Thinkers and Philosophers: E through H





IMPORTANT THINKERS, BY LAST NAME




E





EAGLETON, Terry  (born 1943). English Marxist literary and cultural critic. He has published several important criticisms of many 'postmodern' philosophical trends.

Works Include:




EBELING, Gerhard  (born 1912). Swiss Theologian whose thought was midway between the neo-orthodox theologies of Bultmann and Barth.

Works Include:




ECO, Umberto  (born 1932). Italian semiotician, post-structuralist philosopher, and author of some rather famous works of postmodern fiction.

Works Include:




EHRENREICH, Barbara  (born 1941). American liberal feminist, social critic, and essayist. She regularly contributes articles to liberal magazines.

Works Include:




EISENSTEIN, Zillah R.   American socialist feminist whose works are scathing attacks on patriarchy and patriarchal values.

Works Include:




ELLER, Vernard  (born 1927). American theologian and theorist of Christian anarchy.

Works Include:




ELLUL, Jacques  (1912-1994). French sociologist and theologian. He was renowned for his critiques of technology in society and for espousing Christian anarchism.

Works Include:




ENGEL, Pascal  (born 1954). French analytic philosopher of language and logic.

Works Include:




ENGELS, Friedrich  (1820-1895). German social theorist and, along with Karl Marx, co-founder of modern communism.

Works Include:




ERDMANN, Johann Eduard  (1805-1892). German historian of philosopher who was connected to the Right-Hegelians.

Works Include:




ERIKSON, Erik Homberger  (1902-1994). German-American psychological theorist whose voluminous writings on youth and personality have been hugely influential.

Works Include:




EVANS, Gareth  (1946-1980). British analytic philosopher of mind and language.

Works Include:





F




FACKENHEIM, Emi lLudwig  (born 1916). Canadian-Israeli Jewish philosopher and theologian.

Works Include:

  • God's Presence in History: Jewish Affirmations and Philosophical Reflections
  • The God Within: Kant, Schelling, and Historicity
  • The Human Condition After Auschwitz
  • To Mend the World: Foundations of Future Jewish Thought
  • Metaphysics and Historicity
  • The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought



FANON, Frantz  (1925-1961). Martinique-born French theorist of colonial revolution. One of the first thinkers to move thought into the post-colonial era.

Works Include:

  • Black Skin, White Masks
  • A Dying Colonialism
  • The Wretched of the Earth
  • Sociologie d'Une Révolution
  • Toward the African Revolution



FARMER, Herbert Henry  (1892-1981). Liberal British Presbyterian theologian.

Works Include:

  • Experience of God
  • Revelation and Religion
  • Servant of the Word
  • World and God



FARRER, Austin Marsden  (1904-1968). British theologian and philosopher who was known for his elaborate and Thomist-inspired metaphysics.

Works Include:

  • Faith and Speculation
  • Finite and Infinite
  • God is Not Dead
  • Interpretation and Belief
  • Reflective Faith



FATONE, Vicente  (1903-1962). Argentinian phenomenologist of religion.

Works Include:

  • Hombre y Dios
  • The Philosophy of Nagarjuna
  • Temas de Mistica y Religion



FEBVRE, Lucien  (1878-1956). French historian and co-founder of the Annales school.

Works Include:

  • Geographical Introduction to History
  • Life in Renaissance France
  • A New Kind of History
  • The Problem of Unbelief in the 16th Century



FEIGL, Herbert  (1902-1988). German scientist and philosopher of science. Also a Logical Positivist of the Vienna Circle.

Works Include:

  • Existential Hypotheses: Realistic Versus Phenomenalistic Interpretations
  • Inquiries and Provocations
  • The Mental and the Physical
  • Theorie und Erfahrung in der Physik



FEIJOO, Benito Jerónimo  (1676-1764). Leading philosopher of the early Spanish Enlightenment, he concerned himself with eliminating superstitions.

Works Include:

  • Cartas Eruditas y Curiosas (5 vol.)
  • Essay on Woman
  • Rules for Preserving Health
  • Teatro Critico Universal (8 vol.)



FÉNELON, François de Salignac de la Mothe  (1651-1715). French author and religious thinker. Defended Quietist doctrines, which put him out of favor with the religious mainstream.

Works Include:

  • Adventures of Telemachus
  • Christian Perfection
  • The Existence of God
  • Instructions for the Education of a Daughter
  • Maxims of the Saints



FERNÁNDEZ RETAMAR, Roberto  (born 1930). Cuban postmodern cultural critic and essayist.

Works Include:

  • Caliban
  • Obra Revolucionaria(with Che Guevara)



FERRARI, Giuseppe  (1812-1876). Italian philosopher and revolutionist who was heavily influenced by Vico.

Works Include:

  • Federazione Repubblicana
  • Filosofia di Rivoluzione
  • Histoire de la Raison d'Etat



FERRIER, James Frederick  (1808-1864). Scottish philosopher and one of the earliest of the British Idealists.

Works Include:

  • Institutes of Metaphysics
  • An Introduction to the Philosophy of Consciousness
  • Lectures on Greek Philosophy, and Other Philosophical Remains



FERRY, Luc  (born 1951). Contemporary French socio-political philosopher who-along with Alain Renaut-has sought to re-define humanism in light of the "anti-humanism" of postmodernism.

Works Include:

  • French Philosophy of the Sixties: An Essay on Antihumanism(with Alain Renaut)
  • Heidegger and Modernity(with Renaut)
  • Homo Aestheticus: The Invention of Taste in the Democratic Age
  • La Sagesse des Modernes(with Andre Comte-Sponville)
  • The New Ecological Order
  • Political Philosophy, No. 1: Rights: The New Quarrel Between the Ancients and the Moderns(with Renaut)
  • Political Philosophy, No. 2: The System of Philosophies of History
  • Political Philosophy, No. 3: From the Rights of Man to the Republican Idea
  • Why We Are Not Nietzscheans(co-edited with Renaut)



von FEUERBACH, Ludwig Andreas  (1804-1872). German materialist philosopher who critiqued religion in terms of Left-Hegelian philosophy. Was a major influence on Marx.

Works Include:

  • The Essence of Christianity
  • The Essence of Religion
  • Principles of the Philosophy of the Future
  • Thoughts on Death and Immortality



FEYERABEND, Paul K.  (1924-1994). Radical and unorthodox Austrian-American philosopher of science who termed his philosophy an "anarchistic" theory of knowledge.

Works Include:

  • Against Method: Outlines of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge
  • Conquest of Abundance: A Tale of Abstraction Versus the Richness of Being
  • Farewell to Reason
  • Knowledge Without Foundations
  • Science in a Free Society



FICHTE, Immanuel Hermann  (1796-1879). German idealist and son of the more famous Johann Fichte.

Works Include:

  • Anthropologie: Die Lehre von der Menschlichen Seele
  • Die Idee der Personlichkeit und der Individuellen Fortdauer
  • Die Speculative Theologie, oder, Allgemeine Religionslehre
  • Grundzuge Zum System der Philosophie(3 vols.)
  • System der Ethik(3 vols.)



FICHTE, Johann Gottlieb  (1762-1814). Post-Kantian German idealist whose thought can best be described as a version of absolute idealism.

Works Include:

  • Addresses to the German Nation
  • Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation
  • Characteristics of the Present Age
  • Destination of Man
  • The Doctrine of Religion
  • Foundations of Transcendental Philosophy
  • The Science of Ethics
  • The Science of Knowledge
  • The Vocation of Man



FIEDLER, Leslie  (born 1917). American literary and cultural critic, and one of the first thinkers in America (along with Ihab Hassan) to analyze the "postmodern" in literature.

