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THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

ARTICLE 1. SECTION. 8 [FIRST DRAFT]-CONGRESS

The Legislature of the United States shall have the power ...

To coin money; ... To borrow money, [and emit bills] on the credit of the

United States; ..., pp 181,182 1

ARTICLE 1. SECTION. 8 [FINAL VERSION]-CONGRESS

The Congress shall have Power ... To borrow Money on the credit of the

United States; ... To coin MONEY, ...



ARTICLE 1, SECTION. 10 [FIRST DRAFT]-THE STATES

No State shall coin money; ... No State, [without the consent of the

Legislature of the United States], shall emit bills of credit, or make any thing

but specie a tender in payment of debts; ... p1871

ARTICLE 1, SECTION. 10 [FINAL VERSION]-THE STATES

No State shall ... coin Money, emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold

and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; ...

* THE CONSTITUTION and THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA-in doubt.

Something was wrong, something was in the Constitution that was not acceptable to the vocal majority of the American patriots. Unless it was removed there would be no Constitution or United States of America. That something was PAPER MONEY [bills of credit].

That something was removed and THE CONSTITUTION and THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA were about to come into existence.

* THE CONSTITUTION and THE U. S. OF AMERICA- still in doubt-AGAIN.

Something was wrong, AGAIN, something was NOT in the Constitution AND that was not acceptable to the vocal majority of the American patriots. Unless it was PUT IN there would be no Constitution or United States of America. That something-there was not a BILL OF RIGHTS.

That something was PUT IN and THE CONSTITUTION and THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA came into existence. And they still exist to this day.

Comments on Amendments 1 - 10: **The first ten amendments, which make up the BILL OF RIGHTS are there today because the MAJORITY of the American people, the MAJORITY of which were CHRISTIANS, would not accept the Constitution in its original form. The amendments were proposed to the state legislatures by the first Congress that assembled under the Constitution in

1789 and were ratified in 1791.** _____________________________________

1RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787, VOL II, by JAMES

MADISON, ED: MAX FARRAND, NEW HAVEN, YALE UNIVERSITY,PRESS,1911

* THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA- SUPREME LAW OF U.S.

ARTICLE 6. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding... and all officers both of the United States and of the several States shall be bound by oath to support this Constitution.

* THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA- U.S. SUPREME COURT

" The intent of the legislators constitutes the law."

-STEWARD vs KAHN, 78 US 504

* THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA- JEWS in U. S. Revolution

Jonas Phillips TO THE PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION

Sirs

With leave and submission I address myself To those in whom there is wisdom understanding and knowledge. They are honorable personages, ... the Lord preserve them Amen.-

I the subscriber being one of the people called Jews of the City of Philadelphia, a people scattered and dispersed among all nations ...

It is well known among all the Citizens of the 13 united States, that the Jews have been true and faithful, ... and during the late war with England they have been foremost in aiding and assisting the united States with their lifes and fortunes, ... they have supported .. and have bravely fought and bleed for liberty. ...

Your Most devoted obed Servant

___________________________________________ Jonas Phillips1____

1THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787, VOL III,

by JAMES MADISON EDITED BY-MAX FARRAND, NEW HAVEN:,

YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1911, pp 78-79.



* THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA- THE DEBATES

ARTICLE 1. SECTION. 8 [FIRST DRAFT]-CONGRESS

The Legislature of the United States shall have the power ...

To coin money; ... To borrow money, [and emit bills] on the credit of the

United States; ... pp 181,182 1

ARTICLE 1. SECTION. 8 [FINAL VERSION]-CONGRESS

The Congress shall have Power ... To borrow Money on the credit of the

United States; ... To coin MONEY, ...

THE DEBATES

Morris, Gouverneur. 1752-1816. American political leader and diplomat who led the committee that produced the final draft h of the U.S. Constitution (1787).

Mr G. Morris moved to strike out the "and emit bills of credit". If the United States had credit such bills would be unnecessary; if they had not, unjust and useless.

Madison, James. 1751-1836. The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution .

MADISON: Will it not be sufficient to prohibit the making of them a tender? This will remove the temptation to emit them with unjust views. And promissory notes in that shape may in some emergencies be best.

MORRIS: Striking out the words will leave room still for notes of a responsible minister which will do all the good without the mischief. The Monied interest will oppose the plan of Government if paper emissions be not prohibited.

