The Ottoman Empire to the present interim administration of 'Iraq

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The Ottoman Empire to the present interim administration of 'Iraq

Ottoman Sultans (Dynasties founded by 'Osman I, in 1299; capital Constantinople/Istanbul; Suleiman I ("The Magnificent") takes Baghdad from Safavids in 1534)
1. Suleiman I 1520-1566

(Ottomans appoint Pashas (Guards) over regional capitals; also called Walis (Governors): Walis of Baghdad -
(1) Suleimân Pasha ibn Qubâd 1534-1545
(2) Ayâs 1545-1549
(3) 'Ali Tamarrud 1549-1551
(4) Muhammad 1551-1566

2. Salim II 1566-1574

(5) Murâd 1566-1575

3. Murad III 1574-1595

(6) 'Alî Elwendzâdé 1575-1590
(7) Tshighâlé-zâdé Sinân 1590-1594
(8) Hasan ibn Muhammad 1594-1603

4. Muhammad III 1595-1603

(9) Qâsim (did not arrive at his post) 1603

5. Ahmad I 1603-1617

(10) Mustafà Sâryqdi 1603-1608
(11) Ahmad Tawil (rival Wali) 1603-1608
(12) Tshighâlé-zâdé Mahmûd 1608-1610
(13) 'Ali Qadi-zade 1610
(14) Dilawar 1610
(15) Mustafa 1610
(16) Hafiz Ahmad 1610-1628
Pietro della Valle first modern European to correctly identify ruins of Babylon (1616) and publish example of cuneiform writing (Old Persian)(in a private letter of 1616, and in a book in 1658; cuneiform is not to be deciphered until the mid-nineteenth century)

6. Mustafa I 1617-1618
7. 'Uthman II 1618-1622

The Janissary (an elite guard) Bekir Sûbashi revolts 1619-1623; revolt put down by Safavid invasion

8. Mustafa I (2nd time) 1622-1623

Baghdad captured by Safavid (Persian) Shah Abbas I 1623-1638; Safavid Governors:
- (1) Safî Qulî Khân 1625-1631
- (2) Bektash Khan 1631-1638

9. Murad IV 1623-1640; regains Baghdad 1638

Ottoman Governors continued:
(17) Kutshuk Hasan 1638-1639
(18) Dervîsh Muhammad 1639-1642

10. Ibrahim 1640-1648

(19) Kutshuk Hasan (2nd time) 1642-1644
(20) Deli Husain 1644
(21) Muhammad 1644
(22) Mûsà 1645-1646
(23) Ibrâhîm 1646
(24) Mûsà Semiz 1647
(25) Melek Ahmad 1647

11. Muhammad IV 1648-1687

(26) Arslan Nogai-zâdé 1648-1649
(27) Qaplan Mustafà Merziwenli 1649
(28) Husain 1649-1650
(29) Qara Mustafà 1651-1652
(30) Murtadà 1653-1654
(31) Aq-Muhammad 1654-1656
(32) Khassékî Muhammad 1657-1659
(33) Murtadà (2nd time) 1659
(34) Khassékî Muhammad (2nd time) 1659-1661
(35) Kanbûr Mustafà 1661-1663
(36) Pambûgh Mustafà 1663-1664
(37) Qara Mustafà (2nd time) 1664
(38) Uzun Ibrâhîm 1664-1666
(39) Qara Mustafà (3rd time) 1666-1671
(40) Silahdâr Husain 1671-1674
(41) 'Abdarrahmân 1674-1676
(42) Qaplan Mustafà Merziwenli (2nd time) 1676-1677
(43) 'Umar 1677-1681
(44) Ibrâhîm 1681-1684
(45) 'Umar (2nd time) 1684-1686
(46) Serkhosh Ahmad, Ketkhodâ 1686

