.
Works Include:
MERCHANT, Carolyn American ecological feminist.
Works Include:
MERCIER, Desiré Joseph (1851-1926). Belgian Thomist theologian-philosopher.
Works Include:
MEREZHKOVSKY, Dmitri Sergeyevich (1865-1941). Russian religious thinker and novelist.
Works Include:
MERLEAU-PONTY, Maurice (1908-1961). French existential phenomenologist. Like Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty is known for his elaborate ontology which today is cited as influential by many postmodernist thinkers.
Works Include:
MERTON, Robert King (1910-2003). Important American structural functionalist sociologist. Made important revisions to Parsons' theories and developed 'strain theory.'
Works Include:
MERTON, Thomas (1915-1968). American Roman Catholic mystic and author.
Works Include:
METZ, Christian (1931-1993) Famous French structuralist and semiotic philosopher of film.
Works Include:
METZ, Johannes Baptist (born 1928). Contemporary German Catholic theologian.
Works Include:
MICHELS, Robert (1876-1936). German-born sociologist who was a theorist famous for his "Iron Law of Oligarchies."
Works Include:
MIGUEZ BONINO, Jose Argentinian liberation theologian.
Works Include:
MIKI Kiyoshi (1897-1945). Japanese existential philosopher whose Marxist-inspired works cover areas such as socio-political philosophy and philosophical anthropology.
Works Include:
MILBANK, John Contemporary British theologian-philosopher and advocate of 'radical orthodoxy'.
Works Include:
MILL, John Stuart (1806-1873). British utlitarian and theorist of democracy. Important for his political thought and his influence on contemporary ethicists.
Works Include:
MILLER, Joseph Hillis (born 1928). American literary critic and advocate of deconstruction. Along with Hayden White, he is considered one of the 'Yale Deconstructionists.'
Works Include:
MILLS, C. Wright (1916-1962). Famous American pragmatist-inspired sociologist who was a profound influence on the contemporary New Left.
Works Include:
MINKSY, Marvin (born 1927). Contemporary American philosopher of artifical intelligence, cognitive science, and computer science.
Works Include:
MISHRA, Vijay Indian-Australian postcolonial theorist.
Works Include:
MITCHELL, Juliet (born 1940). Contemporary British psychoanalytic feminist.
Works Include:
MOHANTY, Chanrda Talpade Indian-American postcolonial feminist. Known for her writing on the construction of 'Third World' women.
Works Include:
MOHANTY, Jitendra Nath (born 1928). Indian phenomenologist.
Works Include:
MOLTMANN, Jürgen (born 1926). Contemporary German theologian. Renowned for his "theology of hope."
Works Include:
MONTAIGNE, Michel Eyquen de (1533-1592). French thinker whose skepticism can be seen as a link between the Renaissance and Modernity. Most of his writings were in the form of essays.
Works Include:
Baron de MONTESQUIEU, Charles-Louis de Secondat (1689-1755). One of the more important philosophers of the French Enlightenment. Was a profound influence on the American Revolutionaries.
Works Include:
MOORE, Addison Webster (1866-1930). American pragmatic philosopher and one of the 'Chicago Pragmatists.'
Works Include:
MOORE, George Edward (1873-1958). British philosopher whose anti-metaphysical realism was integral in the founding of contemporary analytic philosophy. Was also a contemporary of Bertrand Russell.
Works Include:
MORE, Henry (1614-1687). English philosopher and leading thinker of the Cambridge Platonists.
Works Include:
MORGENTHAU, Hans Joachim (1904-1980). German-American political theorist associated with 'political realism'.
Works Include:
MOROT-SIR, Edouard (1910-1993). Sartre-inspired French philosopher who also has cited Pascal and Descartes as influences.
Works Include:
MORRIS, Charles William (1903-1979). American pragmatist, semiotician, and linguistic philosopher. Was a pupil of George Herbert Mead.
Works Include:
MORRIS, Meaghan Australian postmodern feminist theorist of culture.
