CONTEMPORARY THINKERS: Q THROUGH Z





IMPORTANT THINKERS, BY LAST NAME




Q




QUINE, Willard Von Orman(1908-2000). Contemporary American analytic thinker. He--along with Donald Davidson, Wilfrid Sellars, and Nelson Goodman--helped to de-center analytic epistemology and pave the way for post-analytic thinking.

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R



RADEK, Karl  (1885-1939). Radical Polish Marxist and contemporary of Lenin who was killed under Stalin's dictatorship. Was primariliy a pamphleteer. many of the below pamphlets were collected in Portraits and Pamphlets

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RAHNER, Karl  (1904-1984). Catholic theologian who has had a profound impact on religious thought in this century.

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RAMSEY, Frank Plumpton  (1903-1930). British logician and philosopher of mathematics. For having had such a short life, he made enormous contributions to fields such as semantics, logic, mathematics, economics, and more.

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RANK, Otto  (1884-1937). Austrian psychoanalyst, pupil of Sigmund Freud, and expounder of Freudian theories.

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RANSOM, John Crowe  (1888-1974). American poet and literary theorist. Advocate of the 'New Criticism'.

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RASCHKE, Carl A.  (born 1944). American postmodern philosopher of religion.

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RASHDALL, Hastings  (1858-1924). English philosopher who managed to combine elements of idealism and utilitarianism into 'ideal utilitarianism.'

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RAUSCHENBUSCH, Walter  (1861-1918). American Baptist pastor and one of the leading exponents of the social gospel.

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RAWLS, John  (1921-2002). Contemporary American political philosopher who has proposed a variation on social contract theory in his work A Theory of Justice.

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RÉGIS, Pierre-Sylvain  (1632-1707). French philosopher and one of the earliest defenders of Cartesian philosophy.

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REICH, Wilhelm  (1897-1957). Austrian-born psychological theorist who was renowned for his highly unorthodox ideas which focused on sexual energy. Was also involved in Communist activities. Died in an American prison.

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REICHENBACH, Hans  (1891-1953). German logical positivist and philosopher of science. One of the most famous of all logical positivists.

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REID, Thomas  (1710-1796). Scottish philosopher who is known for founding the 'Common Sense' school.

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REINACH, Adolf  (1883-1918). German phenomenologist who, contra Husserl, embraced what has come to be know as a realist phenomenology. Died fighting in World War One.

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REINHOLD, Karl Leonhard  (1758-1823). German post-Kantian idealistic philosopher.

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RENAN, Ernest  (1823-1892). French philosopher, historian, essayist and critic. He sought to reconcile the findings of modern science with the teachings of Christianity.

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RENAUT, Alain  (born 1949). Contemporary French philosopher who has touched upon many areas of importance, such as politics and notions of subjectivity. He and often-time collaborator Luc Ferry have attempted to re-cast humanism in a new light as a response to what they see as the "anti-humanism" of the French postmodern theorists.

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RENOUVIER, Charles Bernard  (1815-1903). French philosopher whose very original system can be characterized as a Kant-inspired pluralist idealism. His ideas went on to influence William James.

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RESCHER, Nicholas  (born 1928). Contemporary pragmatically-influenced analytic philosopher of science and epistemologist.

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RICARDO, David  (1772-1823). English economist who helped found "classical" economic theory.

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RICH, Adrienne  (born 1929). Contmporary American poet and lesbian feminist. I highly recommend her writings.

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RICHARDS, Ivor Armstrong  (1893-1979). British literary critic and advocate of 'New Criticism'.

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RICHTER, Johann Paul Friedrich[aka "Jean Paul"]  (1763-1825). German Romantic author and thinker. He combined Ficthean idealism with Romantic ideas, and was an influence on American Transcendentalism.

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RICKERT, Heinrich  (1863-1936). Leading German Neo-Kantian philosopher.

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RICOEUR, Paul  (1913-2005). Contemporary French theologian and hermeneutic phenomenologist.

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RIEHL, Alois  (1844-1924). Realist German Neo-Kantian.

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RITCHIE, David George  (1853-1902). Scottish philosopher who connected British Idealism to political concerns.

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RITSCHL, Albrecht Benjamin  (1822-1889). Famous German Protestant theologian. Ritschl is usually considered the most important advocate of theological liberalism.

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ROBBE-GRILLET, Alain  (born 1922). French postmodern author and proponent--along with Sarraute and Duras--of le nouveau roman (the new novel).

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ROBINSON, John Arthur Thomas  (1919-1983). Anglican Bishop whose famous Honest to God helped trigger the secular and death-of-god theological movements.

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ROGERS, Carl  (1902-1987). Famed American existential psychoanalyst who is well known for his 'client-centered' approach.

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RONELL, Avital   Contemporary Czech postmodern theorist of culture.

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RORTY, Richard  (born 1931). American pragmatically-inspired post-analytic philosopher and self-described 'liberal ironist'. Is also a prominent theorist of the postmodern.

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ROSE, Gillain  (1947-1995). British Frankfurt School-inspired philosopher/critic. Like Slavoj Zizek, Rose looked at many 'postmodern' concerns through a decidedly Hegelian lense.

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ROSE, Jacqueline   British psychoanalytic feminist with an interest in Jacques Lacan.

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ROSEN, Stanley  (born 1931). American philosopher and enthusiast for the classics (e.g., Plato, Aristotle). He is a staunch critic of much phenomenological and postmodern philosophy.

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ROSENBLATT, Louise Michelle   Important literary theorist associated with reader-response criticism.

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ROSENKRANZ, Karl  (1805-1879). German Hegelian philosopher

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ROSENZWEIG, Franz  (1886-1929). German-Jewish existential phenomenologist.

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ROSMINI-SERBATI, Antonio  (1797-1855). Italian philosopher who combined elements of Catholic theology with social and political philosophy.

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ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques  (1712-1778). French Enlightenment thinker. Famous for his renowned "social contract," which has been getting alot of attention in recent years.

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ROUSSELOT, Pierre  (1878-1915). French Thomist theologian.

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ROYCE, Josiah  (1855-1916). American philosopher. Royce was the leading idealist philosopher of his generation and exerted a huge influence on philosophy.

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ROZANOV, Vasily  (1856-1919). Russian thinker who was somewhat existential and was highly critical of Christianity in his day.

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RUBINSTEIN, Richard L.  (born 1924). Radical American Jewish death-of-god theologian.

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RUETHER, Rosemary Radford  (born 1936). Perhaps the most famous of all Christian feminist theologians.

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RUGE, Arnold  (1802-1880). German-Swedish left-Hegelian and contemporary of Karl Marx.

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RUSSELL, Bertrand  (1872-1970). Famed British philosopher who was not just a thinker from the analytic tradition, but also an activist and a humanist.

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RUSSELL, Letty M.   Along with Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza and Rosemary Radford Ruether, one of the major feminist theologians of the twentieth century.

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RUST, George  (died 1670). English bishop and one of the Cambridge Platonists.

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RYLE, Gilbert  (1900-1976). Famous British analytic philosopher who was well known for his attack on Cartesian dualism.

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S



SAID, Edward  (1935-2003). Palestinian-American literary critic, theorist of postmodernity, and post-colonial thinker.

Works Include:

  • Beginnings: Intention and Method
  • Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World
  • Culture and Imperialism
  • Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography
  • Musical Elaborations
  • Orientalism
  • The Pen and the Sword
  • The Politics of Dispossession: The Struggle for Palestinian Self-Determination, 1969-1994
  • The Question of Palestine
  • The World, the Text, and the Critic
  • Yeats and Decolonization



SAINT-SIMON, Claude Henri de Rouvroy  (1760-1825). French utopian socialist who was a huge influence on radical movements of his day.

Works Include:

  • Letter from an Inhabitant of Geneva
  • New Christianity
  • On Social Organization
  • The Science of Man



SALECL, Renata  (born 1962). Contemporary Critical Theorist of the Slovenian-Lacanian school.

Works Include:

  • Die Politick der Phantasmus: Nationalismus, Feminismus, und Psychoanalyse
  • Die Schatten der Liebe
  • Discipline as the Condition of Freedom
  • (Per)Versions of Love and Hate
  • The Spoils of Freedom: Psychoanalysis and Feminism After the Fall of Socialism
  • Why Do We Obey Power? Social Control, Ideology, and Ideological Functions



SALLIS, John  (born 1938). Contemporary American phenomenologist.

Works Include:

  • Being and Logos: Reading the Platonic Dialogues
  • Chorology: On Beginning in Plato's Timaeus
  • Crossings: Nietzsche and the Space of Tragedy
  • Delimitations: Phenomenology and the End of Metaphysics
  • Echoes: After Heidegger
  • Force of Imagination: The Sense of the Elemental
  • The Gathering of Reason
  • Phenomenology and the Return to Beginnings
  • Spacings of Reason and Imagination in Kant, Fichte, Hegel



SANGARI, Kumkum   Indian postcolonial theorist who is known for his writings on feminism.

Works Include:

  • From Myths to Market: Essays on Gender
  • "Gender Lines: Personal Law, Common Law, Conversion"
  • "Identity Politics"
  • "Politics of Diversity: Religious Communities and Multiple Patriarchies"
  • Politics of the Possible: Essays on Gender, History, Narrative, Colonial English
  • Women and Culture



SANTAYANA, George[né Jorge Augustin Nicolás Ruiz De Santayana]  (1863-1952). Spanish-American pragmatic-realist philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Dominations and Powers
  • The Life of Reason
  • Realms of Being(4 volumes)
  • Scepticism and Animal Faith
  • The Sense of Beauty
  • Winds of Doctrine



SARRAUTE, Nathalie[née Nathalie Ilyanova Tcherniak]  (1900-1999). Russian-French novelist and literary critic. Her radical writing style marked her as a "postmodern" literary figure and she was loosely connected with the 'new novel'.

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SARTRE, Jean-Paul  (1905-1981). Famous French existentialist and Marxist.

Works Include:

  • Anti-Semite and Jew
  • Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology
  • Critique of Dialectical Reason
  • Existentialism and Humanism
  • Existentialism and Human Emotions
  • The Flies
  • Nausea
  • No Exit
  • Transcendence of the Ego



SATOLLI, Francesco  (1839-1910). Italian Thomist theologian who influenced future Thomistic thinkers.

Works Include:

  • Commentary on the Summa Theologia of Saint Thomas(5 volumes)
  • Enchiridion Philosophiae
  • Loyalty to Church and State



de SAUSSURE, Ferdinand  (1857-1913). Swiss linguist. Saussure is the founder of modern structuralism. many of his lecture notes and writings were compiled posthumously as the Course in General Linguistics.

Works Include:

  • Course in General Linguistics



SCHACHTMAN, Max  (1904-1972). American Trotskyist who was an important leader of various wings of the American socialist movements.

Works Include:

  • The Fight for Socialism
  • The Genesis of Trotskyism



SCHAEFFER, Francis  (1912-1984). American Christian thinker who used a straight-forward writing style to espouse a Bible-based philosophy. Among the most influential Christian thinkers of the 20th century--especially among lay people.

Works INcluden

  • A Christian Manifesto
  • Escape From Reason
  • The God Who is There
  • He is There and He is Not Silent
  • How Should We Then Live?
  • The Mark of the Christian
  • Pollution and the Death of Man
  • True Spirituality



SCHAFF, Adam  (born 1913). Polish Marxist theorist who for a while was an "official" ideologue of the Communist Party in Poland. Has since changed his position to something more "humanistic".