12. Sulaiman II 1687-1691

(47) 'Umar (3rd time) 1687
(48) Hasan 1688-1690
(49) Ahmad Bâzirgân 1690

13. Ahmad II 1691-1695

(50) Ahmad 1691-1693
- Samuel Flowers publishes first example of the three types of cuneiform script of Persepolis, 1693 (a random sampling of 8 Old Persian, 4 Susian (=Elamite) and 11 Assyro-Babylonian types)
(51) Hâddjî Ahmad Qalâilî 1693-1695
(52) 'Alî 1695

14. Mustafà II 1695-1703

(53) Hasan 1696-1698
(54) Ismâ'îl 1698-1700
(55) 'Alî 1700-1702
(56) Yûsuf 1703-1704

15. Ahmad III 1703-1730

(57) Hasan 1704-1723
- Jean (Chevalier) Chardin publishes first complete example of trilingual inscription from Persepolis, 1711
(58) Ahmad ibn Hasan 1723-1734

16. Mahmud I 1730-1754

(59) Ismâ'il 1734
(60) Topal Muhammad 1735-1742
(61) Hâddjî Ahmad 1742-1748
(62) Ahmad Kesriélî (of Castoria) 1748
(63) Muhammad Teriâqî 1748-1751

Mamluks (=Mamelukes) become semi-independent governors of Baghdad, 1751-1831 (the Mamluks were a caste of Turkish warriors who rose to prominence in Egypt)
1. Sulaimân 1751-1761

Ottoman Sultans (continued, for the sake of completeness)
(17) 'Uthman III 1754-1757
(18) Mustafa III 1757-1773

2. 'Alî 1761-1763
3. 'Umar 1763-?
4. 'Abdallah Agha ?-?

(19) (Ottoman Sultan) 'Abdu'l Hamid I 1773-1789

5. Hasan Agha ?-1780

Carsten Niebuhr recognizes the three types of cuneiform writing in Persepolis inscriptions as distinct languages (subsequently known as Old Persian, Susian, and Babylonian) 1778

6. Sulaimân 1780-1802

(20) (Sultan) Salim III 1789-1807

7. 'Alî 1802-1807

George Friedrich Grotefend deciphers twelve signs of the Old Persian Cuneiform alphabet, 1802

8. Suleimân 1807-1810

(21) (Sultan) Mustafa IV 1807-1808
(22) Mahmud II 1808-1839

9. 'Abdallâh 1810-1812
10. Sa'îd 1812-1816
11. Dâ'ûd 1816-1831

Dâ'ûd is last Mamluk Governor, exiled after Ottoman seige of Baghdad 1831

(64) (Ottoman Governor, Pasha) Alî-Ridâ 1831-1841

23. Sultan 'Abdu'l Majid 1839-1861

(65) Haci Necip Pasha 1841-1849
- Paul Emile Botta excavates Dur-Šarrukin (Sargon II's ancient capital) 1843-1844 (published 1849-1850)
- Austin Henry Layard excavates Kalah (Nimrud) 1845, Nineveh 1846, Aššur 1847
(66) Abdi Pasha 1849
(67) Vecini Pasha 1850
(68) Namik Pasha 1851
- Hormuzd Rassam continues excavations at Nineveh 1851-1854; recovers most of AŠŠur-ban-apli's library, the single most important source of Akkadian literature
(69) Mehmet Resid Pasha 1852
(70) Ibrahim Pasha 1853-1857
(71) Omer Pasha 1857-1859
(72) Mustafa Nuri Pasha 1859-1861

24. 'Abdu'l 'Aziz 1861-1876

(73) Ahmed Tevik Pasha 1861
(74) Namik Pasha 1861-1868
(75) Tufiettin Pasha 1868
(76) Midhat Pasha 1869-1871
(77) Radif Pasha 1871
(78) Midhat Pasha (2nd time) 1871-1872
(79) Radif Pasha (2nd time) 1873-1877
- Ernest de Sarzec excavates Lagaš 1877-1900; discovers Sumerian civilization