Works Include:
MORRIS, William (1834-1896). English poet, artist, craftsman, and social reformer. While he is most well-known for his artistic contributions, he was also a radical socialist and produced writings on that subject. See my Anarchism Page
Works Include:
MOSCA, Gaetano (1858-1941). Famed Sicilian sociologist and theorist of power.
Works Include:
MOUFFE, Chantal (born 1943). Belgian post-Marxist theorist who occasionally collaborates with Ernesto Laclau.
Works Include:
MOUNIER, Emmanuel (1905-1950). French Catholic philosopher. Called his philosophy 'personalism.'
Works Include:
MUMFORD, Lewis (1895-1990). Well-known American sociologist and urban theorist.
Works Include:
MUÑOZ, José Romano (born 1953). Mexican existential phenomenologist. Influenced by Nicolai Hartmann and Max Scheler.
Works Include:
MURDOCH, Iris (1919-1999). Irish philosopher-author. She is known for her approach to virtue ethics and her writings on existentialism.
Works Include:
NAGEL, Ernest (1901-1985). American philosopher of science who drew upon Peirce's pragmatism in explaining his own theories.
Works Include:
NAGEL, Thomas (born 1937). British-American analytic philosopher who is famous for his 'view from nowhere.'
Works Include:
NANCY, Jean-Luc (born 1940). One of the lesser-known French post-structuralists. Oftentime collaborator with Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe.
Works Include:
NASR, Seyyed Hossein (born 1933). Iranian-American Muslim philosopher who has extensively explored the links between science and philosophy in the Muslim world.
Works Include:
NATANSON, Maurice (born 1924). American existential phenomenologist.
Works Include:
NATORP, Paul (1854-1924). German philosopher and one of the leading thinkers of the Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism.
Works Include:
NEGRI, Antonio (born 1933). Italian-born post-structuralist Marxist.
Works Include:
NELSON, Leonard (1882-1927). German philosopher and founder of the Neo-Friesian School.
Works Include:
NESMELOV, Victor Ivanovich :(1863-1920). Russian Christian existentialist.
Works Include:
NEURATH, Otto (1882-1945). Austrian philosopher of science and sociologist. Also a famed Logical Positivist.
Works Include:
NGUGI wa Thiong'o (born 1938). Kenyan postcolonial novelist and theorist.
Works Include:
NIEBUHR, Helmut Richard (1894-1962). American neo-orthodox theologian and brother of Reinhold.
Works Include:
NIEBUHR, Reinhold (1892-1971). Neo-Orthodox American theologian, and brother of Richard.
Works Include:
NIETZSCHE, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900). German philosopher. Famous for obscure (and often misunderstood) ideas such as the Ubermensch, the will to power, and eternal recurrence, Nietzsche is cited as perhaps THE chief source of postmodernism. Just as knowledge of Hegel, Kant, Husserl, and Heidegger are crucial to an understanding of contemporary continental philosophy, so is knowledge of Nietzsche. I highly recommend his Thus Spake Zarathustra for challenging reading.
Works Include:
Some Important Secondary Literature on Nietzsche Includes:
NISHIDA Kitaro (1870-1945). Japanese phenomenologist and religious thinker. Was influenced by Buddhist thought and Heidegger and Nietzsche.
Works Include:
NISHITANI Keiji (1900-1990). Japanese phenomenologist. Proufoundly influenced not just by his teacher Nishida Kitaro, but also by the "nihilism" of European thinkers like Nietzsche and Heidegger.
Works Include:
NISSIOTIS, Nikos (1924-1986). Greek Orthodox theologian whose themes and ideas were often close to Protestant neo-orthodoxy.
Works Include:
NKRUMAH, Kwame (1909-1972). Renowned African Marxist and important political figure in the history of Ghana.
Works Include:
NORRIS, John (1657-1711). English philosopher and leading British exponent of Malebranche's philosophy. Was also heavily influenced by the Cambridge Platonists.
Works Include:
NOZICK, Robert (1938-2002). American socio-political philosopher who, along with John Rawls, is known for his thoughts on contract theory.