Works Include:

  • Alienation as a Social Phenomenon
  • Le Mouvement Communiste à la Croisée des Chemins
  • Marxism and the Human Individual
  • Philosophy of Man
  • Structuralism and Marxism



SCHELER, Max  (1874-1928). German philosopher whose work is generally considered phenomenological, yet straddles the line between disciplines.

Works Include:

  • Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Value
  • The Idols of Self-Knowledge
  • Man's Place in the Cosmos
  • Man's Place in Nature
  • The Nature of Sympathy
  • On the Eternal in Man
  • Ordo Amoris
  • Problems of a Sociology of Knowledge
  • Repentance and Re-Birth
  • Ressentiment



SCHELLING, Friedrich  (1775-1854). Post-Kantian German idealist. Like Fichte, considered a link between Kant and Hegel.

Works Include:

  • The Ages of the World
  • Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature
  • On the Divine and Natural Principle of Things
  • On the World-Soul
  • Philosophy of Mythology
  • Philosophy of Religion
  • Philosophy of Revelation
  • System of Transcendental Philosophy



SCHILLEBEECKX, Edward  (born 1914). Contemporary Dutch Catholic theologian. He has written in a wide variety of areas, but is noted especially for his contributions to Christology.

Works Include:

  • The Authority of Believers(with Peter Huizing)
  • Celibacy
  • Christ: The Experience of Jesus as Lord
  • Christ: The Sacrament of the Encounter With God
  • Christ, the Christian Experience, and the Modern World
  • Church: The Human Story of God
  • Church With a Human Face: A New and Expanded Theology of Ministry
  • The Concept of Truth and Theological Renewal
  • God Among Us: The Gospel Proclaimed
  • God and Man
  • God is New Each Moment
  • God, the Future of Man
  • Jesus, An Experiment in Christology
  • Jesus in our Western Culture: Mysticism, Ethics, and Politics
  • The Layman in the Church
  • Mission of the Church
  • Paul the Apostle
  • Revelation and Theology
  • The Understanding of Faith



SCHILLER, Ferdinand Canning Scott  (1864-1937). British pragmatist humanist who has had enormous influence on analytic philosophy.

Works Include:

  • Humanism
  • Logic for Use
  • Our Human Truths
  • Problems of Belief
  • Riddles of the Sphinx



SCHILLER, Johann Christoph Friedrich von  (1759-1805). German romantic poet, dramtist, and thinker.

Works Include:

  • Don Carlos
  • The Maiden of Orleans
  • Ode to Joy
  • On the Aesthetic Education of Man
  • On the Naïve and Sentimental in Literature
  • On the Sublime
  • The Robbers



SCHLEIERMACHER, Friedrich  (1768-1834). German religious philosopher. He put an emphasis on the emotional aspect of religion, as opposed to a purely rational experience. He also is considered one of the founders of modern philosophical hermeneutics.

Works Include:

  • Brief Outline of Theology as a Field of Study
  • The Christian Faith
  • Dialectic, or the Art of Doing Philosophy
  • Hermeneutics and Criticism
  • Introductions to the Dialogues of Plato
  • On Freedom
  • On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers
  • On the Highest Good



SCHLICK, Friedrich Albert Moritz  (1882-1936). Famous German logical positivist who was murdered by a deranged student.

Works Include:

  • General Theory of Knowledge
  • Natur und Kultur
  • Philosophy of Nature
  • Problems of Ethics
  • Space and Time in Contemporary Physics



SCHLINK, Edmund  (1903-1984). German Lutheran theologian who was influenced by the thought of Karl Barth.

Works Include:

  • After the Council
  • The Coming Christ and the Coming Church
  • Mensch in der Verkündigung der Kirche
  • Ökumenische Dogmatik
  • Theology of the Lutheran Confessions



SCHMIDT, Alfred  (born 1931). German Critical Theorist who studied under Adorno and Horkheimer.

Works Include:

  • The Concept of Nature in Marx
  • Die Kritische Theorie als Geschichtsphilosophie
  • Drei Studien über Materialismus, Schopenhauer, Horkheimer, Glücksproblem
  • History and Structure: An Essay On Hegelian-Marxist and Structuralist Theories of History



SCHMITT, Carl  (1888-1985). German political philosopher who--like many of his generation--was associated with the Nazis. He is well-known for his scathing critiques of liberalism.

Works Include:

  • The Concept of the Political
  • The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy
  • The Idea of Representation
  • Political Romanticism
  • Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty
  • The Tyranny of Values



SCHOLEM, Gershom  (1897-1982). German-born Jewish scholar and leading thinker associated with the academic study of Kabbalah. Anyone seriously interested in learning about the Kabbalah needs to start with his books.

Works Include:

  • Kabbalah
  • Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism
  • On Jews and Judaism in Crisis
  • On the Kabbalah and its Symbolism
  • On the Mystical Shape of the Godhead
  • Sabbati Sevi: The Mystical Messiah



SCHOLZ, Heinrich  (1884-1956). German postivist philosopher of religion who was trained in mathematics and logic.

Works Include:

  • Christentum und Wissenschaft in Schleiermachers Glaubenslehre
  • Eros und Caritas
  • Glaube und Unglaube in der Weltgeschichte
  • Religionsphilosophie



SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur  (1788-1860). German pessimistic philosopher who reacted to Hegel and ended up influencing Nietzsche.

Works Include:

  • Counsels and Maxims
  • Essay on the Freedom of the Will
  • The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason
  • On the Basis of Morality
  • Religion: A Dialogue
  • Studies in Pessimism
  • The Wisdom of Life
  • The World as Will and Representation



SCHRAG, Calvin O.  (born 1928). Contemporary American Critical Theorist and hermeneutic thinker. Influenced by Habermas and phenomenology.

Works Include:

  • Communicative Praxis and the Space of Subjectivity
  • Existence and Freedom: Towards an Ontology of Human Freedom
  • Experience and Being: Prolegomena to a Future Ontology
  • Philosophical Papers: Betwixt and Between
  • Radical Reflection and the Origin of the Human Sciences
  • The Resources of Rationality: A Response to the Postmodern Challenge
  • The Self After Postmodernity



SCHULZE, Gottlob Ernst  (1761-1833). German anti-Kantian sceptical philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Ænesidemus
  • Kritik der Theoretischen Philosophie(2 volumes)



SCHÜRMANN, Reiner  (1941-1993). French-German phenomenological thinker.

Works Include:

  • Heidegger on Being and Acting: From Principles to Anarchy
  • "Legislation-Transgression, Strategies and COunter-Strategies in the Transcendental Justification of Norms"
  • Les Origines
  • Meister Eckhart, Mystic and Philosopher
  • "Offering Oneself as an Anarchical Subject"



SCHÜSSLER FIORENZA, Elisabeth  (born 1938). Contemporary feminist theologian.

Works Include:

  • Book of Revelation: Justice and Thought
  • Bread Not Stone: The Challenege of Feminist Biblical Interpretation
  • But She Said: Feminist Practices of Biblical Interpretation
  • Discipleship of Equals: A Critical Feminist Ekklesia-Logy of Liberation
  • In Memory of Her: A Feminist Theological Reconstruction of Christian Origins
  • Jesus: Miriam's Child, Sophia's Prophet: Critical Issues in Feminist Christology
  • Jesus and the Politics of Interpretation
  • Rhetoric and Ethic: The Politics of Biblical Studies
  • Searching the Scriptures
  • Sharing Her Word: Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Context



SCHUTZ, Alfred  (1899-1959). German phenomenological social theorist.

Works Include:

  • Life-Forms and Meaning Structure
  • On Phenomenology and Social Relations
  • Phenomenology and the Social World
  • Reflections on the Problem of Relevance
  • The Structures of the Life-World



SCHWEITZER, Albert  (1875-1965). German theological liberal who was world-famous for his dedication to peace.

Works Include:

  • Civilization and Ethics
  • The Kingdom of God and Primitive Christianity
  • The Lord's Supper in Relationship to the Life of Jesus and the History of the Early Church
  • The Mystery of the Kingdom of God: The Secret of Jesus' Messiahship and Passion
  • Mysticism of Paul the Apostle
  • Paul and His Interpreters: A Critical History
  • The Philosophy of Civilization
  • Quest of the Historical Jesus



SCIACCA, Michele Federico  (1908-1975). Italian philosopher who combined classic philosophical ideas (those of Plato, for example) with Roman Catholic religious ideas. Some of his ideas are similar to those of other religious existentialists.

Works Include:

  • Atto ed Essere
  • Chiesa e la Civiltà Moderna
  • Dallattualismo allo Spiritualismo Critico
  • Estetismo, Kierkegaard, Pirandello
  • Ontologia Triadica e Trinitaria
  • Pascal
  • Philosophical Trends in the Contemporary World
  • Platone
  • Problema di Dio



SEARLE, John R.  (born 1932). American analytic philosopher of mind and of language.

Works Include:

  • Chomsky's Revolution in Linguistics
  • The Construction of Social Reality
  • Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory fo Speech Acts
  • Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind
  • Minds, Brains, and Programs
  • The Mystery of Consciousness
  • The Rediscovery of Mind
  • Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language



SEEBOHM, Thomas M.  (born 1934). Contemporary German phenomenologist.

Works Include:

  • Die Bedingungen der Möglichkeit der Transzendentalphilosophie
  • Kant and Phenomenology
  • Philosophie der Logik
  • Ratio und Charisma
  • Zur Kritik der hermeneutischen Vernunft



SEGUNDO, Juan Luis  (1925-1996). Uruguayan liberation theologian.

Works Include:

  • The Christ of the Ignatian Exercises
  • Faith and Ideologies
  • The Hidden Motives of Pastoral Action: Latin American Reflections
  • The Humanist Christology of Paul
  • The Liberation of Dogma
  • The Liberation of Theology
  • Signs of the Times: Theological Reflection



SELLARS, Roy Wood  (1880-1973). American Critical Realist philosopher who was also father of Wilfrid Sellars.

Works Include:

  • Critical Realism: A Study of the Nature and Conditions of Knowledge
  • Evolutionary Naturalism
  • Neglected Alternatives: Critical Essays
  • The Philosophy of Physical Realism
  • Principles, Perspectives, and Problems of Philosophy
  • Principles of Emergent Realism
  • Reflection on American Philosophy from Within
  • Social Patterns and Political Horizons



SELLARS, Wilfrid  (1912-1989). American analytic philosopher whose antifoundationalism--along with the though of Quine, Donald Davidson, and Nelson Goodman--helped lead to post-analytic thinking.

Works Include:

  • The Metaphysics of Epistemology
  • Naturalism and Ontology
  • Philosophical Perspectives
  • Pure Pragmatics and Possible Worlds: Early Essays
  • Science, Perception, and Reaity
  • Science and Metaphysics: Variations on Kantian Themes



SERRES, Michel  (born 1930). French thinker who draws upon structuralism, philosophy of science and the arts.

Works Include:

  • Atlas
  • The Birth of Physics
  • Detachment
  • La Distribution
  • The Five Senses
  • Genesis
  • L'Hermaphrodite: Sarrasine Sculpteur
  • Hermes: Literature, Science, Philosophy
  • The Natural Contract
  • The Parasite
  • Rome: The Book of Foundations
  • The Troubadour of Knowledge



SERTILLANGES, Antonin Dalmace  (1863-1948). French Dominican Thomist theologian.

