The Nobel Prize
in Chemistry 1927 and 1928
The Nobel Prize
in Chemistry 1927 and 1928Presentation Speech by Professor H.G. Söderbaum, Secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, on December 10, 1928
Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen.
We hear continually that today science, in particular natural science, is becoming
increasingly more specialized, that scientists are delving deeper and deeper
into specialized studies difficult to survey, that the deep stream of research
is turning into ever-shallower brooks and channels, and that in this way the
unity that exists between the different branches of science is in danger of
being destroyed. Indeed, most people have wondered with some disquiet where
this apparently unrestricted specialization will eventually lead. The answer
to this question is that, while the question itself is completely justified,
the disquiet is in most cases unjustified or at least unduly great.
A stage is reached sooner or later in the development of every natural science,
when research, after dealing with problems of more general importance, has of
necessity to apply itself to problems of detail of apparently more limited interest.
It is simply that the continuous increase in scientific knowledge necessitates
a corresponding continuous increase in the division of work. Many fields of
science which could once be handled by a few or even one investigator, may only
one generation later provide enough or more than enough work for whole hosts
of students and their attendants. However, specialization is, or should be,
not an end but a means. Even at the stage of the division of work, for the true
investigator the end is, and will remain, that of determining the inner connection
between the changing phenomena, and, depending on the extent to which this end
is achieved, the special researches will gradually merge into greater units;
the detail then ceases to be an isolated thing, more or less unimportant as
regards the whole, but becomes a necessary link in a connected chain of knowledge.
The work which has been awarded Alfred Nobel's Chemistry Prizes this year by
the Academy of Sciences, provides an instructive example of this process.
We are dealing here with several fields of work, which are separate from the
start.
First we have biles. As is well-known, biles and hence their specific constituents,
bile acids, are of major importance in the digestion process. Now these bile
acids have been for almost a hundred years the object of active study by a large
number of prominent investigators. In this way a large amount of material was
accumulated from observations, but despite this, little was known concerning
the connection between the various bile acids, and almost nothing concerning
the details of their structure, when Wieland began his work in this field.
Then we have the cardiac poisons. Of animal cardiac poisons chemists were acquainted
in particular with so-called bufotalin, which is present in the skin secretion
of certain species of the toad genus Bufo. In therapeutics, on the other
hand, vegetable cardiac poisons have long been used, especially those belonging
to the glucoside group and obtained from species of the plant genera Digitalis
and Strophantus. But the production of these substances in the pure state and
the determination of the chemical relationships between them had long remained
an unresolved problem.
The so-called sterols are also an extremely interesting group from the physiological
viewpoint. They too occur both in vegetation and in animals. Most numerous are
the vegetable sterols, the so-called phytosterols, but the best-known is certainly
cholesterol, which occurs in the animal organism, and which was first found
about 150 years ago in gall stones. This substance occurs not only in bile but
also in the brain, in nerve substance, in the egg, in blood, and presumably
in all cells. Thus we can conclude that it plays an extremely important part
in the life process of man and the animals, just as the phytosterols play an
extremely important part in the life process of plants. These sterols were however
an isolated group for a long time. The difficulties associated with investigation
of their chemical constitution were so great that it is only during the last
few decades, above all through Windaus's investigations, that a clearer picture
has been obtained thereof.
Finally, we come to a group of compounds which have only been known for a relatively
short time, but which during this short time have attracted very considerable
attention, both from chemists and from the public at large. Who today is unacquainted
with vitamins, these mysterious substances which are of such immense significance
for life, vita, itself and which have thus justifiably taken their name
from it? But compared with those mentioned above, the difficulties which here
confronted the investigator were far greater, and in most cases it had to be
regarded as sufficient to characterize these substances on the basis of their
physiological effects.
Thanks to the work which this year has been found before others worthy of recognition
through the award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the inner connection between
all these apparently isolated fields of research has been very strikingly demonstrated.
Of course the way in which this took place can only be described very briefly
here.
Wieland succeeded in producing from bile a saturated acid which can be regarded
as the mother substance or parent acid of the bile acids, and which he studied
and characterized in detail. When Windaus then produced this same parent acid,
cholanic acid, from cholesterol by means of a complicated and very ingenious
series of experiments, this indicated very clearly the close relationship between
cholesterol and the bile acids. It should be pointed out in this connection
that Wieland's investigations into bile acids themselves gave a deeper insight
of the mechanism of the action of the bile in the resorption of food in the
intestines.
But this is not all. As a result of patient and skilful work, Windaus succeeded
in producing several of the digitalis glucosides and their components in the
pure state. In this way it was shown that these vegetable cardiac poisons are
directly related on the one hand to cholesterol and the bile acids, and on the
other hand to the animal cardiac poison bufotoxin, which Wieland studied with
great success.
Another sterol which Windaus has studied in detail, is ergosterol, which occurs
partly in ergot and partly in yeast. The research carried out in recent years,
in which Windaus himself has also played a leading part, has revealed the very
important fact that, on being irradiated with ultraviolet light, this ergosterol
assumes exactly the same properties as the antirachitic vitamin, "vitamin D",
i.e. it will cure rachitis (rickets). For example, it has been found that 5
mg of irradiated ergosterol has the same action in this respect as 1 litre of
good cod-liver oil. It can be considered proved, therefore, that ergosterol,
or possibly a sterol, the physiological effects of which correspond completely
with those of ergosterol, constitutes the antirachitic provitamin, i.e. the
mother substance of vitamin D.
All the investigations which we have had to summarize so briefly here, have
one thing in common with each other. They were all designed to explain the internal
structure of organic materials, their relationships with one another and their
transitions into each other. For this reason they are of fundamental importance
for our knowledge of a number of processes occurring both in the healthy and
in the diseased organism, and therefore of greatest significance not only for
chemistry as such, but also for its sister sciences, physiology and medicine.
But in order to reach this vantage point of knowledge, where the dividing walls
separating the various special researches no longer obstruct vision, where the
connection between extensive parts of organic chemistry can be surveyed and
where in fact the fields of three main disciplines appear to connect and merge
with each other - all this has taken years of hard, diligent, and resourceful
work in the deep mines of detailed research. These are the researches which
are to be rewarded here.
Professor Wieland. The decision of the Royal Academy of
Sciences to award you the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for your work on bile acids
and related substances, is only a just recognition of the solution of a problem
which is without doubt one of the most difficult which organic chemistry has
had to tackle.
The complex composition of the compounds investigated, the large number of atoms
contained in the molecules of these compounds, the fact that the material was
often very difficult to produce, even in small quantities, these were obstacles
which could only be overcome with such striking success through a remarkable
skill in experimentation and a rare capacity for finding new ways and means.
In gratitude for what you have achieved for science in this connection, and
with hearty congratulations on your well-deserved distinction, the Academy asks
you to accept the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the year 1927 from the hands
of his Majesty the King.
Professor Windaus. If the Royal Academy of Sciences had
had only one Nobel Prize in Chemistry to award on this occasion, and had had
to present it to one person, it would have been in a very difficult position.
For there is no doubt that your work on sterols, vegetable cardiac poisons and
other closely related substances merits in the same high degree such an award
as the work which we have just recognized.
Moreover, it is clear that your work and that of your colleague in Munich are
so interrelated and supplement each other in such a way that it would have been
extremely difficult to award the Prize to the one while passing over the other.
In addition, both researches display the same assiduity, the same remarkable
capacity for overcoming even the greatest experimental difficulties, and the
same lucidity in interpreting the results obtained, that it would obviously
have been impossible to give precedence to one investigator over the other.
The fact that two Prizes were available for award this year, has fortunately
freed the Academy from this quandary. For this the Academy congratulates itself
no less than you, and asks you now to take the last few steps which separate
you from the external symbols of the Prize.
From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1966