Works Include:

  • English Literature: Opening Up the Canon(with Houston A. Baker, Jr.)
  • End to Innocence
  • Freaks: Myths and Images of the Secret Self
  • Image of the Jew in American Fiction
  • Love and Death in the American Novel
  • What Was Literature? Class Culture and Mass Society



FINK, Eugen  (1905-1975). German phenomenologist and pupil of Husserl.

Works Include:

  • Grundphänomene des Menschlichen Daseins
  • Sein, Wahrheit, Welt
  • Sein und Mensch: Vom Wesen der Ontologischen Erfahrung
  • Spiel als Weltsymbol



FIRESTONE, Shulamith  (born 1945). American socialist feminist.

Works Include:

  • Airless Spaces
  • The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution



FISCHER, Kuno  (1824-1907). German historian of philosopher who drew upon Hegelian philosophy.

Works Include:

  • Francis Bacon of Verulam
  • Kritik der Kantischen Philosophie
  • Logik und Metaphysik
  • Life and Character of Spinoza



FISH, Stanley Eugene  (born 1939). Postmodern American literary theorist usually associated with reader-response criticism.

Works Include:

  • Doing What Comes Naturally: Change, Rhetoric, and the Practice of Theory in Literary and Legal Studies
  • Is There a Text in This Class?: The Authority of Interpetive Communities
  • Professional Correctness: Literary Studies and Politicial Change
  • Surprised by Sin: The Reader in Paradise Lost
  • There's No Such Thing As Free Speech...and It's a Good Thing Too
  • The Trouble With Principle



FLEW, Anthony  (born 1923). British analytic philosopher and social theorist.

Works Include:

  • Body, Mind, and Death
  • God and Philosophy
  • An Introduction to Western Philosophy
  • The Politics of Procrustes: Contradictions of Enforced Equality



FODOR, Jerry A.  (born 1935). American analytic philosopher, semantic thinker, and cognitive scientist.

Works Include:

  • Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong
  • The Elm and the Expert: Mentalese and its Semantics
  • Holism: A Shopper's Guide(with Ernest Lepore)
  • In Critical Condition: Polemical Essays on Cognitive Science and Philosophy of Mind
  • The Mind Doesn't Work That Way: The Scope and Limits of Computational Psychology
  • Representations: Philosophical Essays on the Foundations of Cognitive Science



FØLLESDAL, Dagfin  (born 1932). Contemporary Norwegian philosopher who has been trained in both phenomenological and analytic modes of thought.

Works Include:

  • "Analytic Philosophy: What Is It and Why Should One Engage In It?"
  • "Gödel and Husserl"
  • "Hermeneutics and the Hypothetico-Deductive Method"
  • Husserl and Frege: A Contribution to Elucidating the Origins of Phenomenological Philosophy
  • "Mind and Meaning"
  • "Noema and Meaning in Husserl"
  • "Quine on Modality"
  • "Reference and Sense"
  • Referential Opacity and Modal Logic



FONTENELLE, Bernard Le Bovier  (1657-1757). French philosopher of science and mathematics whose writings helped pave the way for the French Enlightenment.

Works Include:

  • Dialogues of the Dead
  • History of Oracles
  • On the Plurality of Worlds



FOOT, Philippa Ruth  (born 1920). British analytically-trained ethical thinker who is one of the chief proponents of contemporary virtue ethics.

Works Include:

  • Morality in Action
  • Natural Goodness
  • Theories of Ethics
  • Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy



FORSYTH, Peter Taylor  (1848-1921). British Congregationalist theologian whose so-called 'liberal evangelicalism' anticipated many developments of twentieth-century thought.

Works Include:

  • Congregationalism and Reunion
  • Holy Father and the Living Christ
  • Person and Place of Christ
  • Positive Preaching and Modern Mind
  • Principle of Authority in Relation to Certainty, Sanctity, and Society
  • Religion in Recent Art
  • The Power of Prayer



FOUCAULT, Michel  (1926-1984). French post-structuralist social thinker. He is famous for his analyses of the way social power is constructed as well as for his appropriation of Nietzsche's genealogical method of investigating. Best introduction to his thought is his "Nietzsche, Genealogy, History".

Works Include:

  • Archaeology of Knowledge
  • The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception
  • Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
  • Fearless Speech
  • History of Sexuality, Volume 1: Introduction
  • History of Sexuality, Volume 2: The Use of Pleasure
  • History of Sexuality, Volume 3: The Care of the Self
  • Language, Counter-Memory, and Practice: Essays and Interviews
  • Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason
  • "Nietzsche, Genealogy, History"
  • The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences
  • "What is an Author?"
  • "What is Enlightenment?"



FOUCHER, Simon  (1644-1696). French philosopher who spent the bulk of his career disputing Cartesian philosophy and attacking occasionalism.

Works Include:




FOURIER, François Marie Charles  (1772-1837). French utopian socialist philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Passions of the Human Soul
  • Social Destinies
  • Theory of the Four Movements



FRAISSE, Genevieve  (born 1948). Contemporary French feminist whose writings usually focus on the history of gender inequality. She is also noted for her involvement in French politics.

Works Include:

  • Controverse des Sexes
  • Différence des Sexes
  • Raison des Femmes
  • Reason's Muse: Sexual Difference and the Birth of Democracy



FRANK, Philipp  (1884-1966). Austrian philosopher of science and Logical Positivist of the Vienna Circle.

Works Include:

  • Between Physics and Philosophy
  • Die Differential und Integralgleichungen der Mechanik und Physik(2 vols.)(with Richard von Mises)
  • Foundations of Physics
  • Interpretations and Misinterpretations of Modern Physics



FRANK, Simon Lyudvigovich  (1877-1950). Russian religious philosopher who drew on the work of Vladimir Solovyov.

Works Include:

  • Dusha Cheloveka: Opyt Vvdeniya v Filosofsluya Psikhologiyu
  • Nepostizhimoye: Ontologicheskoye Vvdeniye v Filosofiyu Religii
  • Predmet Znaniya



FRASER, Nancy   Contemporary American feminist and Critical Theorist.

Works Include:

  • Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange (with Judith Butler, Drucilla Cornell, and Seyla Benhabib)
  • The Radical Imagination: Between Redistribution and Recognition
  • Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory



FRAUENSTÄDT, Julius  (1813-1879). German philosopher and disciple of Arthur Schopenhauer.

Works Include:

  • Schelling's Vorlesungen in Berlin
  • Studien und Kritiken zur Theologie und Philosophie
  • Uber die Schopenhauer'sche Philosophie



FREGE, Freidrich Ludwig Gottlob  (1848-1925). German logician, philosopher of mathematics, and one of the more important precursors to modern analytic philosophy.

Works Include:

  • The Basic Laws of Arithmetic(2 vols.)
  • Conceptual Notation
  • The Foundations of Arithmetic: A Logico-Mathematical Enquiry into the Concept of Number
  • Funktion, Begriff, Bedeutung
  • Logical Investigations



FREI, Hans Wilhelm  (1922-1988). German-American theologian most often associated with narrative theology.

Works Include:

  • The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics
  • The Identity of Jesus Christ: Hermeneutical Bases for Dogmatic Theology
  • Lectures on the History of Modern Theology
  • Religious Transformation in the Later Eighteenth Century



FREIRE, Paulo  (1921-1997). Brazilian educator and liberation theologian.

Works Include:

  • Cultural Action: A Dialectical Analysis
  • Education: The Practice of Freedom
  • Education for Critical Consciousness
  • Learning to Question: A Pedagogy of Liberation
  • Pedagogy of the City
  • Pedagogy of Hope
  • Pedagogy of the Oppressed



FREUD, Anna  (1895-1982). Austrian-born British psychoanalyst. Daughter of Sigmund, she did much to spread and expand upon the theories of her father.