Mason, George, b. Stafford (now Fairfax) County, Va., Dec. 11, 1725, American statesman. In 1787 he attended the CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION in Philadelphia, where he played a leading role in framing the new government. He refused to sign the document and voted against it. He died at his plantation home, "Gunston Hall," on Oct. 7, 1792.

COL. MASON: Though he had a mortal hatred to paper money, yet as he could not foresee all emergencies, he was unwilling to tie the hands of the Legislature.________________________________________________

1RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787, VOL II, by JAMES

MADISON, ED: MAX FARRAND, NEW HAVEN, YALE UNIVERSITY,PRESS,1911

MR MERCER: (A friend of paper money) [Who did not sign the Constitution]

It was impolitic ... to excite the opposition of all those who were friends to paper money.

Ellsworth, Oliver. 1745-1807. American jurist and politician. A U.S. senator from Connecticut (1789-1796), he worked on the legislation that created the federal court system (1789) and later served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1796-1800).

MR ELLSWORTH thought this was a favorable moment to shut and bar the door against paper money. The mischiefs of the various experiments which have been made, were now fresh in the public mind and had excited the disgust of all the respectable part of America. By withholding the power from the new Government more friends of influence would be gained to it than by almost anything else ... Give the government credit, and other resources will offer. The power may do harm, never good.

Wilson, James. 1742-1798. American Revolutionary patriot and jurist. A signer of the Declaration of Independence, he later served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1789-1798).

MR WILSON: It will have a most salutary influence on the credit of the U. States to remove the possibility of paper money. This experiment can never succeed whilst its mischiefs are remembered and as long as it can be resorted to, it will be a bar to other resources.

Read, George. 1733-1798. American Revolutionary leader, politician, and jurist. Delaware's delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1787), he championed the rights of small states and later served as a U.S. senator (1789-1793).

MR READ, thought the words, if not struck out, would be as alarming as the mark of the Beast in Revelations.

Langdon, John, b. June 5, 1741, d. Sept. 18, 1819, . A delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1787), Langdon campaigned vigorously in New Hampshire for ratification of the U.S. Constitution. He served in the U.S. Senate (1789-1801), ...and later served as governor of New Hampshire (1805-12).

MR LAGDON had rather reject the whole plain than retain the three words "and emit bills.

The motion for striking out carried,

George Bancroft writes:

James Madison left his testimony that 'the pretext for a paper currency, and particularly for making the bills a tender, either for public or private debts had been cut off.' This is the interpretation of the clause, made at the time of its adoption alike by its authors and its opponents, accepted by all of the statesmen of that age, not open to dispute because too clear for argument, and never disputed as long as any one man who took part in the framing of the constitution remained alive.

________________________________________________________________



* THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U. S. OF AMERICA-THE DEBATES

ARTICLE 1, SECTION. 10 [FIRST DRAFT]-THE STATES

No State shall coin money;... No State, [without the consent of the

Legislature of the United States], shall emit bills of credit, or make any

thing but specie a tender in payment of debts; ... p1871

ARTICLE 1, SECTION. 10 [FINAL VERSION]-THE STATES

No State shall ... coin Money, emit Bills of Credit;

make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; ...



THE DEBATES

Wilson, James. 1742-1798. American Revolutionary patriot and jurist. A signer of the Declarationof Independence, he later served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1789-1798).

Sherman, Roger b. Newton, Mass., Apr. 19, 1721, d. July 23, 1793, was an American statesman, and mayor of New Haven (1784-93). and was later a U.S.

congressman (1789-91) and senator (1791-93).

MR. WILSON & MR. SHERMAN: moved to insert after the words "coin money" the words "nor emit bills of credit, nor make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in the payment of debts" making these prohibitions absolute, instead of making the measures allowable with the consent of the Legislature..

.

MR. SHERMAN thought this a favourable crisis for crushing paper money. If the consent of the Legislature could authorize emissions of it, the friends of paper money would make every exertion to get ... the Legislature ... to licence it.

Their motion was quickly agreed to and became The Supreme Law of the Land. There is no doubt that Article 1 Section 10 absolutely prohibited paper money, crushing it forever, locking the door in its face. The system, was and is, simply ingenious. With Section 8, Congress was denied the power to print money. But in order to keep "the friends of paper money" from obtaining the "licence" to monetize United States debt, Section 10 prohibited the States from declaring irredeemable paper [or anything else other than gold and silver coin] to be a tender in the payment of debts.

________________________________________________________________

1RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787, VOL II, by JAMES

MADISON, ED: MAX FARRAND, NEW HAVEN, YALE UNIVERSITY,PRESS,1911

7, 1792.