Works Include:

  • Foundations of Thomistic Philosophy
  • The Intellectual Life: Its Spirits, Conditions, and Methods
  • Walking With Jesus in the Holy Land
  • What Jesus Saw From the Cross



SETH PRINGLE-PATTISON, Andrew  (1856-1931). Scottish philosopher and British Hegelian idealist.

Works Include:

  • Development from Kant to Hegel
  • Hegelianism and Personality
  • Idea of God in Light of Recent Philosophy
  • Man's Place in the Cosmos
  • Studies in the Philosophy of Religion



Earl of SHAFTESBURY, Anthony Ashley Cooper  (1671-1713). English philosopher who was a contemporary (and friend) of John Locke. His numerous essays were collected under the title Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions and Times.

Works Include:

  • "An Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit"
  • "A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm"
  • "The Moralist"
  • "Sensus Communis"
  • "Soliloquy"



SHAH, Sayed Idries el-Hashimi  (1924-1996). Indian-born Muslim scholar who has done much in the twentieth century to advance the study of Sufism.

Works Include:

  • Knowing How to Know: A Practical Philosophy in the Sufi Tradition
  • Seeker After Truth
  • The Sufis
  • Thinkers of the East: Studies in Experimentalism
  • The Way of the Sufi
  • Wisdom of the Idiots



SHEEHAN, Thomas   Contemporary American Heideggerian theologian-philosopher.

Works Include:

  • "Derrida and Heidegger"
  • The First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity
  • "Heidegger, Aristotle, and Phenomenology"
  • Heidegger, the Man and the Thinker(editor)
  • "How (Not) To Read Heidegger"
  • Karl Rahner: The Philosophical Foundations
  • "On Movement and the Destruction of Ontology"



SHELLEY, Percy Bysshe  (1792-1822). English Romantic poet and author. Was very radical in many of his ideas on religion and politics.

Works Include:

  • Adonais
  • The Cenci
  • The Necessity of Atheism
  • Prometheus Unbound
  • Queen Mab
  • The Revolt of Islam



SHESTOV, Lev  (1866-1938). Russian religious philosopher whose philosophy was a sort of "anti-rational" existentialism.

Works Include:

  • All Things are Possible and Penultimate Words
  • Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, and Nietzsche
  • In Job's Balances: On the Sources of Eternal Truths
  • Kierkegaard and the Existential Philosophy
  • Potestas Clavium
  • Speculation and Revelation
  • Turgenev



SHOHAM, Shlomo Giora  (born 1929). Radical Jungian-influenced Jewish theologian-philosopher who has published in areas such as law, theology, criminology, and literature. His efforts are noteworthy because he has sought to create a theology of immanence, instead of transcendence.

Works Include:

  • The Bridge to Nothingness: Gnosis, Kabbalah, Existentialism and the Transcendental Predicament of Man
  • God as the Shadow of Man: Myth and Creation
  • Rebellion, Creativity, and Revelation
  • Salvation Through the Gutters
  • Valhalla, Calvary, and Auschwitz
  • The Violence of Silence: The Impossibility of Dialogue



SHPET, Gustav  (1879-1937). Russian Neo-Kantian phenomenologist who introduced Husserl's ideas into Russia.

Works Include:

  • Aesthetic Fragments
  • Appearance and Sense
  • "Consciousness and Its Proprietor"
  • Hermeneutics and Its Problems
  • History as a Problem of Logic
  • Inner Form of the World: Studies and Variations on a Humboldtian Theme


SIDGWICK, Henry  (1838-1900). Like J.S. Mill and Jeremy Bentham, Sidgwick was a famous British utilitarian philosopher.

Works Include:

  • The Development of European Polity
  • Elements of Politics
  • Methods of Ethics
  • Principles of Political Economy
  • The Scope and Method of Economic Science



SILVERMAN, Hugh J.   Contemporary American phenomenologist with an interest in contemporary movements like deconstruction and structuralism.

Works Include:

  • "For a Hermeneutic Semiology of the Self"
  • "Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty: Interpreting Hegel"
  • Inscriptions: After Phenomenology and Structuralism
  • "Introduction" to Cultural Semiosis: Tracing the Signifier
  • "Re-Reading Merleau-Ponty"
  • "Self Decentering: Derrida Incorporated"
  • Textualities: Between Hermeneutics and Deconstruction
  • "Textuality and the End of Modernity"
  • "Writing (On Deconstruction) at the Edge of Metaphysics"



SIMMEL, Georg  (1858-1918). Famed German sociologist whose sociological analyses touched upon a diverse range of issues, including but not limited to contemporary philosophy, economics, and ethics.

Works Include:

  • Conflict
  • Introduction to the Science of Ethics
  • Lebensanschauung
  • Makers of Modern Social Science
  • On Social Differentiation
  • The Philosophy of Money
  • The Problems of a Philosophy of History
  • Religion
  • Schopenhauer and Nietzsche
  • Sociology: Investigation on the Forms of Sociation



SIMON, Yves  (1903-1961). French Catholic philosopher who connected Thomistic thought to democratic theory.

Works Include:

  • Definition of Moral Virtue
  • Foresight and Knowledge
  • An Introduction to Metaphysics of Knoweldge
  • Philosophy of Democratic Government
  • The Tradition of Natural Law: A Philosopher's Reflection



SKINNER, Burrhus Frederic  (1904-1990). American psychologist who is one of the pioneers in behaviorist psychology.

Works Include:

  • About Behaviorism
  • The Behavior of Organisms
  • Beyond Freedom and Dignity
  • Schedules of Reinforcement
  • Science and Human Behavior
  • Walden Two



SKOVORODA, Gregory Saviich  (1722-1794). Ukrainian theologian-philosopher who incorporated elements of Neo-Platonism and German mysticism into his thought.

Works Include:

  • Fables and Aphorisms
  • Piznai v Sobi Liudnyu
  • Tvory u Dvokh Tomakh



SMART, John James Carswell  (born 1920). Australian analytic philosopher of mind and of science.

Works Include:

  • Atheism and Theism(with John Haldane)
  • Between Science and Philosophy: An Introduction to Philosophy of Science
  • Essays Metaphysical and Moral
  • Ethics, Persuasion, and Truth
  • Our Place in the Universe
  • Philosophy and Scientific Realism
  • Utilitarianism: For and Against(with Bernard Williams)



SMITH, Adam  (1723-1790). Scottish economist and political theorist. Is considered one of the founders of moder-day capitalism.

Works Include:

  • Essay on Colonies
  • Theory of Moral Sentiments
  • The Wealth of Nations



SMITH, John  (1618-1652). English philosopher and one of the lesser-known Cambridge Platonists.

Works Include:

  • Discourses
  • Natural Truth of Christianity
  • True Way of Attaining Divine Knowledge



SMITH, Wilfred Cantwell  (1916-2000). Canadian philosopher of religion and theorist in the field of comparative religion.

Works Include:

  • Islam in Modern History
  • The Meaning and End of Religion
  • Modern Islam in India
  • Towards a World Theology



SÖDERBLOM, Nathan  (1866-1931). Swedish Lutheran bishop and theologian. He was a famous advocate of ecumenism and agitator for peace (for which he was awarded the 1930 Nobel Peace Prize).

Works Include:

  • Christian Fellowship
  • Church and Peace
  • The Death and Resurrection of Christ
  • The Living God
  • The Mystery of the Cross
  • The Nature of Revelation



SOELLE< Dorothee  (1929-2003). German-American feminist theologian whose work draws upon mysticism and liberation theology.

Works Include:

  • On Earth as in Heaven: A Liberation Spirituality of Sharing
  • The Silent Cry: Mysticism and Resistance
  • The Strength of the Weak: Toward a Christian Feminist Identity
  • Suffering
  • Theology for Skeptics: Reflections on God
  • To Work and To Love: A Theology of Creation
  • The Window of Vulnerability: A Political Spirituality



SOLOVEITCHIK, Joseph  (1903-1993). Lithuanian-American rabbi and Jewish theologian. Spent his career advancing Orthodox Judaism and supporting Zionism.

Works Include:

  • Halakhic Man
  • The Lonely Man of Faith
  • On Repentance
  • The Voice of My Beloved is Knocking



SOLOVYOV, Vladimir  (1853-1900). Russian religious thinker/theologian who touched upon many areas, from phenomenology to a radical critique of rationalism.

Works Include:

  • The Crisis of Western Philosophy
  • The Justification of the Good
  • Lectures on Divine Humanity
  • The Meaning of Love
  • War, Progress, and the End of History



SOJA, Edward   Contemporary theorist of geography and the effects of spatiality on conceptions of difference and identity.

Works Include:

  • Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions
  • Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory
  • Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places



SONTAG, Susan  (1933-2004). Literary and art critic whose essays in the 60s and 70s were early examples of "postmodern" criticism. I personally recommend the essay "Against Interpretation."

Works Include:

  • Against Interpretation, and Other Essays
  • AIDS and its Metaphors
  • Alice in Bed
  • Freud: The Mind of the Moralist(with Philip Rieff)
  • Homo Poeticus: Essays and Interviews
  • Illness as Metaphor
  • Literature
  • On Photography
  • Styles of Radical Will
  • Under the Sign of Saturn



SOROKIN, Pitrim Alexandrovich  (1880-1968). Pioneering Russian-American sociologist who did important studies in areas such as social change and social mobility.

Works Include:

  • Contemporary Sociological Theories
  • Fads and Foibles in Modern Sociology
  • Social and Cultural Dynamics
  • Social Mobility
  • The Social Philosophies of an Age of Crisis
  • Sociocultural Causality, Space, and Time



SPAVENTA, Bertrando  (1817-1883). Italian Hegelian philosopher and historian of philosophy.

Works Include:

  • Ettica dell'Idealismo
  • Filosofia Italiana nelle sue Relazioni con la Filosofia Europea
  • Lezione di Antropologia



SPELMAN, Elizabeth V.   Contemporary American feminist philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Fruits of Sorrow: The Use and Abuse of Suffering
  • Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought



SPENCER, Herbert  (1820-1903). British social theorist who was primarily known for his support of "Social Darwinism." Some of his political writings have had profound influence on libertarians of today (both right and left wing).

Works Include:

  • The Coming Slavery and other essays
  • The Data of Ethics
  • Education: Intellectual, Moral and Physical
  • Essays on Education and Kindred Subjects
  • Facts and Comments
  • First Principles of a New System of Philosophy
  • Illustrations of Universal Ethics
  • Man Versus the State
  • Principles of Ethics(2 volumes)
  • Principles of Sociology(3 volumes)
  • The Study of Sociology



SPENGLER, Oswald  (1880-1936). German social philosopher whose rather pessimistic The Decline of the West was profoundly popular among disillusioned post-World War One German intellectuals. In the later years of his life, his work took on an almost Fascist tone.

Works Include:

  • The Decline of the West(2 volumes)
  • The Hour of Decision
  • Man and Technics: A Contribution to a Philosophy of Life
  • Neubau des Reiches
  • Reden und Aufsätze



SPIEGELBERG, Herbert  (1904-1990). German phenomenologist and famed historian of phenomenology.

Works Include:

  • Context of the Phenomenological Movement
  • Doing Phenomenology
  • Pfänder Studien
  • The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Introduction
  • Phenomenology in Psychology and Psychiatry: A Historical Introduction
  • Steppingstones Toward an Ethic for Fellow Existers: Essays, 1944-1983



SPINOZA, Baruch  (1632-1677). Portugese-Dutch Jewish philosopher. One of the famed "continental rationalists" (along with Descartes and Leibniz). His work was a combination of rationalist metaphysics and pantheistic Judaism.