Works Include:

  • Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense
  • Indications for Child Analysis
  • Normality and Pathology in Childhood
  • Problems of Psychoanalytic Training, Diagnosis, and the Technique of Therapy
  • Psychoanalytic Study of the Child



FREUD, Sigmund  (1856-1939). Austrian psychologist who is rightly considered the founder of modern psychoanalysis. He--along with Marx and Nietzsche--is one of the so-called "Masters of Suspicion" and a huge influence on present-day philosophy.

Works Include:

  • Beyond the Pleasure Principle
  • Civilization and Its Discontents
  • Dora: An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria
  • The Ego and the Id
  • The Future of an Illusion
  • A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis
  • Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety
  • Interpretation of Dreams
  • Moses and Monotheism
  • New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
  • The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
  • The Question of Lay Analysis
  • Sexuality and the Psychology of Love
  • Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
  • Totem and Taboo
  • The Uncanny


And some important secondary literature on Freud includes:

  • Bruno Bettelheim, Freud and Man's Soul
  • Peter Gay, Freud: A Life For Our Time
  • Carl Jung, Freud and Psychoanalysis
  • Paul Ricoeur, Freud and Philosophy



FRIEDAN, Betty  (born 1921). American liberal feminist whose The Feminine Mystique helped kick-start the women's movement.

Works Include:

  • The Feminine Mystique
  • The Fountain of Age
  • The Second Stage



FRIES, Jakob Friedrich  (1773-1843). German Kantian philosopher who--unlike Fichte and Schelling--turned Kantian philosophy into a more analytically-inclined mode of thought. There have since been Friesian and Neo-Friesian schools.

Works Include:

  • Dialogues on Morality and Religion
  • Grundriss der Logik
  • Knowledge, Belief, and Aesthetic Sense
  • Neue oder Anthropologische Kritik der Vernunft(3 vols.)
  • Reinhold, Ficthe, und Schelling
  • System der Logik



FRINGS, Manfred   German-American phenomenologist who has been heavily influenced by the work of Max Scheler.

Works Include:

  • Max Scheler
  • The Mind of Max Scheler
  • Zur Phaenomenologie der Lebensgemeinschaft



FUKUYAMA, Francis  (born 1952). Conservative Asian-American social critic who--like Daniel Bell--laments the arrival of postmodernity.

Works Include:

  • The End of History and the Last Man
  • The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of the Social Order
  • Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity



FUNG Yu-Lan  (1895-1990). Rationalistic Neo-Confucianist who is perhaps the most important non-Communist philosopher of 20th-century China.

Works Include:

  • History of Chinese Philosophy
  • Hsin li-hsueh
  • Hsin shih-hsun
  • New Treatise on the Methodology of Metaphysics
  • Spirit of Chinese Philosophy



FYODOROV, Nikolai Fyodorovich  (1828-1903). Russian religious philosopher whose conservative theological views held that progress was anti-Christian and against the will of God. His esoteric philosophy also included an advocacy of the resurrection of the dead in order to promote the unity and brotherhood of humankind! An alternate spelling of his name is "Fedorov."

Works Include:

  • Filosofia Obshchago Diela
  • What Was Man Created For?: The Philosophy of the Common Task




G



GADAMER, Hans-Georg  (1900-2002). German hermeneutic thinker, phenomenologist, and pupil of Heidegger. Is perhaps the greatest hermeneutic thinker of the twentieth century.

Works Include:

  • Dialogue and Dialectic: Eight Hermeneutical Studies on Plato
  • Hegel, Hölderlin, Heidegger
  • Hegel's Dialectic: Five Hermeneutical Studies
  • Heidegger's Ways
  • Hermeneutics, Religion, and Ethics
  • The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy
  • Literature and Philosophy in Dialogue
  • Philosophical Hermeneutics
  • Reason in the Age of Science
  • The Relevance of the Beautiful
  • Truth and Method



GALILEI, Galileo  (1564-1642). Italian astronomer whose observations on nature helped to usher in not just modern science, but the analytical spirit of modern philosophy.

Works Include:

  • The Assayer
  • Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
  • Dialogue Concerning Two New Sciences
  • Mathematical Discourses
  • On Motion and Mechanics
  • Sidereal Messenger



GALLUPPI, Pasquale  (1770-1846). Italian Kantian-influenced philosopher who also drew upon Cartesian and Scottish Common-Sense philosophy.

Works Include:

  • Considerazioni Filosofiche sull'Idealismo Transcendentale
  • Elementi di Filosofica
  • Saggio Filosofico sulla Critica della Conoscenza Umana



GANDHI, Mohandas Karamchand  (1869-1948). Indian philosopher and activist whose Hinduist-inspired non-violent movement led to the independence of India.

Works Include:

  • God is Truth
  • The Gospel of Swadeshi
  • Hindu Dharma
  • The Law of Continence
  • The Law of Love
  • The Message of Jesus Christ
  • None High, None Low
  • Pathway to God
  • Satyagraha: Non-Violent Resistance
  • The Story of My Experiments with Truth
  • Teaching of the Gita
  • Varnashrama Dharma
  • What is Hinduism?



GANS, Eduard  (1798-1839). German Hegelian-inspired philosopher of law.

Works Include:

  • Naturrecht und Universalrechtgeschichte
  • Rückblicke auf Personen und Zustände



GAOS, José(1900-1969). Spanish existentialist and pupil of Ortega y Gassett.

Works Include:

  • Filosofia de la Historia e Historia de la Filosofia
  • Historia de Nuestra Idea del Mundo
  • Introduccíon a la Fenomenologia
  • Sobre Ortega y Gasset



GARRIGOU-LAGRANGE, Réginald  (1877-1964). French neo-Thomist theologian who was known for his important commentaries on the works of Aquinas.

Works Include:

  • Christian Perfection and Contemplation
  • God, His Existence and His Nature(2 vol.)
  • Life Everlasting
  • The One God: Commentary on Aquinas
  • Reality: A Synthesis of Thomistic Thought
  • Theological Virtues



GASSENDI, Pierre  (1592-1655). French anti-Cartesian philosopher who developed a mechanistic atomist view of the world.

Works Include:

  • Disquisito Metaphysica
  • Exercises Against the Aristotelians
  • Institutio Logica



GEACH, Peter Thomas  (born 1916). British analytic philosopher of logic, ethics, and a wide variety of philosophical topics. Was husband of G.E.M. Anscombe.

Works Include:

  • Logic and Ethics
  • Mental Acts: Their Contents and Their Objects
  • Moral Norms: A Tentative Systematization
  • Providence and Evil
  • Reference and Generality: A Examination of Some Medieval and Modern Theories
  • Truth, Love, and Immortality: An Introduction to McTaggart's Philosophy
  • The Virtues



GEERTZ, Clifford  (born 1923). American anthropologist-philosopher whose work on culture is considered a paragon of postmodern anthropology.

Works Include:

  • After the Fact: Two Countries, Four Decades, One Anthropologist
  • Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics
  • Interpretation of Cultures
  • Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology
  • Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author



GEIGER, Moritz  (1880-1937). First-generation German phenomenologist with an interest in philosophy of mathematics. Was also an associate of Husserl's.

Works Include:

  • Methodologische und Experimentelle Beitrage zur Quantitatslehre
  • The Significance of Art
  • Systematische Axiomatik der Euklidischen Geometrie



GELLNER, Ernest  (1925-1995). British sociologist-philosopher who is widely known for his work on nationalism.