25. Murad V 1876
26. 'Abdu'l Hamid II 1876-1908

(80) Mehmet Akif Pasha 1877
(81) Kadri Pasha 1878
(82) Abdu'l Rahman Pasha 1879
(83) Taqi'l Din Pasha 1880-1886
(84) Mustafa 'Asim 1887
(85) Sirri Pasha 1888-1891
- Rev. John Peters (University of Pennsylvania) excavates Nippur 1889-1892
(86) Haji Hasan 1892-1895
- University of Pennsylvania excavations at Nippur, 1893-1900
(87) 'Ata'ullah Pasha 1896-1897
(88) Namiq Pasha 1898-1902
- Robert Koldeway excavates Babylon 1899-1917
(89) Ahmad Faydhi Pasha 1902-1904
(90) 'Abd al-Majid Bey 1905-1906
(91) Hazim Bey 1907-1908
(92) Nadhim Pasha July 1908

27. Muhammad V 1908-1918

(93) Fazil Pasha October 1908-1909
(94) Najm al-Din Bey, May 1909-1910
- General Muhammad Shawkat Pasha, Minister of War 1909-1912
(95) General Husayn Nadhim Pasha 1910-1911
(96) Yusif Pasha 1911
(97) Jamal Pasha 1911-1912
(98) Muhammad Zaki Pasha 1912
(99) General Husayn Jalal Bey 1913
(100) General Javid (Jawad) Pasha 1914
(101) Dr. Rashid Bey 1915
(102) Sulayman Nadhif Bey 1915
(103) Nur al-Din Bey 1915-1916
(104) Khalil Pasha 1916-1917
(105) Memduh Bey 1917
- Ottomans allied with Germany in World War I, Baghdad headquarters of 6th Army; British under Sir Stanley Maude capture Baghdad in March 1917, Mosul in 1918

British Rule and Mandate (Article 22 League of Nations) 1918-1921
1. King George V (1910-1936) 1918-1926

Civil Commissioners in charge of 'Iraq:
(1) Sir Percy Cox 1918
and Oriental Secretary Gertrude Bell
(2) Lieutenant-Colonel Arnold Wilson 1918-1921
(3) Sir Percy Cox (2nd time) 1921

Kingdom of 'Iraq (King Faysal enthroned August 23, 1921; British recognize Iraqi independence 1926; Kings trace lineage to Prophet Muhammad)
1. Faysal I (also spelled Faisal, Feisal) 1921-1933

'Iraq becomes member of League of Nations 1932
- Germans excavate Uruk 1928-1939

2. Ghazi 1933-1939
3. Faysal II 1939-1958 (executed in military coup)

Republic of 'Iraq (I) 1958-1963
1. Prime Minister Qasim (Kassem) 1958-1963

Directorate General of Antiquities begins rebuilding of Babylon, Ur, and other ancient sites, 1958

Republic (II) 1963-1968, Military and Ba'ath Party
2. President Aref

Prime Minister al-Bakr 1963-1968

Republic (III) July 17, 1968 - Present (Ba'ath Party)
3. President al-Bakr 1968-1979
4. President Saddam Hussein 1979-2003

Coalition led by United States of America invades 'Iraq March 20, 2003. Major cities throughout the country are subjected to continuous air bombardment
April 8, British secure Basra
April 9, Americans capture Baghdad, Ba'ath government collapses (Saddam Hussein's whereabouts unknown) Baghdad sacked for over a month, relatively unchecked
April 10, Kurdish army takes Kirkuk
April 11, Kurdish and American forces secure Mossul
April 14, Tikrit, last stronghold of Ba'ath supporters, falls

December 12, Saddam Hussein found in hiding

American interim administration April 9, 2003-May 28, 2004
President George W. Bush (2000- ) 2003-2004
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld

General Tommy Franks
Temporary Interim Civil Administrators in charge of 'Iraq, heads Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA)
1. Jay Garner (retired general), Monday April 21, 2003-Monday May 12, 2003
2. Paul Bremer, Monday May 12, 2003-Monday June 28, 2004

'Iraqi interim government, May 28, 2004-

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