Works Include:

  • Ethics
  • On the Improvement of the Understanding
  • The Principles of Descartes' Philosophy
  • A Theologico-Politcal Treatise
  • Thoughts on Metaphysics



SPIRITO, Ugo  (1896-1979). Italian idealist philosopher whose social and political philosophy went on to have an influence on the development of Italian fascism.

Works Include:

  • Capitalismo e Corporativismo
  • Giovanni Gentile
  • Memoirs of the Twentieth Century
  • Nuovo Umanesimo
  • Pragmatismo nella Filosofia Contemporanea



SPIVAK, Gayatri Chakravarty  (born 1942). Indian-American feminist thinker. Contemporary philosopher of difference and politics. Usually considered an important name in post-colonial thought.

Works Include:

  • Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present
  • Don't Call Me Postcolonial: From Kant to Kawakubo
  • In Other Worlds: Essays In Cultural Politics
  • Outside in the Teaching Machine
  • The Postcolonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues



SRAFFA, Piero  (1898-1983). Italian economist. Somewhat of a "closet Marxist," Sraffa combined Marxian tenets with ideas of David Ricardo. Considered a hugely influential theorist of the twentieth century.

Works Include:

  • "Increasing Returns and the Representative Firm"
  • "The Laws of Return Under Competitive Conditions"
  • Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities



STALIN, Joseph[né Josef V. Dzhugasvili]  (1879-1953). Although he did become a dictator of unsurpassed brutality, he also made some important theoretical contributions to Marxist thought.

Works Include:

  • Dialectical and Historical Materialism
  • Economic Problems of Socialism in the U.S.S.R.
  • Foundations of Leninism
  • Marxism and Linguistics
  • Marxism and the National and Colonial Question
  • Problems of Leninism



STAMBAUGH, Joan  (born 1932). American phenomenological philosopher with an interest in eastern religions as well.

Works Include:

  • The Finitude of Being
  • Formless Self
  • Impermanence is Buddha-Nature: Dogen's Understanding of Temporality
  • Nietzsche's Thought of Eternal Return
  • The Problem of Time in Nietzsche
  • The Real is Not the Rational
  • Thoughts on Heidegger



STEGMÜLLER, Wolfgang  (1923-1991). German analytic philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Hauptstromungen der Gegenwartsphilosophie: Eine Kritische Analyse
  • The Structuralist View of Theories
  • Wissenschaftliche Erklarung und Begrundung



STEIN, Edith  (1891-1942). German-Polish phenomenologist and religious thinker. Was an assistant to Husserl early on in her academic life. When she embraced Catholicism in the 1920s, she attempted to fuse religious and phenomenological thought. Like Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Simone Weil, was killed by Nazis.

Works Include:

  • Der Aufbau der Menschlischen Person
  • Knowledge and Faith
  • Lebensbild einer Philosophin und Karmelitin
  • Life in a Jewish Family: An Autobiography
  • On the Problem of Empathy
  • Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities
  • Potenz und Akt: Studien einer Philosophie des Seins
  • Was ist der Mensch?
  • Wege der Gottöserkenntnis



STEINEM, Gloria  (born 1934). American liberal/mainstream feminist and founder of Ms. magazine.

Works Include:

  • Feminist Family Values
  • Moving Beyond Words: Age, Rage, Sex, Power, Money, Muscles: Breaking the Boundaries of Gender
  • Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions
  • Revolution From Within: A Book of Self-Esteem



STEPHEN, Leslie  (1832-1904). English philosopher and free-thinker who espoused a Darwinian-inspired ethics.

Works Include:

  • An Agnostic's Apology
  • The English Utilitarians
  • Essays on Free Thinking and Plain Speaking
  • Science of Ethics



STERRY, Peter  (1613-1672). English philosopher and Cambridge Platonist. Served as chaplain to Oliver Cromwell.

Works Include:

  • Appearance of God to Man in the Gospels
  • Discourse of the Freedom of the Will
  • Free Grace Exalted



STEVENSON, Charles L.  (1908-1979). Important American analytic philosopher. One of few analytic thinkers to write on ethics.

Works Include:

  • Ethics and Language
  • Facts and Values



STEWART, Ian   Contemporary mathematician and philosopher of mathematics. Especially focused on chaos theory and non-linear dynamics.

Works Include:

  • Concepts of Modern Mathematics
  • Does God Play Dice? The Mathematics of Chaos
  • Figments of Reality: The Evolution of the Curious Mind
  • From Here to Infinity
  • The Magical Maze: Seeing the World Through Mathematical Eyes
  • Nature's Numbers: The Unreal Reality of Mathematics



STIRLING, James Hutchison  (1820-1909). Scottish philosopher whose The Secret to Hegel helped kick-start British Neo-Hegelianism.

Works Include:

  • Philosophy and Theology
  • The Secret to Hegel
  • Textbook to Kant
  • What is Thought?



SITRNER, Max[né Johann Kaspar Schmidt]  (1806-1856). German Left-Hegelian and egoist anarchist.

Works Include:

  • Art and Religion
  • The Ego and its Own
  • False Principles of our Education



STÖCKL, Albert  (1823-1895). German Thomistic philosopher-theologian.

Works Include:

  • Das Christenthum und die Modernen Irrtümer: Apologetisch-Philosophische Meditationen
  • Die Speculative Lehre vom Menschen und Ihre Geschichte
  • Geschichte der neueren Philosophie von Baco und Cartesius bis zur Gegenwart
  • Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters
  • Grundriss der Religionsphilosophie
  • Handbook of the History of Philosophy
  • Lehrbuch der Apologetik



STRASSER, Stephan  (1905-1991). Austrian phenomenological philosopher of the social sciences. Also an important editor of Husserl's works.

Works Includes:

  • The Idea of Dialogical Phenomenology
  • Phenomenology and the Human Sciences
  • Understanding and Explanation



STRAUS, Erwin  (1891-1975). German phenomenological psychologist.

Works Include:

  • Man, Time, and World: Two Contributions in Anthropological Psychology
  • On Obsession
  • Phenomenological Psychology



STRAUSS, David Freidrich  (1808-1874). Left-Hegelian German theologian-philosopher. He rationally interpreted the Bible to the point of removing all supernatural elements.

Works Include:

  • Die Christliche Glaubenslehre
  • The Life of Jesus
  • The Old Faith and the New



STRAUSS, Leo  (1899-1973). German-American political philosopher who espoused an objectivist political philosophy.

Works Include:

  • The Argument and the Action of Plato's Laws
  • The City and Man
  • Liberalism Ancient and Modern
  • Natural Right and History
  • Persecution and the Art of Writing
  • The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Its Genesis
  • Socrates and Aristophanes
  • Thoughts on Machiavelli
  • What is Political Philosophy?
  • Xenophon's Socrates



STRAWSON, Peter Fredrick  (born 1919). British analytic philosopher whose primary work has been in ordinary language philosophy.

  • Analysis and Metaphysics: An Introduction to Philosophy
  • Entity and Identity, and other essays
  • Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics
  • An Introduction to Logical Theory
  • Skepticism and Naturalism: Some Varieties



STRÖKER, Elisabeth  (born 1928). Contemporary German phenomenologist.

Works Include:

  • Einführung in die Wissenschaftstheorie
  • The Husserlian Foundations of Science
  • Husserl's Transcendental Phenomenology
  • Investigations in the Philosophy of Space
  • Wissenschaftsgeschichte als Herausforderung



STUMPF, Carl  (1848-1936). German philosopher and disciple of Franz Brentano. His 'descriptive pscyhology'--a continuation of Brentano's work--had great influence on Edmund Husserl.

Works Include:

  • Die Wiedergeburt der Philosophie
  • Spinozastudien
  • Tafeln zur Geschichte der Philosophie
  • Tonpsychologie



SUAREZ, Francisco  (1548-1617). Spanish Jesuit philosopher and theologian who was a staunch defender of the Catholic Church and exponent of Thomism.

Works Include:

  • Defensor Fidei
  • De Legibus
  • Disputationes Metaphysicae



SUZUKI, Daisetz Teitaro  (1870-1966). Japanese philosopher who is perhaps the chief thinker responsible for introducing Buddhist and Zen philosophy to the West.

Works Include:

  • A Brief History of Early Chinese Philosophy
  • Buddha of Infinite Light
  • Essays in Zen Buddhism
  • Essence of Buddhism
  • Mysticism: Christian and Buddhist
  • Studies in Zen



SWEDENBORG, Emmanuel  (1688-1772). Swedish seer and mystic. His unorthodox views earned him the wrath of mainstream religious authorities.

Works Include:

  • Angelic Wisdom
  • The Apocalypse Explained
  • Delights of Wisdom
  • Doctrine of the New Jerusalem
  • Heaven and Hell
  • Nature of the Intercourse Between Body and Soul
  • Ontology
  • True Christian Religion



SWEEZY, Paul  (1910-2004). American Marxian econimist who has done much to advance Marxist theory in the twentieth century.

Works Include:

  • The Dynamics of U.S. Capitalism(with H. Magdaff)
  • Monopoly and Competition in the English Coal Trade, 1550-1850
  • Monopoly Capital(with Paul Baran)
  • On the Transition to Socialism(with C. Bettelheim)
  • Post-Revolutionary Society
  • The Present as History
  • Socialism
  • Theory of Capitalist Development
  • The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism



SWIFT, Jonathan  (-1745). Irish author, critic, and satirist. Swift's writings were scathing attacks on the accepted values of his day.

Works Include:

  • Argument Against Abolishing Christianity
  • Battle of the Books
  • Drapier Letters
  • Gulliver's Travels
  • A Modest Proposal
  • A Tale of the Tub



SWINBURNE, Richard  (born 1934). English-born Eastern Orthodox theologian who is famous for his philosophical defense of theism.

Works Include:

  • The Coherence of Theism
  • The Concept of the Miracle
  • The Evolution of the Soul
  • The Existence of God
  • Personal Identity



SZILASI, Wilhelm  (1889-1966). Hungarian phenomenologist.

Works Include:

  • Einführung in die Phenomenologie der Edmund Husserl
  • Macht und Ohnmacht des Geistes



T




TAGORE, Rabindranath  (1861-1941). Indian author, playwright, poet, and religious thinker. His philosophy was a very aesthetically-oriented and idealistic metaphysics of creativity.

Works Include:

  • Chitra
  • Creative Unity
  • Crisis in Civilization
  • The Home and the World
  • King of the Dark Chamber
  • The Religion of Man



TAINE, Hippolyte  (1828-1893). French positivist historian, thinker, and critic.

Works Include:

  • Essai sur les Fables de La Fontaine
  • Les Philosophes Françaises du XXIXth Siecle
  • On Intelligence
  • The Origins of Contemporary France



TAN Ssu-Tung  (1865-1898). Chinese idealistic Neo-Confucian who was a follower of the philosophy of Kang Yu-Wei.

Works Include:

  • Jen-hsueh (Exposition of Benevolence)
  • Ren xue



TANABE Hajime  (1885-1962). Japanese philosopher connected with the first generation of the Kyoto School. Influenced heavily by German philosophy--idealism and phenomenology especially--Tanabe came out in favor of strong nationalism early in his career. However, by the end of World War Two, he had shifted his focus to more religious subject matter.

Works Include:

  • Demonstration of Christianity
  • Kaiso no Tosaka Jun
  • Philosophy as Metanoetics

TAREYEV, Maxim Matveyevich  (1866-1934). Russian theologian.

Works Include:




TARSKI, Alfred  (1902-1983). Polish-American philosopher of mathematics. Famous for his contributions to set theory, decision theory, and model theory.

Works Include:

  • A Decision Method for Elementary Algebra and Geometry
  • Logic, Semantics, Mathematics
  • Undecidable Theories



TAYLOR, Charles  (born 1931). Contemporary Canadian post-analytic philosopher. He connects his work to postmodern ideas, like the emergence of modernist autonomy.

Works Include:

  • "The Diversity of Goods"
  • The Ethics of Authenticity
  • Hegel
  • Hegel and Modern Society
  • "Interpretation and the Sciences of Man"
  • "Nationalism and Modernity"
  • Philosophical Papers, Vol. 1: Human Agency and Language
  • Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2: Philosophy and the Human Sciences
  • "The Politics of Recognition"
  • "Social Theory as Practice"
  • The Sources of the Self
  • "What's Wrong With Negative Liberty?"

TAYLOR, Mark C.  (born 1945). Contemporary American theologian whose main area of interest is the intersection of postmodernism and theology.

Works Include:

  • Altarity
  • Critical Terms For Religious Studies
  • Deconstructing Theology
  • Erring: A Postmodern Theology
  • Hiding
  • Imagologies: Media Philosophy(with Esa Saarinen)
  • Journeys to Selfhood: Hegel and Kierkegaard
  • Kierkegaard's Pseudonymous Authorship: A Study of Time and Self
  • Nots
  • Religion and the Human Image
  • Tears



TAYLOR MILL, Harriet Hardy  (1807-1858). English philosopher, advocate of women's rights, and wife of John Stuart Mill. J.S. Mill claims that she exerted an enormous influence on his own philosophy, and that she contributed to some of his works on utilitarianism, but this claim is contested by many scholars.

Works Include:

  • The Emancipation of Women (co-authored with J.S. Mill)
  • The Enfranchisement of Women
  • Essay on Marriage
  • The Subjection of Women(co-authored with J.S. Mill)
  • William Caxton and the History of Printing



TEICHMÜLLER, Gustav(1832-1888). German-Estonian historian of philosophy and metaphysician.

Works Include:

  • Aristoteles Philosophie der Kunst
  • Geschichte des Begriffs der Parusie
  • Über die Unsterblichkeit der Seele



TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, Pierre  (1881-1955). French theologian-philosopher and scientist. His discoveries as a paleontologist led him to formulate a philosophy which is a form of what is known as process philosophy.

Works Include:

  • Activation of Energy
  • The Appearance of Man
  • Building the Earth
  • Christianity and Evolution
  • The Divine Milieu: An Essay on the Interior Life
  • The Future of Man
  • The Heart of Matter
  • Hymn of the Universe
  • The Phenomenon of Man
  • Science and Christ
  • Toward the Future
  • The Vision of the Past



TEMPLE, William  (1881-1944). British bishop, theological liberal, and process theologian.

Works Include:

  • About Christ
  • Christian Faith and Life
  • Christianity and the Social Order
  • Christianity and the State
  • Fellowshop with God
  • Nature, Man and God



TENNANT, Frederick Robert  (1866-1957). English theologian-philosopher known for his empirical epistemology and his defense of the teleological argument for God.

Works Include:

  • The Concept of Sin
  • Origin and Propogation of Sin
  • Philosophical Theology
  • The Philosophy of the Sciences



TENZIN GYATSO, His Holiness the Dalai Lama  (born 1935). Spiritual leader of Tibetan people and the single most important living practitioner and expositor of Tibetan Buddhism.

Works Include:

  • The Art of Happiness
  • Awakening the Mind, Enlightening the Heart
  • Essence of the Heart Sutra
  • Ethics for the New Millenium
  • The Four Noble Truths
  • On the Buddhist Path to Peace
  • An Open Heart
  • The Path to Tranquility



TERESA DE JESUS  (English: Teresa of Jesus, of Avila) [née: Teresa de Chepeda y Ahumada]  (1515-1582). Spanish mystical writer and important religious figure. Hugely influential on subsequent mystics.

Works Include:

  • Interior Castle
  • Meditations on the Canticle
  • Way of Perfection



THEUNISSEN, Michael  (born 1932). German phenomenlogical philosopher who was influenced by not just classic phenomenologists, but draws upon theological writings as well.

Works Include:

  • Der Begriff Verzweiflung: Korrekturen Kierkegaard
  • Gesellschaft und Geschichte
  • Hegels Lehre vom Absoluten Geist als Theologisch-Politischer
  • Negative Theologie der Zeit
  • The Other: Studies in the Social Ontology of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Buber
  • Pindar: Menschenlos und Wende der Zeit
  • Sein und Schein



THICH NHAT HANH  (born 1926). Vietnamese Zen Buddhist monk, author, and poet. Well-known for applying his Buddhist teachings to ethical matters and for his teachings on peace.

Works Include:

  • Being Peace
  • Living Buddha, Living Christ
  • The Miracle of Mindfulness
  • No Death, No Fear
  • Opening the Heart of the Cosmos
  • Peace is Every Step



THIELICKE, Helmut  (1908-1986). German theologian and pastor who was famous for his many sermons. Focused primarily on the practical application of Christian beliefs.

Works Include:

  • Being Human--Becoming Human
  • Between God and Satan
  • Ethics of Sex
  • Freedom of the Christian Man
  • Living With Death
  • Nihilism: Its Origin and Nature
  • Theological Ethics



THOMASIUS, Christian  (1655-1728). German jurist, natural law theorist, and ethical philosopher. Was one of the early--and important--philosophers of the German Enlightenment.

Works Include:

  • Einleitungzu der Vernunft-Lehre
  • Fundamenta Juris Naturae et Gentium
  • For a New Science for Discerning the Nature of Other Men’s Minds
  • Institutionum Jurisprudentiae Divinae



THOMPSON, Edward Palmer  (born 1924). British Marxist theorist and historian.

Works Include:

  • Customs in Common
  • The Heavy Dancers
  • Making of the English Working Class
  • Persons and Polemics
  • The Poverty of Theory
  • William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary



THOREAU, Henry David  (1817-1862). American author, poet, and philosopher, Thoreau was a representative of the movement known as Transcendentalism.

Works Include:

  • Excursions
  • On the Duty of Civil Disobedience
  • Poems of Nature
  • Walden
  • A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers
  • A Yankee in Canada



TIFFIN, Hellen   Australian postcolonial theorist/critic.

Works Include:

  • Decolonising Fictions(with Diana Brydon)
  • The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Postcolonial Literatures(with Gareth Griffiths and Bill Ashcroft)



TILLICH, Paul  (1886-1965). Swiss-German protestant theologian. Usually cited, along with Karl Barth, as one of the "existential" theologians. Was especially influenced by Heidegger.

Works Include:

  • Biblical Religion and the Search for Ultimate Reality
  • The Courage to Be
  • The Dynamics of Faith
  • Eternal Now
  • The Future of Religions
  • The Irrelevance and Relevance of the Christian Message
  • Love, Power and Justice: Ontological Analysis and Ethical Applications
  • Meaning and Health: Essays in Existentialism, Psychoanalysis, and Religion
  • Morality and Beyond
  • Mysticism and Guilt-Consciousness in Schelling's Philosophical Development
  • Political Expectation
  • The Spiritual Situation in our Technical Society
  • The System of the Sciences According to Objects and Methods
  • Systematic Theology (3 Volumes)
  • Theology of Culture
  • Theology of Peace



TINDAL, Matthew  (1657-1733). English deist philosopher

Works Include:

  • Christianity as Old as Creation
  • Essay of Obedience to the Surpeme Powers
  • Liberty of the Press
  • Rights of the Christian Church Asserted



TODOROV, Tzvetan  (born 1939). Bulgarian-French structuralist critic who is currently important as a theorist of the postmodern as well.

  • The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other
  • Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps
  • The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre
  • Genres in Discourse
  • Introduction to Poetics
  • Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle
  • The Morals of History
  • On Human Diversity: Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in Recent French Thought
  • A Passion for Democracy: Benjamin Constant
  • The Poetics of Prose
  • Symbolism and Interpretation
  • Theories of the Symbol



TOFFLER, Alvin  (born 1928). American sociologist who is considered one of the pre-eminent social forecasters alive today.

Works Inbclude:

  • The Culture Consumers: A Study of American Art and Affluence
  • The Eco-Spasm Report
  • Future Shock
  • Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth, and Violence in the 21st Century
  • The Third Wave
  • War and Anti-War: Survival at the Dawn of the 21st Century(with Heidi Toffler)



TOGLIATTI, Palmiro  (1893-1964). Italian Marxist who was a contemporary of Antonio Gramsci and is considered a founder of "Euro-Communism."

Works Include:

  • Democrazia e Socialismo
  • Italy's New Path
  • Lectures on Fascism
  • On Gramsci
  • Testament



TOLAND, John  (1670-1722). Irish-born deist and political philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Apology
  • The Art of Governing
  • Christianity Not Mysterious
  • Letters to Serena
  • Pantheisticon
  • Socianism Truly Stated



TÖNNIES, Ferdinand  (1855-1936). Pioneering German social theorist.

Works Include:

  • Community and Society
  • Custom: An Essay on Social Code
  • Hobbes: Leben und Lehre
  • Karl Marx, His Life and Teachings
  • On Social Ideas and Ideologie



TORRANCE, Thomas Forsyth  (born 1913). Scottish-Canadian Presbyterian theologian and student of Karl Barth. Also profoundly influenced by John Calvin and contemporary physics.

Works Include:

  • Calvin's Doctrine of Man
  • The Christian Doctrine of God: One Being, Three Persons
  • The Christian Frame of Mind: Reason, Order, and Openness in Theology and Natural Science
  • Christian Theology and Scientific Culture
  • Divine and Contingent Order
  • Divine Meaning: Studies in Patristic Hermeneutics
  • God and Rationality
  • The Ground and Grammar of Theology
  • The Hermeneutics of John Calvin
  • Reality and Scientifc Theology
  • Space, Time, and Incarnation
  • Theology in Reconstruction



TOSAKA Jun  (1900-1945). Japanese Marxist philosopher, critic of liberalism, and opponent of much Kyoto School thought.

Works Include:

  • Shiso to Shite no Bungaku



TOULMIN, Stephen  (born 1922). British analytic philosopher who is well known for his theories of rhetoric.

Works Include:

  • The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning(with Albert Jonsen)
  • Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity
  • Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts
  • Uses of Argument



TOURAINE, Alain  (born 1925). French postmodern social theorist whose work is in the 'post-Marxist' idiom.

Works Include:

  • Can We Live Together?: Equality and Difference
  • Communisme Utopique
  • Critique of Modernity
  • Post-Industrial Society
  • Return of the Actor: Social Theory in Postindustrial Society
  • The Self-Production of Society
  • The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements
  • What is Democracy?



TOYNBEE, Arnold  (1889-1975). Famous historian and philosopher of history.

Works Include:

  • Change and Habit
  • Christianity and Civilisation
  • Cities of Destiny
  • Civilization on Trial
  • Greek Civilisation and Character: The Self Revelation of Greek Society
  • Historian's Approach to Religion
  • Mankind and Mother Earth: A Narrative Approach to History
  • Study of History(10 volumes)
  • Surviving the Future
  • The World and the West



TRACY, David  (born 1939). American Catholic theologian associated with the 'New Chicago School' of theology.

Works Include:

  • Analogical Imagination: Christian Theology and the Culture of Pluralism
  • Blessed Rage for Order: The New Pluralism in Theology
  • Dialogue With the Other: An Inter-Religious Dialodue
  • God is Love: The Central Christian Metaphor
  • On Naming the Present: Refelctions on God, Hermeneutics, and the Church
  • Plurality and Ambiguity: Hermeneutics, Religion, Hope



TREITSCHKE, Heinrich von  (1834-1896). German political theorist and rabid Prussian nationalist.

Works Include:

  • History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century(7 volumes)
  • Origins of Prussianism
  • Politics



TRENDELENBURG, Friedrich Adolf  (1802-1872). German philologist, anti-Kantian, and Aristotelian philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Kuno Fischer und Sein Kant
  • Die Logische Frage in Hegel's System
  • Logische Untersuchungen
  • Naturrecht auf dem Grunde der Ethik
  • Outline of Logic



TRESCHOW, Nels  (1751-1833). Norwegian philosopher whose philosophical monism was heavily influenced by Spinoza and Leibniz.

Works Include:

  • Elementer til Historiens Philosophie
  • Om den Menneskelige Natur, Især fra Dans Aandelige Side
  • Om Gud, Idee og Sandseverdenen



TRINH T. Minh-Ha  (born 1952). Vietnamese-American postcolonial theorist of film and gender.

Works Include:

  • Framer Framed
  • Surname Viet, Given Name Nam(film)
  • When the Moon Waxes Red: Representation, Gender, and Cultural Politics
  • Woman, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and Feminism



TROELTSCH, Ernst  (1865-1923). German theologian who was one of the most famous advocates of Protestant liberalism the Social Gospel.

Works Include:

  • The Absoluteness of Christianity and the History of Religions
  • Christian Faith
  • Christian Thought, Its History and Application
  • Die Dynamik der Geschichte nach der Geschichtsphilosophie der Positivismus
  • Ethik und Geschichtsphilosophie: Drei Vortrage
  • Natural Law and the Theory of Society, 1500-1800
  • Protestantism and Progress: A Historical Study of the Relation of Protestantism to the Modern World
  • Psychologie und Erkenntnistheorie in der Religionswissenschaft
  • Religion in History
  • The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches
  • Separation of Church and State
  • Systematische Christliche Religion



TROTSKY, Leon[né Lev Davidovich Bronstein]  (1879-1940). Russian Marxist whose theories provided an alternative to Stalinist totalitarianism after he was exiled from the Soviet Union.

Works Include:

  • The ABC of Materialist Dialectics
  • Fascism: What it is and How to Fight it
  • History of the Russian Revolution
  • In Defense of Marxism: The Social and Political Contradictions of the Soviet Union
  • Literature and Revolution
  • Marxism and Terrorism
  • The Revolution Betrayed
  • The Social Function of Literature and Art
  • The Stalin School of Falsification
  • Terrorism and Communism
  • The Year 1905



TRUNGPA, Chogyam  (1939-1987). Tibetan philosopher and prominent scholar who helped introduce the teachings of Tantric Buddhism to the West.

Works Include:

  • Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism
  • Illusion's Game: The Life and Teachings of Naropa
  • Journey Without Goal: The Tantric Wisdom of the Buddha
  • The Lion's Roar: Introduction to Tantra
  • Orderly Chaos: The Mandala Principle
  • Shambala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior



TSCHIRNHAUS, Ehrenfried Walter von  (1651-1708). German scientist-philosopher who was influence by Cartesian philosophy.

Works Include:

  • Acta Eruditorum
  • Medicina Mentis



TSCHUMI, Bernard  (born 1944). Swiss architect and theorist of the postmodern.

Works Include:

  • Architecture and Disjunction
  • Event-Cities
  • Le Fresnoy: Architecture In/Between
  • The Manhattan Transcripts



TUFTS, James Hayden  (1862-1942). American pragmatist philosopher.

Works Include:

  • America's Social Morality: Dilemmas of the Changing Mores
  • Ethics(with John Dewey)
  • Ethics of Cooperation
  • Real Business of Living



TURGOT, Anne Robert Jacques  (1727-1781). French philosopher of history and economist. Was also (briefly) a finance minister under King Louis XVI.

Works Include:

  • Lettres à un Grand Vicaire sur la Tolérance
  • Plan de Deux Discours sur l"Histoire Universel
  • Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Riches



TURING, Alan  (1912-1954). British mathematician, logician, and philosopher. Was a pioneer in developing what we now know as computers and was one of the first philosophers of mind to deal with the question of 'aritifical intelligence.'

Works Include:

  • "The Automatic Computing Engine"
  • "Intelligent Machinery"
  • "Practical Forms of Type-Theory"
  • "Solvable and Unsolvable Problems"
  • "Treatise on the Enigma"



TWARDOWSKI, Kazimierz  (1866-1938). Polish philosopher who is credited with being the 'father of Polish analytic philosophy.' Studied with and was a critic of Franz Brentano.

Works Include:

  • "Imageries"
  • Logiko-Filosofskie I Psikhologicheskie Issledovaneia
  • On the Content and Object of Presentation
  • "Remarks on the Relation Bewteen Soul and Body"
  • Wybrane Pisma Filozoficzne



TYMIENIECKA, Anna Teresa  (born 1923). Polish phenomenologist who is also editor of Analecta Husserliana and director of the World Phenomenology Institute.

Works Include:

  • Essence et Existence: Étude à Propos de la Philosophie de Roman Ingarden et Nicolai Hartmann
  • Leibniz: Cosmological Synthesis
  • Logos and Life(3 volumes)
  • Why is There Something Rather Than Nothing? Prolegomena to the Phenomenology of Cosmic Creation



TYNDALL, John  (1820-1893). Irish scientist-philosopher who was a popularizer of scientific ideas in his day.

Works Include:

  • Fragments of Science
  • Heat as a Mode of Motion
  • Natural Philosophy: Easy Lessons
  • On Radiation
  • The Scientific Use of Imagination



U





ULMER, Gregory   Contemporary Critical Theorist, postmodern philosopher, and media theorist.

Works Include:

  • Applied Grammatology: Post(e)Pedagogy from Jacques Derrida to Joseph Beuys
  • Heuretics: The Logic of Invention
  • The Legend of Herostratus: Existential Envy in Rousseau and Unamuno
  • "Sounding the Unconscious"
  • Teletheory: Grammatology in the Age of Video



UNAMUNO, Miguel de  (1864-1936). Religious Spanish existentialist and literary figure.

Works Include:

  • The Agony of Christianity
  • Mist
  • Niebla
  • Saint Manuel the Good, Martyr
  • Three Exemplary Novels and a Prologue
  • The Tragic Sense of Life



UNGER, Roberto Mangabeira   Brazilian-American leftist political theorist.

Works Include:

  • Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative
  • The Future of American Progressivism: An Initiative for Political and Economic Reofrm
  • Knowledge and Politics
  • Law in Modern Society: Toward a Criticism of Social Theory
  • Passion: An Essay on Personality
  • Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task



V



VAHANIAN, Gabriel(born 1927). French death-of-god theologian.

Works Include:




VAIHINGER, Hans  (1852-1933). Pessimistic Kantian German philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Kant--ein Metaphysiker?
  • Kommentar zu Kants Kritik der Reinen Vernunft
  • Nietzsche als Philosoph
  • The Philosophy of As-If: A System of the Theoretical, Practical, and Religious Fictions of Mankind



VAN BUREN, Paul  (1924-1998). American advocate of secular theology.

Works Include:

  • Christ in Context
  • The Secular Meaning of the Gospel
  • A Theology of the Jewish-Christian Reality



VAN DEN BERG, Jan Hendrik  (born 1914). Contemporary Dutch phenomenlogical philosopher and psychologist.

  • The Changing Nature of Man: Introduction to a Historical Psychology
  • A Different Existence: Principles of Phenomenological Psychopathology
  • Divided Existence and Complex Society: An Historical Approach
  • Medical Power and Medical Ethics
  • The Phenomenological Approach to Psychiatry: An Introduction to Recent Phenomenological Psychopathtology
  • Things



VAN FRAASSEN, Bastiaan C.  (born 1941). Contemporary Dutch-Canadian philosopher of science. Has also made contributions in logic.

Works Include:

  • An Introduction to the Philosophy of Space and Time
  • Laws and Symmetry
  • Quantum Mechanics: An Empiricist View
  • The Scientific Image



VANEIGEM, Raoul   French Situationist theorist and revolutionary. He split with the Situationist International in the early 1970s.

Works Include:

  • "Basic Banalities"
  • The Book of Pleasures
  • "Comments Against Urbanism"
  • The Movement of the Free Spirit
  • Revolution of Everyday Life
  • "Terrorism or Revolution"
  • "A Warning to Students of All Ages"



VATTIMO, Gianni  (born 1936). Prominent Italian hermeneutic phenomenologist and theorist of the postmodern. His work is an attempt to understand postmodernity since the "closure of metaphysics".

Works Include:

  • The Adventure of Difference: Philosophy After Nietzsche and Heidegger
  • Belief
  • Beyond Interpretation: The Meaning of Hermeneutics for Philosophy
  • Consequences of Hermeneutics
  • The End of Modernity: Nihilism and Hermeneutics in Postmodern Culture
  • Nietzsche: Philosophy as Cultural Criticism
  • The Transparent Society



VEBLEN, Thorstein  (1857-1929). American economist who is most remembered for his pioneering Theory of the Leisure Class.

Works Include:

  • Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times
  • The Engineers and the Price System
  • The Higher Learning in America
  • Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution
  • The Industrial System and the Captains of Industry
  • The Place of Science in Modern Civilization
  • Theory of the Leisure Class
  • The Vested Interests and the Common Man



VERA, Augusto  (1813-1885). Italian philosopher who was perhaps the most important representative of Italian Hegelianism.

Works Include:

  • Enquiry Into Speculative and Experimental Science
  • Hégélianisme et la Philosophie
  • Introduction to Speculative Logic and Philosophy



VICO, Giambattista  (1668-1744). Pioneering Italian social theorist who developed a class theory well before Karl Marx did.

Works Include:

  • The Art of Rhetoric
  • On Humanistic Education
  • On the Study Methods of Our Time
  • Principles of the New Science



VILLASEÑOR, José Sánchez  (1911-1961). Spanish existentialist philosopher who was influenced by José Ortega y Gassett.

Works Include:

  • Introduccíon al Pensamiento de Jean-Paul Sartre
  • Ortega y Gasset: Existentialist



VIRILIO, Paul  (born 1932). Contemporary French postmodern social theorist who is known for his writings on perception in media, war, and globalization.

Works Include:

  • The Aesthetics of Disappearance
  • Desert Screen: War at the Speed of Light
  • Negative Horizons: An Essay in Dromoscopy
  • The Politics of the Very Worst
  • Popular Defense and Ecological Struggles
  • Speed and Politics
  • Strategy of Deception
  • The Vision Machine
  • War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception(with Sylvère Lotringer)



VISCHER, Friedrich Theodor  (1807-1887). German left-Hegelian aesthetic philosopher and satirist.

Works Include:

  • Ästhetik oder Wissenschaft des Schönen(6 volumes)
  • Auch Einer, Eine Reisebekanntschaft
  • Goethe's Faust
  • Schöne und die Kunst



VOGEL, Lawrence   Contemporary phenomenologist and philosopher of biology who is known for his work on the practical aspect of phenomenology.

Works Include:

  • The Fragile "We": Ethical Implications of Heidegger's Being and Time
  • Phenomenon and Life: Toward a Philosophical Biology



VOGT, Karl  (1817-1895). Radical German materialist philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Kohlerglaube und Wissenschaft
  • Lectures on Man



VOLKELT, Johannes  (1848-1930). German Neo-Kantian metaphysician and aesthetic theorist.

Works Include:

  • Ästhetik der Tragischen
  • Erfahrung und Denken
  • Phänomenologie und Metaphysik der Zeit
  • System der Aesthetik(3 volumes)
  • Zwischen Dichtung und Philosophie



VOLTAIRE, François Marie Arouet de  (1694-1778). Famous French philosopher of the Enlightenment and advocate of political freedom. Most known for his satire Candide.

Works Include:

  • Candide
  • Essay on Epic Poetry
  • Essay on the Manner and Spirit of Nations
  • Micromegas
  • Oedipe
  • Philosophical Dictionary
  • Treatise on Toleration
  • Zadig



VON BALTHASAR, Hans Urs  (1905-1988). Important Swiss Catholic theologian associated with the nouvelle theologie movement. He was profoundly influenced by the Church Fathers and medieval theologians, as well as Karl Barth.

Works Include:

  • Bernanos: An Ecclesial Existence
  • Christian Meditation
  • Christian State of Life
  • Church and World
  • Convergences: To the Source of Christian Mystery
  • Credo: Meditations on the Apostles' Creed
  • Elucidations
  • Explorations in Theology: The Word Made Flesh
  • Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetic(7 volumes)
  • Presence and Thought
  • Theo-Drama: Theological Dramatic Theory
  • A Theology of History



VON NEUMANN, John  (1903-1957). Hungarian-American philosopher of mathematics and important pioneer in game theory and computer science.

Works Include:

  • The Computer and the Brain
  • The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
  • Theory of Games and Economic Behavior(with Oskar Morgenstern)
  • Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata



VYGOTSKY, Lev Semenovich  (1896-1934). Belorussian psychologist who explored the connections between socialization and psychological developement. Also known for his contributions to psycho-linguistics.

Works Include:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Mind in Society
  • Studies in the History of Behavior: Ape, Primitive Man, and Child (with A.R. Luria)
  • Thought and Language



W



WAELHENS, Alphonse de  (1911-1981). Belgian phenomenologist who was influenced by Merleau-Ponty.

Works Include:

  • Existence et Signification
  • Phénoménologie et Verité
  • Philosophie et les Expériences Naturelles
  • Une Philosophie de L'Ambiguité: L'Existentialisme de Maurice Merleau-Ponty
  • Schizophrenia: A Philosophical Reflection on Lacan's Structuralist Interpretation



WAHL, Jean  (1888-1974). Pioneering French existential phenomenologist.

Works Include:

  • Étude sur le Parmenide de Platon
  • Études Kierkegardiennes
  • Husserl
  • Kierkegaard: L'Un devant L'Autre
  • L'Avant Dernière Pensée de Nietzsche
  • Les Aspects Qualitatifs du Réel
  • The Philosopher's Way
  • Philosophies of Existence
  • The Pluralist Philosophies of England and America
  • A Short History of Existentialism
  • Traite de Metaphysique



WAISMANN, Friedrich  (1896-1959). Austrian philosopher and member of the Vienna Circle of Logical Positivists. Some of his linguistic analyses were important precursors to contemporary analytic philosophy.

Works Include:

  • An Introduction to Mathematical Thinking
  • The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy



WALDENFELS, Bernhard  (born 1934). Contemporary German phenomenologist.

Works Include:

  • Antwortregister
  • Der Spielraum des Verhaltens
  • In den Netzen der Lebenswelt
  • Order in Twilight
  • Phenomenology and Marxism



WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel Maurice  (born 1930). American Marxist-influenced social theorist and historian. Famous for his 'world-system' view.

Works Include:

  • Africa, the Politics of Independence
  • After Liberalism
  • Antisystemic Movements(with G. Arrighi and T. Hopkins)
  • The Capitalist World Economy
  • Geopolitics and Geoculture
  • Historical Capitalism
  • The Modern World-System
  • Politics of the World Economy: The States, the Movements, and the Civilizations
  • Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities(with Étienne Balibar)
  • Utopistics, Or Historical Choices of the Twenty First Century
  • World Inequality



WALTZ, Kenneth Neal  (born 1924). Conteporary American neo-realist political philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics: The American and British Experience
  • Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis
  • The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate(with Scott Sagan)
  • Theory of International Politics



WALZER, Michael   Contemporary American political philosopher whose On Toleration is a classic analysis of political difference.

Works Include:

  • The Company of Critics: Social Criticism and Political Commitment in the Twentieth Century
  • Exodus and Revolution
  • Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument With Historical Illustrations
  • Obligations: Essays on Disobedience, War, and Citizenship
  • On Toleration
  • Radical Principles: Reflections of an Unreconstructed Democrat
  • Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality



WARD, Graham  Contemporary British theologian-philosopher and advocate of 'radical orthodoxy'.

Works Include:

  • Barth, Derrida, and the Language of Theology
  • Cities of God
  • Theology and Contemporary Critical Theory



WARD, James  (1843-1925). English philosopher who was an exponent of personal idealism.

Works Include:

  • Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant
  • Naturalism and Agnosticism
  • Psychological Principles
  • The Realm of Ends: Pluralism and Theism



WATSON, John Broadus  (1878-1958). American experimental psychologist who was one of the founders of behaviorism. In fact, the term 'behaviorism' was a coinage of Watson's.

Works Include:

  • Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology
  • Behaviorism
  • Psychological Care of Infant and Child
  • Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist



WEBER, Ernst Heinrich  (1795-1878). German empirical physiologist who did important work on sensations and stimuli, and is considered a founder of modern experimental pscyhology.

Works Include:

  • De Tactu
  • The Sense of Touch and Common Sensibility
  • "Wellenlehre" (with Wilhelm Weber)



WEBER, Max  (1864-1920). Famed German theorist who helped found contemporary sociology.

Works Include:

  • The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilizations
  • Basic Concepts in Sociology
  • The City
  • Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretative Sociology
  • Logical Problems of Historical Economics
  • Methodology of the Social Sciences
  • The Profession of Politics
  • Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
  • The Sociology of Religion
  • Theory of Social and Economic Organization



WEIL, Simone  (1909-1943). Religious and political thinker who died as a result of her civil disobedience to the Nazis.

Works Include:

  • Gateway to God
  • Gravity and Grace
  • Intimations of Christianity Among the Ancient Greeks
  • Lectures on Philosophy
  • The Need for Roots: Preulde to a Declaration of Duties Toward Mankind
  • Oppression and Liberty
  • Waiting for God



WEISS, Paul  (1901-2002). Prolific American religious philosopher who can be characterized as a process thinker, yet addressesdissues in many disciplines.

Works Include:

  • Beyond All Appearances
  • Creative Ventures
  • Emphatics
  • The God We Seek
  • Modes of Being
  • Nature and Man
  • Philosophy in Process
  • Reality



WEISSE, Christian Hermann  (1801-1866). German Hegelian, Biblical scholar, and religious philosopher.

Works Include:

  • The Gospel History Examined Critically and Philosophically
  • Grundzüge der Metaphysik
  • Die Idee der Gottheit
  • System der Ästhetik



WELLMER, Albrecht  (born 1939). Contemporary Critical Theorist and German hermeneutic thinker.

Works Include:

  • Critical Theory of Society
  • Endgames: The Irreconcilable Nature of Modernity
  • The Persistence of Modernity: Essays on Aesthetics, Ethics, and Postmodernism
  • Zur Dialektik von Moderne und Postmoderne: Vernunftkritik nach Adorno



WEST, Cornel  (born 1953). Contemporary African-American postmodern pragmatist. Is also an important religious thinker and philosopher of race.

Works Include:

  • The American Evasion of Philosophy: A Genealogy of Pragmatism
  • Beyond Eurocentrism and Multiculturalism(2 volumes)
  • The Ethical Dimension of Marxist Thought
  • The Future of American Progressivism: An Initiative for Political and Economic Reform
  • Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America
  • Prophecy Deliverance! An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity
  • Prophetic Fragments: Illuminations of the Crisis in American Religion and Culture
  • Race Matters



WHICHCOTE, Benjamin  (1609-1683). English philosopher. Whichcote is usually considered the first of the Cambridge Platonists.

Works Include:

  • Moral and Religious Aphorisms
  • Select Sermons



WHITE, Hayden  (born 1928). American literary critic and theorist of deconstruction. Along with J. Hillis Miller, he is one of the 'Yale Deconstructionists.'

Works Include:

  • The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation
  • Figural Realism: Studies in the Mimesis Effect
  • Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe
  • Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism



WHITE, Stephen K.   Contemporary American Critical Theorist and Habermas scholar.

Works Include:

  • Edmund Burke: Modernity, Politics, and Aesthetics
  • Political Theory and Postmodernism
  • The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas: Reason, Justice, and Modernity
  • Sustaining Affirmation: The Strengths of Weak Ontology in Political Theory



WHITEHEAD, Alfred North  (1861-1947). British philosopher-theologian. Aside from being a very accomplished mathematician, he was founder of "process philosophy."

Works Include:

  • Adventures of Ideas
  • Aims of Education
  • Concept of Nature
  • Function of Reason
  • Interpretation of Science
  • Modes of Thought
  • Nature and Life
  • Principia Mathematica (with Bertrand Russell)
  • Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology
  • Religion in the Making
  • Science and the Modern World



WIENER, Norbert  (1894-1964). American philosopher of science and mathematics. Coined the term 'cybernetics'

Works Include:

  • Cybernetics: or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
  • God and Golem, Inc.: A Comment on Certain Points Where Cybernetics Impinges on Religion
  • The Human Use of Human Beings
  • Non-Linear Problems in Random Theory



WIESEL, Eliezer  (born 1928). Hungarian-born Jewish author, essayist, and thinker. The fiction and essays of Wiesel have helped convey the spiritual impact that the Holocaust has had on the world. His contributions have been important for helping to re-think Judaism since the Holocaust.

Works Include:

  • The Accident
  • After the Darkness
  • Against Silence
  • Dawn
  • The Forgotten
  • Jew Today
  • Night



WILD, John Daniel  (1902-1972). American existential phenomenologist. Prior to his interest in existentialism, he was an advocate of a realist outlook.

Works Include:

  • The Challenge of Existentialism
  • Existence and the World of Freedom
  • George Berkeley: A Study of His Life and Philosophy
  • Human Freedom and Social Order
  • Introduction to Realist Philosophy
  • The Radical Empiricism of William James



WILLIAMS, Bernard  (1929-2003). British analytic philosopher whose work on ethics was what he was most well-known for.

Works Include:

  • Descartes: The Project of Pure Inquiry
  • Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy
  • Moral Luck
  • Morality: An Introduction to Ethics
  • Problems of the Self
  • Shame and Necessity
  • Utilitarianism: For and Against(with J.J.C. Smart)



WILLIAMS, Raymond  (1921-1988). Contemporary Marxist critic who is important primarily for his Marxist literary theory.

Works Include:

  • Country and City
  • Culture and Society, 1780-1950
  • The Long Revolution
  • Marxism and Literature
  • Modern Tragedy
  • The Politics of Modernism: Against the New Conformists
  • Problems in Materialism in Culture: Selected Essays
  • Reading and Criticism
  • Resources of Hope: Culture, Democracy, Socialism
  • Sociology of Culture
  • Television, Technology and Cultural Form



WILLMANN, Otto  (1839-1920). German philosopher of education who wrote on idealism and materialism, but whose own thought was essentially Thomistic.