Works Include:
NUSSBAUM, Martha C. (born 1947). American analytically-trained philosopher of law and ethics. Her The Fragility of Goodness is a modern classic of ethical thought.
NYERERE, Julius Kambarage (1922-1999). Tanzanian Marxist theorist and first president of Tanzania.
Works Include:
NYGREN, Anders (1890-1978). Famous Swedish Lutheran theologian who was part of the Lundensian school.
Works Include:
O'CONNOR, James Contemporary Marxist critic who has written famous analyses on the modern capitalist state.
Works Include:
OGDEN, Schubert Miles(born 1928). American process theologian who more or less follows Charles Hartshorne in much of his thinking.
Works Include:
OKEN, Lorenz (1779-1851). German Schelling-inspired philosopher and physician.
Works Include:
OLGIATI, Francesco (1886-1968). Italian philosopher who was heavily influenced by Augustinian thought as well as Italian thinker Rosmini.
Works Include:
OLIVER, Kelly (born 1958). Postmodern feminist concerned with the construction of subjectivity and ethics in an anti-foundationalist context.
Works Include:
OMAN, John (1860-1939). Scottish Presbyterian theologian whose Schleiermacher-inspired ideas had much in common with Neo-Orthodoxy.
Works Include:
ORTEGA Y GASSET, Jose (1883-1955). Spanish existential philosopher and writer.
Works Include:
OTTO, Rudolf (1869-1937). German Neo-Kantian philosopher of religion.
Works Include:
OU-YANG Ching-Wu (1871-1943). Chinese philosopher whose thought helped initiate a revival of Buddhist philosophy in late 19th and early 20th century China.
Works Include:
OWEN, Robert (1771-1858). Welsh industrialist and one of the first of the utopian socialists.
Works Include:
OWENS, Craig Important postmodern theorist of aesthetics who was one of the first male theorists to connect feminism with postmodernism.
Works Include:
PACI, Enzo (1911-1976). Italian existential phenomenologist who drew heavily upon the work of Husserl.
Works Include:
PABLO, Michel (1911-1996). Greek left-leaning Trotskyist who ended his life as a capitalist.
Works Include:
PALEY, William (1843-1905). English theologian-philosopher who was an advocate of a kind of natural theology.
Works Include:
PANNEKOEK, Anton (1873-1960). Dutch Marxist whose radical left-leaning theories were seminal in what is now known as 'council communism.'
Works Include:
PANNENBERG, Wolfhart (born 1928). Contemporary German Lutheran theologian whose work crosses disciplines and boundaries.
Works Include:
PANNIKKAR, Raimundo (born 1913). Indian-Spanish Catholic theologian who was profoundly influenced by Eastern thought, especially Hinduism.
Works Include:
PAP, Arthur (1921-1959). Swiss-American analytic philosopher.
Works Include:
PARAIN-VIAL, Jeanne (born 1912). French phenomenologist with an interest in structuralism as well.
Works Include:
PARETO, Vilfredo (1848-1923). Extremely prominent Italian sociologist who was renowned for his elitist theories.
Works Include:
PAREYSON, Luigi (1918-1991). Italian religious philosopher who drew upon sources as diverse as Italian idealism, modern existentialism, and the work of Kierkegaard.
Works Include:
PARFIT, Derek (born 1942). British analytic philosopher who specializes in ethics and philosophy of mind.
Works Include:
PARRY, Benita South African postcolonial theorist.
Works Include:
PARSONS, Talcott (1902-1979). American sociologist who was a founder of structural functionalism and a popularizer of Max Weber.
Works Include:
PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662). French philosopher and mathematician who is famous for his religious thought and his revolutionary contributions to higher math.
Works Include:
PATEMAN, Carole British feminist philosopher. Her work on social contract theory has been instrumental in undermining the concept of the gender-neutral subject in traditional political thought.
Works Include:
PATOCKA, Jan (1907-1977). Czech phenomenological philosopher who is becoming increasingly more important as awareness of his work increases.
Works Include:
PAVLOV, Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936). Russian physiologist whose work on stimulus-response and conditioning went on the influence the development of behavioral psychology.