Works Include:

  • Anthropology and Politics: Revolution in the Sacred Grove
  • Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and its Rivals
  • Legitimation of Belief
  • Nations and Nationalism
  • Plough, Sword, and Book: The Structure of Human History
  • Postmodernism, Reason, and Religion
  • Reason and Culture: The Historic Role of Rationality and Rationalism
  • Relativism and the Social Sciences
  • Words and Things



GENDLIN, Eugene T.  (born 1926). American phenomenological psychologist whose particular method has been labelled the 'focusing-oriented approach'.

Works Include:

  • Experiencing and the Creation of Meaning: A Philosophical and Psychological Approach to the Subjective
  • Focusing
  • Focusing-Oriented Psychotherapy(2 vols.)



GENETTE, Gérard  (born 1930). French structuralist literary theorist and philosopher.

Works Include:

  • The Architext
  • Fictions and Dictions
  • Figures of Literary Discourse
  • Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method
  • Paratexts



GENTILE, Giovanni  (1875-1944). Italian idealist philosopher. Arguably one of the most important Italian philosophers since Aquinas, Gentile's thought was a radicalization of some of the absolute tendencies in German idealism. Politically, Gentile applied his philosophy to the rise and development of Italian fascism.

Works Include:

  • Fascismo e Cultura
  • Genesis and Structure of Society
  • Giordano Bruno
  • Modernismo e i Rapporti tra Religione e Filosofia
  • The Philosophy of Art
  • The Reform of Education
  • The Theory of Mind as Pure Act



GEULINCX, Arnold  (1624-1699). Belgian philosopher who was a supporter of Cartesianism and an adherent of occasionalism.

Works Include:

  • De Virtute
  • Ethica
  • Logica Restituta
  • Metaphysica Vera



GEYSER, Josef  (1869-1948). German neo-Thomist philosopher/theologian whose approach influenced the development of phenomenology. His work drew upon Scheler's philosophy as well.

Works Include:

  • Augustin und die Phänomenologische Religionsphilosophie der Gegenwart
  • Das Gesetz der Ursache
  • Die Erkenntnistheorie des Aristoteles
  • Max Schelers Phänomenologie der Religion



GIBRAN, Gibran Khalil  (1883-1931). Lebanese poet-philosopher who fused elements of Eastern and Western mysticism. His writings are combinations of poetry, prose, and aphorisms. They contain diverse teachings and ideas drawn from many faiths.

Works Include:

  • The Broken Wings
  • Jesus, Son of Man
  • The Prophet
  • Sand and Foam
  • Spirits Rebellious
  • Tears and Laughter



GIDDENS, Anthony  (born 1938). British post-Marxist sociologist and critic of the postmodern.

Works Include:

  • The Consequences of Modernity
  • The Constitution of Society
  • A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism
  • Modernity and Self-Identity
  • The Nation-State and Violence
  • The Transformation of Intimacy



GILSON, Étienne  (1884-1978). French Thomist philosopher-theologian and historian of philosophy.

Works Include:

  • Being and Some Philosophers
  • Choir of Muses
  • The Christian Philosophy of Saint Augustine
  • Christianity and Philosophy
  • Elements of Christian Philosophy
  • God and Philosophy
  • Philosophy and Theology
  • The Philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas
  • The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy
  • The Unity of Philosophical Experience



GIOBERTI, Vincenzo  (1801-1852). Philosopher of Italian nationalism who emphasized the role of religion in civic life.

Works Include:

  • The Civil and Moral Primacy of the Italians
  • Della Republica e del Cristianesimo
  • On the Civil Renovation of Italy



GIRARD, René  (born 1923). French post-structuralist philosopher of religion and literary critic.

Works Include:

  • Deceit, Desire, and the Novel
  • I See Satan Fall Like Lightning
  • Job: The Victim of His People
  • Resurrection From the Underground: Fyodor Dosteovsky
  • The Scapegoat
  • Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World
  • To Double Business Bound: Essays on Literature, Mimesis, Anthropology
  • Violence and the Sacred



GLADDEN, Washington  (1836-1918). American theologian and reformer associated with the Social Gospel.

Works Include:

  • Applied Christianity
  • Christianity and Socialism
  • The Church and the Kingdom
  • Social Salvation



GÖDEL, Kurt  (1906-1978). Czech-American logician and philosopher of mathematics famous for his incompleteness theorem.

Works Include:

  • Consistency of the Continuum Hypothesis
  • On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica



GODWIN, William  (1756-1836). English author and radical political philosopher who is considered the founder of modern philosophical anarchism. See also the Anarchism section of my web site.

Works Include:

  • Caleb Williams
  • Enquiry Concerning Political Justice
  • Fleetwood
  • Instructions to a Statesman
  • St. Leon
  • Thoughts on Man



GOFFMAN, Erving  (1922-1982). Canadian-American sociologist concerned with the forms of human interaction.

Works Include:

  • Asylums: Essays on the Social Situations of Mental Patients
  • Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings
  • Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience
  • Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behavior
  • The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
  • Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity
  • Strategic Interaction



GOGARTEN, Friedrich  (1887-1968). German Neo-Orthodox theologian who drew upon Barthian and Bultmannian theologies in his analyses.

Works Include:

  • Demythologization and the Church
  • Der Mensch Zwischen Gott und Welt
  • Politische Ethik



GOLASZEWSKA, Maria   Contemporary Polish phenomenological philosopher who has made her primary contributions in the area of aesthetics.

Works Include:

  • Czlowiek w Zwierciadle Sztuki
  • De Educatione Liber
  • Imiona Milosci
  • Swiadomosc Piekna
  • Zarys Estetyki



GOODMAN, Nelson  (1906-1998). American analytic philosopher whose work has been seminal in pushing thought toward the post-analytic.

Works Include:

  • Fact, Fiction and Forecast
  • Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols
  • Of Mind and Other Matters
  • Problems and Projects
  • The Structure of Appearance
  • Ways of Worldmaking



GORDON, Lewis  (born 1962). African-American philosopher of culture of and race. His work has been connected with movements as diverse as existentialism, post-structuralism, and postmodernism, to name a few.

Works Include:

  • Bad Faith and Anti-Black Racism
  • Existentia Africana: Understanding Black Existential Philosophy
  • Fanon and the Crisis of European Man: An Essay on Philosophy and Human Sciences
  • Her Majesty's Other Children: Sketches of Racism from a Neo-Colonial Age



GORE, Charles  (1853-1932). British Anglican theologian who was known for espousing liberal views.

Works Include:

  • The Body of Christ
  • Christ and Society
  • The Incarnation of the Son of God
  • The Philosophy of the Good Life
  • The Reconstruction of Belief
  • The Sermon on the Mount



GÖRRES, Johann Joseph von  (1776-1848).German religious philosopher who was heavily influenced by the philosophy of Schelling.

Works Include:

  • Aphorismen über die Organonomie
  • Athanasius
  • Christliche Mystik(4 vols.)



GORTER, Herman  (1864-1927). Dutch Marxist and along with Anton Pannekoek, one of the most important advocates of council communism.

Works Include:

  • Imperialism, Social Democracy, and World War
  • Marxism and Revisionism
  • An Open Letter to Comrade Lenin
  • Pan



GORZ, André  (born 1924). Marxist-influenced Austro-French political philosopher. His ideas are a very radical, ecologically-friendly form of socialism.

Works Include:

  • Capitalism, Socialism, Ecology
  • Critique of Economic Reason
  • Ecology as Politics
  • Farewell to the Working Class: An Essay on Post-Industrial Socialism
  • Reclaiming Work: Beyond the Wage-Based Society



GÖSCHEL, Karl Friedrich  (1784-1861). Right-Hegelian philosopher who attempted to reconcile Christianity and Hegelianism.

Works Include:

  • Aphorismen über Nichtwissen und absolutes Wissen im Verhältnisse zur christlichen Glaubenserkenntniss
  • Hegel und Seine Zeit
  • Zur Lehre von den Letzten Dingen



GOUX, Jean-Joseph  (born 1943). Contemporary French postmodern philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Coiners of Language
  • Frivolité de la Valeur: Essai Sur l'Imaginaire du Capitalisme
  • Oedipus, Philosopher
  • Retracing the Woman
  • Symbolic Economies After Marx and Freud



GRACIAN Y MORALES, Baltasar  (1601-1658). Spanish Jesuit philosopher and author. Is known for his satirical and aphoristic style.

Works Include:

  • The Art of Prudence
  • The Art of Worldly Wisdom
  • Comulgatorio
  • The Critic
  • Heroe: The Way to Eminence and Perfection



GRAMSCI, Antonio  (1891-1937). Italian Marxist theorist who is perhaps one of the most important non-Russian Marxists of the 20th century. He was imprisoned by Mussolini's regime because of communist activities; prison is where he died. His most important writings were those done while in prison and have been collected posthumously in his Prison Notebooks.

Works Include:

  • "The Agrarian Struggle in Italy"
  • "Democracy and Fascism"
  • "The Development of Fascism"
  • "Leaders and Masses"
  • The Modern Prince
  • Prison Notebooks
  • "Socialists and Communists"
  • "Socialists and Fascists"
  • "The Southern Question"



GRASSI, Ernesto  (1902-1991). Italian philosopher who connected Heideggerian phenomenology with the humanism of Giambattista Vico.

Works Include:

  • Heidegger and the Question of Renaissance Humanism
  • Humanism: Essays on Vico, Heidegger, and Rhetoric
  • Rhetoric as Philosophy: The Humanist Tradition



GREEN, Thomas Hill  (1836-1882). Influential English Hegelian idealist. Aside from writing on ethics and metaphysics, Green also made important contributions to political thought.

Works Include:

  • Essay on Christian Dogma
  • Lectures on Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract
  • Lectures on the Principle of Political Obligation
  • Prolegomena to Ethics



GREENBERG, Irving  (born 1901). Contemporary Jewish thinker and prominent post-Holocaust theologian.

Works Include:

  • "Cloud of Smoke, Pillar of Fire: Judaism, Christianity, and Modernity after the Holocaust"
  • Confronting the Holocaust: The Impact of Elie Wiesel(with Alvin Rosenfeld)
  • The Jewish Way
  • Living in the Image of God: Jewish Teachings to Perfect the World
  • "Religious Values After the Holocaust: A Jewish View"



GREER, Germaine  (born 1939). Australian anarcha-feminist whose book The Female Eunuch is perhaps one of the most important feminist books of the late 20th century.

Works Include:

  • The Beautiful Boy
  • The Female Eunuch
  • The Whole Woman



GREIMAS, Algirdas Julien  (1917-1992). Lithuanian-French structuralist linguist and semiotician.

Works Include:

  • Maupassant: The Semiotics of the Text
  • On Meaning
  • The Semiotics of Passion(with Jacques Fontanille)
  • The Social Sciences, a Semiotic View
  • Structural Semantics: An Attempt at a Method



GRELLING, Kurt  (1886-1941). German philosopher of science, logician, and Logical Positivist associated with the Berin Circle. Was killed by Nazis while trying to flee Europe.

Works Include:

  • Analysis of Matter
  • Mengenlehre
  • Probleme der Wissenschaft



GRENE, Marjorie  (born 1910). American phenomenological philosopher who is known for her contributions to philosophy of biology and her studies on classic philosophers like Descartes.

  • Approaches to a Philosophical Biology
  • Dreadful Freedom: A Critique of Existentialism
  • The Knower and the Known
  • A Philosophical Testament
  • Sartre
  • Understanding of Nature: Essays in the Philosophy of Biology



GRICE, Herbert Paul  (1913-1988). British analytic philosopher of mind and semantics.

Works Include:

  • "Logic and Conversation"
  • "Meaning"
  • "Meaning Revisited"
  • "Utterer's Meaning and Intention"
  • "Utterer's Meaning, Sentence-Meaning, and Word-Meaning"
  • "Vacuous Names"



GRIFFIN, Susan  (born 1943). Radical American feminist author whose works touch on issues as diverse as pornography, war, and ecology.

Works Include:

  • Book of the Courtesans: A Catalogue of Their Virtues
  • Chorus of Stones: The Private Life of War
  • Eros of Everyday Life
  • Pornography and Silence: Culture's Revenge Against Nature
  • Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her



GRIFFITHS, Gareth  Australian theorist of the postcolonial whose focus is on African and West Indian literature

Works Include:

  • "Documentation and Communication in Post-Colonial Societies: The Politics of Control"
  • A Double Exile: African and West Indian Writing Between Two Cultures
  • The Empire Writes Back(with Bill Anderson and Helen Tiffin)
  • "Language and Action in the Novels of Chinua Achebe"
  • "Writing, Literacy, and History in Africa"



GROTE, John  (1813-1866). English Idealist philosopher and critic of utilitarianism.

Works Include:

  • An Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy
  • Exploration Philosophica
  • Treatise on Moral Ideals



GROTIUS, Hugo[latinized name of Hugo der Groot]  (1583-1645). Dutch legal philosopher famed for his theories on natural law--which went on to influence future political philosophers.

Works Include:

  • Defense of the Catholic Faith
  • On the Truth of Christianity
  • The Rights of War and Peace



GUARDINI, Romano  (1885-1968). German-Italian Catholic theologian whose work covers a huge range of religious topics. Methodologically, he drew upon Husserlian phenomenology.

Works Include:

  • The End of the Modern World
  • The Humanity of Christ: Contributions to a Psychology of Jesus
  • The Lord
  • The Spirit of the Liturgy



GUATTARI, Félix  (1930-1992). French post-structuralist philosopher and psychoanalyst. Also known for his collaborative efforts with fellow Frenchman Gilles Deleuze.

Works Include:

  • Authored by Himself:
    • Cartographies Schizoanalytiques
    • Chaosmosis: An Ethico-Aesthetic Paradigm
    • Chaosophy: Soft Subversions
    • Communists Like Us: New Spaces of Liberty, New Lines of Alliance(with Antonio Negri)
    • Molecular Revolution: Psychiatry and Politics
    • Psychanalyse et Transversalité: Essais d'Analyse
    • The Three Ecologies
  • Co-Authored with Gilles Deleuze:
    • Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Volume 1: Anti-Oedipus
    • Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Volume 2: A Thousand Plateaus
    • Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature
    • Nomadology: The War Machine
    • On the Line
    • What is Philosophy?



GUEVARA, Ernesto "Che"  (1928-1967). Argentinian-born Marxist revolutionary who aided in the Cuban Revolution. His writings are mostly geared toward developing revolutionary strategy and the tactics of guerilla warfare.

Works Include:

  • Guerilla Warfare
  • Man and Socialism in Cuba
  • Motorcycle Diaries




GUHA, Ranajit  Indian philosopher of the postcolonial who has written a great deal on historiography and the Western conceptions of India.

Works Include:

  • Dominance Without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India
  • Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India
  • History at the Limit of World-History
  • A Rule of Property for Bengal



GUIGNON, Charles B.   Contemporary American hermeneutic phenomenologist who draws upon the work of Heidegger.

Works Include:

  • "Authenticity and Integrity: A Heideggerian Perspective"
  • The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger(editor)
  • "Heidegger, American Pragmatism, and Analytic Philosophy: Pitting Heidegger Against Epistemology"
  • Heidegger and the Problem of Knowledge
  • "Philosophy and Authenticity: Heidegger's Search for a Ground for Philosophizing"
  • "Truth in Interpretation: A Hermeneutic Approach"



GURWITSCH, Aron  (1900-1973). German phenomenological thinker who was influenced by Gestalt psychology and was an influence on Merleau-Ponty.

Works Include:

  • Field of Consciousness
  • Human Encounters in the Social World
  • Phenomenology and the Theory of Science
  • Studies in Phenomenology and Psychology



GUTIERREZ, Gustavo  (born 1928). Peruvian theologian and one of the founders of liberation theology.

Works Include:

  • The God of Life
  • Las Casas: In Search of the Poor of Christ
  • On Job
  • A Theology of Liberation
  • We Drink From Our Own Wells: The Spiritual Journey of a People



GUYAU, Jean-Marie  (1854-1888). French moral and social philosopher who was known for writing against religion.

Works Include:

  • Education and Heredity
  • The Non-Religion of the Future: A Sociological Study
  • Problems of Contemporary Aesthetics
  • Sketch of Morality



GUZZO, Augusto  (1894-1986). Italian philosopher who managed to combine elements of Italian idealism with Thomism in his own thinking.

Works Include:

  • Agostino contro Pelagio
  • Analisi dell'Umana Esperienza
  • Pensiero di Spinoza
  • Sapere Scientifico e Sapere Filosofico




H




HA'AM, Ahad [né Asher Ginzberg]  (1856-1927). Ukrainian-born Jewish philosopher whose thought was a synthesis of European philosophy and Jewish theology. He was also a key force behind Jewish cultural renewal in the early days of Zionism.

Works Include:

  • Al Parashat ha-Derakhim
  • Anticipations and Survivals
  • The Jewish State and the Jewish Problems
  • The Wrong Way



HABERMAS, JÜRGEN  (born 1929). Second generation German Frankfurt School Critical Theorist who uses Kant-inspired discourse ethics as a counter against much postmodern thought--espcially the French variety.

Works Include:

  • Communication and the Evolution of Society
  • Knowledge and Human Interests
  • Legitimation Crisis
  • Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action
  • On the Pragmatics of Social Interaction
  • Philosophical Discourse of Modernity
  • The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere
  • A Theory of Communicative Action(2 vols.)



HACKING, Ian  (born 1936). Contemporary Canadian philosopher of science.

Works Include:

  • Mad Travellers
  • Representing and Intervening
  • The Social Construction of What?
  • The Taming of Chance
  • Why Does Language Matter to Philosophy?



HAECKEL, Ernest  (1834-1919). German metaphysical monist and zoologist whose work was seized upon and twisted by Nazis after his death.

Works Include:

  • The Evolution of Man
  • Freedom in Science and Teaching
  • The History of Creation
  • Monism as Connecting Religion and Science
  • Wonders in Life



HAHN, Hans  (1879-1934). Austrian logician, philosopher of mathematics, and Logical Positivist associated with the Vienna Circle.

Works Include:

  • Einfuhrung in die Elemente der Hoheren Mathematik(with Heinrich Tietze)
  • Empiricism, Logic, and Mathematics: Philosophical Papers
  • Set Functions(with Arthur Rosenthal)



HALIMI, Gisèle  (born 1927). French feminist and lawyer who is known for her involvement in the French abortion rights movement.

Works Include:

  • La Cause des Femmes
  • Droits des Hommes et Droits des Femmes: Une Autre Democratie
  • Milk for the Orange Tree
  • La Parité dans la vie Politique
  • The Right to Choose



HAMANN, Johann Georg  (1730-1788). German anti-Kantian and anti-Enlightenment philosopher. Known as the "Magus of the North".

Works Include:

  • Aesthetica in Nuce
  • Biblical Reflections
  • A Flying Letter
  • Golgotha and Schlebimini
  • Metacritique of the Purism of Reason
  • New Apology for the Letter H
  • Socratic Memorabilia



HAMILTON, William Hughes  (born 1924). American theologian who is known--with Thomas Altizer--as one of the key thinkers of the death-of-god theology.

Works Include:

  • The Christian Man
  • The New Essence of Christianity
  • On Taking God out of the Dictionary
  • Questions and Answers on the Radical Theology
  • Radical Theology and the Death of God(with Thomas J.J. Altizer)



HAMPSHIRE, Stuart Newton  (1914-2004). Contemporary British analytic philosopher of mind and ethics.

Works Include:

  • Freedom of the Individual
  • Morality and Conflict
  • Spinoza
  • Thought and Action



HANAFI, Hasan  (born 1935). Egyptian Muslim phenomenologist.

Works Include:

  • Dirasat Falsafiyah
  • Exegèse de la Phénomenologie: L'État Actuelle de la Methode Phénomenologique et Son Application au Phénomene Réligieux
  • Islam in the Modern World
  • Phénomenologie de l'Exegèse: Essai d'une Hermeneutique Existentielle à Partir du Nouveau Testament
  • Reigious Dialogue and Revolution: Essays on Judaism, Christianity and Islam
  • Tractatus Theologico-Politicus



HARAWAY, Donna  (born 1944). American feminist philosopher who has done pioneering work exploring the interaction between humans and machines, as well as its impact on feminism.

Works Include:

  • The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness
  • Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in 20th Century Developmental Biology
  • Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science
  • Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature



HARDING, Sandra  (born 1935). American feminist epistemologist and philosopher of science.

Works Include:

  • Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science (co-edited with Merrill Hintikka)
  • Is Science Multicultural?: Postcolonialisms, Feminisms, and Epistemologies
  • The Science Question in Feminism
  • Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?: Thinking From Women's Lives



HARDT, Michael  (born 1960). American post-structuralist philosopher. Especially influenced by Deleuze.

Works Include:

  • Empire(with Antonio Negri)
  • Gilles Deleuze: An Apprenticeship in Philosophy
  • Labor of Dionysius: Critique of the State-Form(with A. Negri)



HARE, Richard Mervyn  (1919-2002). British analytic philosopher and utilitarian-influenced ethical thinker.

Works Include:

  • Applications of Moral Philosophy
  • Freedom and Reason
  • The Language of Morals
  • Moral Thinking: Its Levels, Method, and Point
  • Plato



HARMAN, Gilbert  (born 1938). American analytic philosopher of mind, ethics, and semantics.

Works Include:

  • Change in View: Principles of Reasoning
  • Logic of Grammar
  • Nature of Morality: An Introduction to Ethics
  • Reasoning, Meaning, and Mind
  • Semantics of Natural Language



HARNACK, Adolf Karl Gustav von  (1851-1930). German theologian, church historian, and--along with Ritschl--one of the most important advocates of Protestant liberalism.

Works Include:

  • Apostles' Creed
  • Christianity and History
  • Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries
  • History of Dogma( 7 vols.)
  • Liberal Theology at its Height
  • Marcion: The Gospel of the Alien God



HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus  (1907-1992). English legal philosopher. Was the chief representative of legal positivism.

Works Include:

  • Causation in the Law (with A.M. Honoré)
  • The Concept of Law
  • Essays on Bentham
  • Law, Liberty and Morality



HARTMANN, Eduard von  (1842-1906). German pessimistic idealist whose thought was a fusion of Schopenhauer and Hegel.

Works Include:

  • Grundproblem der Erkenntnistheorie
  • Kritische Grundlegung des Transcendentalen Realismus
  • Philosophy of the Unconscious
  • The Religion of the Spirit
  • Schellings Philosophisches System
  • System of Philosophy



HARTMANN, Nicolai  (1882-1950). Russo-German Neo-Kantian phenomenologist.

Works Include:

  • Die Erkenntnis im Lichte der Ontologie
  • Ethics(3 vols.)
  • Moral Phenomena
  • New Ways of Ontology
  • Philosophie Des Deutschen Idealismus(2 vols.)
  • Platos Logik Des Seins



HARTSHORNE, Charles  (1897-2000). American process theologian and disciple of Alfred North Whitehead.

Works Include:

  • Aquinas to Whitehead
  • Beyond Humanism
  • Creative Synthesis and Philosophic Method
  • The Darkness and the Light
  • The Logic of Perfection
  • A Natural Theology for Our Time
  • Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes
  • Reality as Social Process
  • Whitehead's Philosophy



HASSAN, Ihab  (born 1925). Egyptian-American literary critic and one of the first American thinkers (along with Leslie Fiedler) to introduce the idea of "postmodernism" to literary criticism.

Works Include:

  • The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature
  • The Literature of Silence: Henry Miller and Samuel Beckett
  • Paracriticisms: Seven Speculations of Our Time
  • The Postmodern Turn: Essays in Postmdoern Theory and Culture
  • Radical Innocence: Studies in the Contemporary American Novel
  • The Right Promethean Fire: Imagination, Science and Cultural Change



HATAB, Lawrence J.  (born 1946). American phenomenological philosopher. Currently a teacher at Old Dominion University.

Works Include:

  • Ethics and Finitude: Heideggerian Contributions to Moral Philosophy
  • Myth and Philosophy: A Contest of Truths
  • Nietzsche and Eternal Recurrence: The Redemption of Time and Becoming
  • A Nietzschean Defense of Democracy



HAUERWAS, Stanley  American narrative theologian who cites Barth as a major influence. He is most well-known for his ethical writings.

Works Include:

  • After Christendom
  • Dispatches from the Front: Theological Engagements with the Secular
  • In Good Company: The Church as a Polis
  • The Peaceable Kingdom
  • Resident Aliens: Life in the Christian Colony(with W. Willimon)



HEGEL, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich  (1770-1831). Radical German idealist philosopher. His philosophical system is perhaps the penultimate philosophy of modernity, what with such notions that the "real is the rational and the rational is the real."

Works Include:

  • Aesthetics, or, the Philosophy of Fine Art
  • The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy
  • Elements of the Philosophy of Right
  • Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences
  • Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics
  • Lectures on the History of Philosophy
  • Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion
  • Phenomenology of Spirit
  • Philosophy and the Oriental Mind
  • Philosophy of History
  • Philosophy of Nature
  • The Science of Logic


Some important secondary literature on Hegel includes...

  • Jean Hyppolite, Genesis and Structure of Hegel'sPhenomenology of Spirit
  • Alexandre Kojève, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel
  • Terry Pinkard, Hegel's Phenomenology
  • Charles Taylor, Hegel



HEIDEGGER, Martin  (1889-1976). Perhaps the most important German philosopher of the twentieth century, Martin Heidegger is surrounded by controversy. His existential phenomenology is replete with confusing terminology, but it is terminology which lies at the heart of his task of the thinking of Being. On top of philosophical controversy, Heidegger became embroiled in controversy when he embraced Nazism for a short period in his life. Personal faults aside, Heidegger's philosophy seems to be one which can bear much fruit if properly examined.

Works Include:

  • Aristotle's Metaphysics, theta 1-3: On the Essence and Actuality of Force
  • The Basic Problems of Phenomenology
  • Basic Questions of Philosophy: Selected Problems of Logic
  • Being and Time
  • Contributions to Philosophy(From Enowning)
  • Discourse on Thinking
  • Early Greek Philosophy
  • Elucidations of Hölderlin's Poetry
  • Existence and Being
  • The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics
  • Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit
  • Heraclitus Seminar(with Eugen Fink)
  • History of the Concept of Time: Prolegomena
  • Identity and Difference
  • Introduction to Metaphysics
  • Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics
  • Letter on Humanism
  • The Metaphysical Foundations of Logic
  • Nietzsche(4 vols.)
  • On the Way to Language
  • On Time and Being
  • Ontology: The Hermeneutics of Facticity
  • Parmenides
  • Pathmarks
  • Phenomenological Interpretation of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
  • The Piety of Thinking
  • The Question Concerning Technology
  • Schelling's Treatise on the Essence of Human Freedom
  • What is Called Thinking?
  • What is a Thing?
  • Zollikon Seminars


And some important secondary literature on Heidegger...

  • Fred Dallmayr, The Other Heidegger
  • Hubert Dreyfus, Being-In-The-World: A Commentary on Heidegger's Being and Time
  • Luce Irigaray, The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger
  • Richard F.H. Polt, Heidegger: An Introduction
  • Reiner Schurmann, Heidegger on Being and Acting: From Principles to Anarchy



HEIM,Karl  (1874-1958). Conservative German theologian-scientist.

Works Include:

  • God Transcendent
  • Jesus the Lord
  • The Transformation of the Scientific World View
  • The World: Its Creation and Consummation



HELLER, Agnes  (born 1929). Hungarian Critical Theorist whose primary focus is on political philosophy.

Works Include:

  • Beyond Justice
  • Can Modernity Survive?
  • From Yalta to Glasnost: The Dismantling of Stalin's Empire(with Ferenc Feher)
  • The Grandeur and Twilight of Radical Universalism(with F. Feher)
  • The Postmodern Political Condition(with F. Feher)
  • Socialism, Autonomy, and the Postmodern
  • A Theory of Modernity



HELVETIUS, Claude-Adrien  (1715-1791). French philosopher and Encyclopedist who espoused an empirical materialist view--one that earned the wrath of civil and religious authorities of his day.

Works Include:

  • Essays on the Mind
  • Les Progrés de la Raison
  • A Treatise on Man



HEMPEL, Carl Gustav  (1905-1997). German philosopher of science and Logical Positivist associated with the Berlin Circle.

Works Include:

  • Aspects of Scientific Explanation
  • Fundamentals of Concept Formation in Empirical Science
  • Philosophy of Natural Science



HENRY, Carl Ferdinand Howard  (1913-2003). American theologian who was perhaps the chief twentieth-century theologian of evangelicalism.

Works Include:

  • God, Revelation, and Authority(6 vols.)
  • The Identity of Jesus of Nazareth
  • Revelation and the Bible
  • Toward a Recovery of Christian Belief
  • Twilight of a Great Civilization: The Drift Towards Neo-Paganism
  • The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism



HERBART, Johann Friedrich  (1776-1841). Post-Kantian German philosopher who made advances in psychology and education.

Works Include:

  • Allgemeine Metaphysik
  • Application of Psychology to the Science of Education
  • Psychologie als Wissenschaft
  • Science of Education



HERDER, Johann Gottfried von  (1744-1803). German Romantic philosopher, critic of the Enlightenment, and religious thinker.

Works Include:

  • Essay on the Origin of Language
  • God, Some Conversations
  • Ideas for a Philosophy of the History of Mankind
  • Über die Neuer Deutsche Literatur
  • Vom Erkennen und Empfinden der Menshclichen Seele



HERRIGEL, Eugen  (1884-1955). German philosopher who, after studying Western philosophy intensively, travelled to Japan to learn about Zen. After years of studying in the East, Herrigel became an important writer on Zen.

Works Include:

    4
  • Zen in the Art of Archery
  • The Method of Zen



HERSCH, Jeanne  (1910-2000). Swiss phenomenological philosopher of politics and pupil of Karl Jaspers.

Works Include:

  • Étonnement Philosophique: Une Histoire de la Philosophie
  • Die Ideologien und die Wirklichkeit
  • Karl Jaspers



HESCHEL, Abraham Joshua  (1907-1972). Jewish philosopher-theologian whose work is often connected to existentialism.

Works Include:

  • The Earth is the Lord's
  • God in Search of Man
  • Man is Not Alone
  • A Passion for Truth
  • The Prophets
  • Who is Man?



HESCHEL, Susannah   Contemporary Jewish philosopher who combines elements of feminism and Jewish theology.

Works Include:

  • Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus
  • "Abraham Heschel"
  • Betrayal: German Churches and the Holocaust (with Robert Ericksen)
  • Insider/Outsider: Jews and Multiculturalism (with D. Biale and M. Galchinsky)
  • "On Being a Jewish Feminist"



HICK, John (born 1922). British religious philosopher who is famous for his pluralistic account of world religion. Perhaps the pre-eminent English-speaking philosopher of religion of the twentieth century.

Works Include:

  • Death and Eternal Life
  • Evil and the Love of God
  • The Fifth Dimension: An Exploration of the Spiritual Realm
  • God Has Many Names
  • Philosophy of Religion



HINTIKKA, Jaakko  (born 1929). Contemporary Finnish logician, analytic philosopher, and semantic theorist.

Works Include:

  • Aspects of Inductive Logic
  • The Game of Language: Studies in Game-Theoretical Semantics and Its Applications(with Jack Kulas)
  • Inquiry as Inquiry: The Logic of Scientific Discovery
  • Investigating Wittgenstein(with Merrill B. Hintikka)
  • Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions
  • Knowledge and the Known
  • Language, Truth, and Logic in Mathematics



HOBHOUSE, Leonard Trelawney  (1864-1929). English political philosopher, sociologist, and theorist of liberal democracy.

Works Include:

  • Development and Purpose
  • Liberalism
  • Principles of Sociology
  • Social Evolution and Political Theory



HODGE, Bob  Australian theorist of the postcolonial who has written on various world cultures in the era of globalization.

Works Include:

  • Dark Side of the Dream: Australian Literature and the Postcolonial Mind(with Vijay Mishra)
  • "The Life Cycle of a Postmodern Paradigm"(with R. Woog)
  • Literature as Discourse
  • Reading the Dragon: The Politics of Chinese Language and Culture(with K. Louie)
  • "Virtual Meaning: Problems of Interpretation in the Social Sciences"(with V. Dmitrov)
  • "White Australia and the Aboriginal Invention of Space"



HOLBACH, Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d'  (1723-1789). German-born French philosophe and associated of the Encyclopedists. Advocated a mechanistic , atheistic, and deterministic view of reality.

Works Include:

  • De la Cruauté Religieuse
  • Ethocratie
  • Poltique Naturelle
  • The System of Nature
  • Système Social



HONNETH, Axel  (born 1949). Contemporary German Critical Theorist and social philosopher.

Works Include:

  • Critique of Power: Reflective Stages in a Critical Social Theory
  • Fragmented World of the Social: Essays in Social and Political Philosophy
  • Social Action and Human Nature(with Hans Joas)
  • Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts



HOOK, Sidney  (1902-1989). American pragmatist and political thinker who is known for his analyses--and devastating critiques--of Marxism. Was perhaps John Dewey's most famous pupil.

Works Include:

  • Critique of Ethical Realism
  • From Hegel to Marx
  • John Dewey, An Intellectual Portrait
  • Marx and the Marxists
  • Metaphysics of Pragmatism
  • Political Power and Personal Freedom
  • Quest for Being
  • Religion in a Free Society



HOOKS, bell[née Gloria Watkins]  (born 1952). Contemporary African-American feminist, cultural theorist, and literary critic.

Works Include:

  • Ain't I a Woman?: Black Women and Feminism
  • Feminism is For Everybody: Passionate Politics
  • Feminist Theory From Margin to Center
  • Killing Rage: Ending Racism
  • Outlaw Culture: Resisting Representation
  • Teaching to Trangress: Education as the Practice of Freedom
  • Wounds of Passion: A Writing Life
  • Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics



HORKHEIMER, Max  (1895-1973). Influential first-generation Frankfurt School Critical Theorist. Most well-known for his collaborative efforts with Theodor Adorno.

Works Include:

  • Between Philosophy and Social Science
  • Critical Theory
  • Critique of Instrumental Reason
  • Dawn and Decline
  • Dialectic of Enlightenment(with Theodor Adorno)
  • Eclipse of Reason
  • "Introduction" to Aspects of Sociology(with T. Adorno)



HORNEY, Karen  (1885-1962). German psychologist and theorist who is perhaps best-known for her theories on neurosis.

Works Include:

  • Neurosis and Growth
  • The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
  • Our Inner Conflicts Self-Analysis



HOUNTONDJI, Paulin J.  (born 1942). Beninian phenomenological philosopher and historian of philosophy.

Works Include:

  • African Philosophy: Myth or Reality?
  • Libertés, Contribution á la Revolution Dahoméenne



HROMADKA, Josef Lukl  (1889-1969). Czech theologian of neo-orthodoxy who had much in common with the thought of Barth.

Works Include:

  • Doom and Resurrection
  • Evangelium auf dem Wege zum Menschen
  • Impact of History on Theology
  • Katolicism a boj o Krest'anstvi
  • Theology Betwen Yesterday and Tomorrow



HUET, Pierre Daniel  (1630-1721). French bishop and philosopher who was known for his vigorous attacks on Cartesian philosophy

Works Include:

  • Censura Philosophiae Cartesianae
  • History of Romances
  • Nouveau Memoir pour Servir à l'Histoire du Cartesianisme
  • Questiones Aletuanae
  • Treatise Concerning the Weakness of Human Understanding
  • Treatise of the Situation of Paradise



HUME, David  (1711-1776). Scottish skepticist-empiricist philosopher. One of the famous "British empiricists", Hume has been highly influential on future generations of thinkers--Immanuel Kant being a notable example.

Works Include:

  • Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
  • An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
  • An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
  • A Treatise on Human Nature



HUSSERL, Edmund  (1859-1938). German founder of modern phenomenology. A pupil of Franz Brentano's, Husserl turned his teacher's empirical philosophy into the science of phenomena. Various schools of thought and philosophical movements owe their origins to the thought of Husserl.

Works Include:

  • Cartesian Meditations
  • The Crisis in European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology
  • Experience and Judgment
  • Formal and Transcendental Logic
  • The Idea of Phenomenology
  • Ideas, First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology
  • Ideas, Second Book: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution
  • Ideas, Third Book: Phenomenology and the Foundation of the Sciences
  • Logical Investigations
  • On the Phenomenology of Internal Time-Consciousness
  • Phenomenological Psychology
  • Philosophy of Arithmetic


And some important secondary literature on Husserl...

  • Dagfinn Føllesdal, Husserl and Frege
  • Emmanuel Levinas, Discovering Existence With Husserl
  • Jan Patocka, An Introduction to Husserl's Phenomenology
  • Paul Ricoeur, Husserl



HUXLEY, Thomas Henry  (1825-1895). English scientist-philosopher who was a staunch defender of Darwinian evolution and did much to propagate it in his lifetime.

Works Include:

  • The Crayfish: Introduction to the Study of Zoology
  • Evolution and Ethics
  • Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature
  • On a Piece of Chalk
  • Science and Education



HYPPOLITE, Jean  (1907-1968). French philosopher whose phenomenologically-inspired reading of Hegel went on to influence future French thinkers.

Works Include:

  • Genesis and Structure of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit
  • Introduction to Hegel's Philosophy of History
  • Logic and Existence
  • Sens et Existence dans la Philosophie de Maurice Merleau-Ponty
  • Studies on Marx and Hegel







A through D

I through P

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