Works Include:

  • Aus der Werkstatt der Philosophie Perennis
  • Didaktik als Bildunsglehre
  • Geschichte des Idealismus
  • The Science of Education(2 volumes)



WIMSATT, William Kurtz  (born 1907). American literary critic. One of the advocates of 'New Criticism.'

Works Include:

  • Literary Criticism: A Short History(with Cleanth Brooks)
  • The Prose Style of Samuel Johnson
  • The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry



WINCKELMANN, Johann Joachim  (1717-1768). Pioneering German archaeologist, art historian, and aesthetic philosopher.

Works Include:

  • History of the Art of Antiquity
  • Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks



WINDELBAND, Wilhelm  (1848-1915). German psychologistic Neo-Kantian of the Baden School.

Works Include:

  • History and Natural Science
  • History of Philosophy
  • Plato
  • Theories in Logic



WINGREN, Gustaf  (born 1910). Swedish Lutheran theologian who was inspired by the thinkers of the Lundensian School--especially Anders Nygren.

Works Include:

  • Creation and Gospel: The New Situation in European Theology
  • Creation and Law
  • Gospel and Church
  • Luther on Vocation
  • Theology in Conflict: Nygren, Barth, Bultmann



WINK, Walter   Contemporary American theologian.

Works Include:

  • Engaging the Powers: Discernment and Resistance in a World of Domination
  • John the Baptist in the Gospel Tradition
  • Naming the Powers: The Language of Power in the New Testament
  • Unmasking the Powers: The Invisible Forces that Determine Human Existence
  • Violence and Nonviolence in South Africa
  • When the Powers Fall: Reconciliation in the Healing of Nations



WINQUIST, Charles  (born 1944). Postmodern American theologian.

Works Include:

  • Archaeology of the Imagination
  • The Communion of Possibility
  • Desiring Theology
  • Epiphanies of Darkness: Deconstruction in Theology
  • Practical Hermeneutics: A Revised Agenda for the Ministry
  • The Transcendental Imagination: An Essay in Philosophical Theology



WISDOM, John  (1904-1993). Leading British analytic philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Interpretation and Analysis
  • Logical Constructions
  • Other Minds
  • Paradox and Discovery
  • Philosophy and Psychoanalysis
  • Problems of Mind and Matter



WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig  (1889-1951). Austrian philosopher whose pioneering Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus helped found Logical Positivism. Later in his life, his work paved the way for ordinary language philosophy.

Works Include:

  • The Blue and Brown Books
  • Culture and Value
  • Lectures on the Philosophy of Psychology
  • On Certainty
  • Philosophical Grammar
  • Philosophical Investigations
  • Philosophical Remarks
  • Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics
  • Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus



WITTIG, Monique  (1935-2003). Contemporary French feminist. Has done interesting work on conceptions of the body especially.

Works Include:

  • Across the Acheron
  • Guerilleres
  • The Lesbian Body
  • The Straight Mind, and Other Essays



WOLF, Naomi  (born 1962). Contemporary American liberal feminist.

Works Include:

  • The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used Against Women
  • Fire With Fire: The New Female Power and How to Use It
  • Promiscuities: The Secret Struggle for Womanhood



WOLFF, Christian Freiherr  (1679-1754). German rationalist metaphysician whose thought was Leibnizian, and who had a profound influence on Kant and successive generations of German philosophers.

Works Include:

  • Cosmologia Generalis
  • First Philosophy, or Ontology
  • The Law of Nations Treated According to a Scientific Method
  • On the Practical Philosophy of the Chinese
  • Psychologia Empirica
  • Psychologia Rationalis
  • Rational Thoughts on God, the World, and the Souls of Men
  • Theologia Naturalis



WOLIN, Richard   American Critical Theorist who was influenced not just by Frankfurt School theorists but by phenomenologists like Martin Heidegger.

Works Include:

  • Labyrinths: Explorations in the Critcal History of Ideas
  • The Politics of Being: The Political Thought of Martin Heidegger
  • The Terms of Cultural Criticism: The Frankfurt School, Existentialism, Post-Structuralism
  • Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption



WOLLSTONECRAFT, Mary  (1759-1797). British thinker who is more or less the "grandmother" of modern feminism.

Works Include:

  • Maria, or the Wrongs of Woman
  • A View of the French Revolution
  • Vindication of the Rights of Woman



WOODBRIDGE, Frederick James Eugene  (1867-1940). Prominent Canadian-American naturalistic realist.

Works Include:

  • Aristotle's Vision of Nature
  • The Purpose of History
  • The Realm of Mind
  • The Son of Apollo: Themes of Plato



WRIGHT, Chauncey  (1830-1875). Early American pragmatist philosopher and staunch advocate of Darwinism. Member of the famous 'Cambridge Metaphysical Club' along with C.S. Peirce.

Works Include:

  • Evolutionary Philosophy(a collection of his writings)
  • Philosophical Discussions



WRIGHT, Crispin  (born 1942). British analytic philosopher who was influenced by the later Wittgenstein and Gottlob Frege.

Works Include:

  • Fact, Science, and Morality(co-edited with G. Macdonald)
  • Frege: Tradition and Influence
  • Frege's Conceptions of Numbers as Objects
  • Realism, Meaning and Truth
  • Truth and Objectivity
  • Wittgenstein on the Foundations of Mathematics



WRIGHT, George Henrik von  (1916-2003). Finnish logician, Wittgensteinian philosopher and pupil of Eino Kaila.

Works Include:

  • Causality and Determinism
  • Explanation and Understanding
  • In the Shadow of Descartes: Essays in the Philosophy of Mind
  • The Logic of Preference
  • Norm and Action
  • Practical Reason
  • Truth, Knowledge, and Modality
  • The Varieties of Goodness
  • Wittgenstein



WYSCHOGROD, Edith  (born 1936). American Levinas-inspired phenomenologist.

Works Include:

  • Emmanuel Levinas: The Problem of Ethical Metaphysics
  • An Ethics of Remembering: History, Heterology, and Nameless Others
  • Saints and Postmodernism: Revisioning Moral Philosophy
  • Spirit in Ashes: Hegel, Heidegger, and Man-Made Mass Death



WYSCHOGROD, Michael  (born 1928). German-American Orthodox Jewish theologian and philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Body of Faith: Judaism as Corporeal Election
  • Jews and "Jewish Christianity" (with David Berger)
  • Kierkegaard and Heidegger: The Ontology of Existence



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Y



YODER, John Howard(1927-1997). Radical American Mennonite theologian and philosopher who was known for his work on ethics and Christian non-violence.

Works Include:

  • He Came Preaching Peace
  • Karl Barth and the Problem of War
  • The Original Revolution: Essays on Christian Pacifism
  • The Politics of Jesus
  • Preface to Theology
  • Priestly Kingdom
  • Royal Priesthood



YOUNG, Iris Marion  (born 1949). Contemporary American postmodern feminist who has connected feminist themes (within a postmodern context) to important political issues such as the nature of justice.

Works Include:

  • Inclusion and Democracy
  • Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy, and Policy
  • Justice and the Politics of Difference
  • Throwing Like a Girl, and Other Essays in Feminist Philosophy and Social Theory



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ZANER, Richard  (born 1933). American phenomenologist who is concerned with medical and bio-ethics.

Works Include:

  • The Context of Self
  • Ethics and the Clinical Encounter
  • The Problem of Embodiment
  • Troubled Voices
  • The Way of Phenomenology



ZAPFFE, Peter Wessel  (1899-1990). Pessimistic Norwegian existentialist and author. Extremely prolific but little known in the English-sepaking world.

Works Include:

  • Barske Glæder
  • Indføring i littærer dramturgi
  • Lyksalig Pinsefest
  • Om det Tragiske



ZELLER, Eduard  (1814-1908). German historian of philosopher and theologian who was renowned for his studies on the ancients.

Works Include:

  • Contents and Origin of the Acts of Apostles
  • David Friedrich Strauss in His Life and Writings
  • German Philosophy
  • Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy
  • Staat und Kirche
  • Strauss and Renan
  • Vortrage und Abhandlungen



ZERMELO, Ernst  (1871-1953). German mathematician and philosopher of mathematics.

Works Include:

  • Neuer Beweis
  • Uber Eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf Theorie Schachspiels
  • Untersuchungen zur Variationsrechnung



ZETKIN, Clara  (1857-1933). Famous Russian Marxist feminist and contemporary of Lenin.

Works Include:

  • Kunst und Proletariat
  • Lenin on the Woman Question
  • My Reminisences of Lenin
  • On the Emancipation of Women



ZIAREK, Ewa Ponowska  (born 1961). Contemporary American feminist who has offered interpretations of such thinkers as Kristeva, Levinas, and Irigaray.

Works Include:

  • "At the Limit of Discourse: Alterity, Heterogeneity and the Maternal Body in Kristeva's Thought"
  • "The Ethical Passions of Emmanuel Levinas"
  • "The Female Body, Technology, and Memory in 'Penelope'"
  • "From Euthanasia to the Other of Reason: Performativity and the Deconstruction of Sexual Difference"
  • Gombrowicz's Grimaces: Modernism, Gender, Nationality(editor and author of introduction)
  • "Kristeva and Levinas: Mourning, Ethics and the Feminine"
  • The Rhetoric of Failure: Deconstruction of Skepticism, Reinvention of Modernism
  • "Straying Afield of Oneself: The Risks and Excesses of Foucault's Ethics"
  • "Toward a Radical Female Imaginary: Temporality and Embodiment in Luce Irigaray's Ethics"
  • "The Uncanny Style of Kristeva's Critique of Nationalism"



ZINZENDORF, Nicholas Ludwig von  (1700-1760). German Pietist theologian and religous philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Geistliche Gedichte
  • Herz und Herz Vereint Zumsammen
  • Jeremias



ZIZEK, Slavoj  (born 1949). Slovenian philosopher. Heavily influenced by Lacan and Critical Theory, Zizek maintains that many aspects of "postmodern" thought can in fact be found in Hegel's thought. See especially his The Sublime Object of Ideology.

Works Include:

  • The Abyss of Freedom
  • Cogito and the Unconscious
  • Enjoy your Symptom: Jacques Lacan in Hollywood and Out
  • For They Know Not What They Do: Enjoyment as a Political Factor
  • The Fragile Absolute, or, Why is the Christian Legacy Worth Fighting For?
  • Gaze and Voice as Love Objects
  • The Individual Remainder: An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters
  • Metastases of Enjoyment: Six Essays on Women and Causality
  • Plague of Fantasies
  • The Sublime Object of Ideology
  • Tarrying With the Negative: Kant, Hegel, and the Critique of Ideology
  • The Ticklish Subject: An Essay in Political Ontology



ZUBIRI, Xavier  (1898-1983). Spanish existential phenomenologist. A pupil of Ortega's who also had the opportunity to study briefly under Husserl and Heidegger.

Works Include:

  • Cinco Lecciones de Filosofia
  • Estructura Dinamica de la Realidad
  • Hombre y Dios
  • Intelligencia Sentiente
  • Intelligencia y Logos
  • Intelligencia y Razon
  • Naturaleza, Historia, Dios
  • Sobre la essencia



ZUPANCIC, Alenka   Contemporary Critical Theorist of the Slovenian-Lacanian School.

Works Include:

  • Ethics of the Real: Kant and Lacan
  • "Kant With Don Juan and Sade"
  • "The Splendor of Creation: Kant, Nietzcshe, Lacan"
  • "The Subject and the Law"
  • "Violence in Ethics"







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