Works Include:
PEANO, Giuseppe (1858-1932). Italian philosopher of mathematics and pioneering logician.
Works Include:
PEARSON, Karl (1857-1936). British mathematician, statistician, and philosopher of science and mathematics.
Works Include:
PÉGUY, Charles (1873-1914). French Socialist and Catholic writer.
Works Include:
PEIRCE, Charles Sanders (1839-1914). American philosopher and founder of pragmatism. Has also had a profound influence on modern semiotics.
Works Include:
Many of his important essays have been collected into some one volume editions, such as follows:
PEMA CHÖDRÖN [née Deirdre Blomfield-Brown] (born 1936). American-born Buddhist. One of the leading exponents of Tibetan Buddhism.
Works Include:
PEPERZAK, Adriaan Theodor (born 1929). Indonesian-born and European-educated phenomenologist/religious thinker. Is considered somewhat of an authority on Levinas and Husserl.
Works Include:
PERRY, Ralph Barton (1876-1957). American pragmatic 'new realist.' Heavily influenced by William James.
Works Include:
PETROVIC, Gajo (born 1927). Yugoslavian Marxist theorist who was influenced by humanist and existentialist intepretations of Marx.
Works Include:
PETZÄLL, Ake (1901-1957). Swedish analytic philosopher and ally of the Logical Positivists.
Works Include:
PFÄNDER, Alexander (1871-1941). German phenomenologist of the realist variety and pupil of Edmund Husserl.
Works Include:
PHILLIPS, Dewi Zephaniah (born 1934). Wittgensteinian-inspired British philosopher of ethics and religion.
Works Include:
PICKSTOCK, Catherine Contemporary British theologian-philosopher and advocate of 'radical orthodoxy'.
Works Include:
PIEPER, Josef (1904-1997). German Thomist philosopher-theologian.
Works Include:
PIRENNE, Henri (1862-1935). Belgian historian who influenced the founding of the Annales school.
Works Include:
PLANTINGA, Alvin (born 1932). American analytically-inspired philosopher of religion.
Works Include:
PLEKHANOV, Georgy Valentinovich (1856-1918). Russian theorist who helped introduce Marxism into Russia in the late 19th century.
Works Include:
POINCARÉ, Jules Henri (1854-1912). French mathematician-physicist who was also a philosopher of science.
Works Include:
POLANYI, Michael (1891-1976). Hungarian chemist and philosopher who was concerned with what he called 'tacit knowledge.'
Works Include:
POLKINGHORNE, John (born 1930). British theologian and scientist who is concerned with the intersection of contemporary science and religion.
Works Include:
POLYA, Geroge (1887-1985). Hungarian-American mathematician and philosopher of mathematics.
Works Include:
POPPER, Karl (1902-1994). Austrian-born British philosopher of science. Famous for his theory of 'falsifiablity' in science as well as his social writings against totalitarianism.
Works Include:
POUND, Roscoe (1870-1964). Famed American philosopher of law and ethics. Was also an amateur botanist.
Works Include:
PREOBRAZHENSKY, Evgenii (????-1937). Russian Marxist theorist who was killed during the the reign of Stalin.
Works Include:
PRIESTLEY, Joseph (1733-1804). English theologian and scientist. His political writings had an influence utilitarianism.
Works Include:
PRIGOGINE, Ilya (born 1917). Russian-born Belgian scientist and philosopher of science. Won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1977. Also famous for his work on chaos theory.
Works Include:
PRIOR, Arthur Norman (1914-1969). British logician who is the founder of what is known as 'temporal logic' and who also sought a logical basis for ethics.
Works Include:
PROPP, Vladimir Iakovlevich (1895-1970). Russian literary theorist whose Formalist-inspired analyses are classics in structuralism.
Works Include:
PRYCHITKO, David L. (born 1962). Contemporary American economist who is not only Marxist-influenced but also influenced by capitalist theorists like Von Mises. Has also written quite a bit on self-management in economics.
Works Include:
PUTNAM, Hilary (born 1926). Pragmatically-influenced analytic philosopher.
Works Include: