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When Nadia Popa wakes up at 7 a.m. every morning, it is to a growing and uneasy feeling of rage. Popa lives in an apartment in the southern part of Verona, one of the most beautiful cities in Italy, where summer lilac is now in full bloom. It's a place where tourists come to spend romantic weekends. "I'm not here to be happy," she says.
Her children, Anastasia, 16, and Alexandra,
12, wake up at the same time, but more than 1,000 kilometers (620
miles) away, in the dusty village of Nucreni in the northern part
of the Republic of Moldova. Popa's daughters live in a country
that is notorious for human trafficking and the illegal trade
in human organs. The girls sleep in a spotless room with pink
walls and teddy bears neatly lined up on the sofa. It looks more
like an empty dollhouse than the bedroom of two young girls.
Anastasia and her sister, Alexandra, live alone in the house,
which is on a gravel road. They feed the chickens before school
and, in the afternoon, they plow the corn and potato fields. The
girls run their own household, doing the laundry, cleaning the
house and cutting firewood in the forest. The pink bedroom looks
like that of a typical childhood -- but this is anything but that.
After Moldova became less prosperous, the parents in families like Anastasia and Alexandra's began to leave. Moldova was relatively prosperous during the Soviet era, when it was a significant exporter of fruit and vegetables to the rest of the country. But today, it is Europe's poorest country. Of a population of 4 million, one million Moldovans have already moved abroad to countries such as Spain, Italy and Greece, which they still view as places of hope. Most Moldovans live there illegally, leaving children and the elderly behind in their villages in Moldova.
Anastasia, Popa's older daughter,
is looking out across the zucchini field in front of her house.
It hasn't rained in a long time, and the plants are withered and
brown. "It won't be a good harvest this year," she says.
It was a hot summer, much too hot, with temperatures of up to
40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) in the shade. Anastasia
is looking forward to winter. There isn't much to do in the winter.
In the past, they would sit in the living room with their mother,
crocheting and keeping warm with wool blankets. It was her favorite
time of the year.
She sings quietly to herself. It helps her stay calm. Sometimes
she also sings on the telephone as her mother listens on the other
end.
"I often sob quietly," says Popa, 36. "I don't
want her to hear me." She is sitting in a street café
on Piazza Bra in the old section of Verona with the ancient amphitheater
to her back. Gladiators once fought there, but now operas are
performed in the evenings for tourists. Popa is wearing a white
summer hat. Whenever she sees children, she has to resist the
urge to talk to and touch them.
Instead of taking care of her own
children, she cares for the parents of strangers who are too busy
to care for them themselves. About 200,000 Moldovans live in Italy.
The language resembles Romanian, which they speak at home. Like
Popa, many Moldovan women work as badanti, or geriatric caregivers.
It's a grueling and unappealing job for many Western Europeans.
Badanti work long hours, are underpaid and are frequently confronted
with sickness and death.
Popa lives with a couple, both of them cancer patients. She cooks
and cleans for them, helps them change their urine bags and wash
themselves, and takes them for walks. She comforts the old man
when he weeps over an illness that is slowly destroying him. They
often sit together in the living room and watch cartoons on TV.
It makes Popa think about her children, and how much they would
like to watch the same cartoons. When she eats a piece of cake,
she thinks about her children and how much they would like the
cake. She often feels guilty for not being at home.
She earns €700 ($915) a month. She
has two hours off everyday, as well as Sundays, when she meets
her Moldovan friends in a park. They've never been to the opera
or to see a movie, and they only eat in restaurants when their
employers take them out. Popa tries to spend as little as possible,
saving her money so that she can finish building her house in
Moldova.
She went on a trip to the Adriatic coast with a friend once. When
she saw how beautiful the water was and how happy the families
sitting on the beach looked, she could hardly breathe.
When Popa left for Italy more than
six years ago, her daughters were only nine and five.
Although Popa made enough money working in the fields at home
to support her family, it wasn't enough for a real future. Moldovan
agriculture never truly recovered from the collapse of the Soviet
Union. The old collective farms were closed, and productivity
stagnated. There was almost no industry. The country was considered
politically unstable, which deterred investors and drove many
Moldovans abroad.Popa was one of them. She borrowed €3,700
from relatives and a bank to pay the traffickers. Her journey,
which would last more than two weeks, much of it on foot, began
on Dec. 10, 2005. To cross the border between Ukraine and Hungary,
the group walked across a pass in the Carpathian Mountains. It
was bitterly cold, and they drank melted snow.
"A girl fell down a cliff in the mountains. The traffickers didn't want any trouble with the mother, so they threw her over the cliff," says Anastasia, the older daughter, "and then they just kept on going." She is sitting in her pink bedroom, her face wet with tears. She says that her mother told her what happened. The traffickers had apparently threatened to kill anyone who talked to others about the incident. Her mother would later deny any knowledge of the incident.
Once, when Popa didn't call her daughters
for three weeks, says Anastasia, she was afraid that her mother
was dead. She would hug her little sister at night and tell her
again and again: "Don't worry, Mama will come back. I'm sure
she will."
The girls didn't see their mother for four-and-a-half years. She
was living illegally in Italy and was unable to travel owing to
the risk of being arrested at the border. She wasn't there for
the girls' birthdays or for Christmas. She wasn't there when the
father left the family for good, when Alexandra refused to go
to school, and not even when the little girl was in the hospital
for several weeks because her bones had become brittle from poor
nutrition.
"I almost went crazy at the time," says Popa. She couldn't
sleep at night, and she called the girls up to seven times a day.
"I felt completely helpless," she says.
Even after all these years, Popa still
feels like a stranger in Italy. She spends her evenings in the
small apartment of her sick employers. She doesn't want to go
out. "I'm happy that I have this job," she says. "They're
good people."
Popa walks through the narrow streets of the city, stopping in
front of shop windows here and there. She is wearing a polyester
dress with a floral pattern, with mint-green pearl earrings she
bought in a drug store. She likes the Louis Vuitton handbags and
the Gucci dresses, but quickly leaves shops when approached.
Once a month, Popa sends a 40-kilogram (88-pound) package to her
daughters in the dusty village. An armada of minibuses travels
regularly back and forth between Italy and Moldova. In addition
to packages, the drivers also deliver money. The money the migrant
workers send home, about €1.1 billion a year, makes up roughly
a quarter of the country's gross domestic product and exceeds
its entire national budget. And although the money protects many
families from poverty, it isn't enough to save the ailing economy.
Popa's packages contain jeans and shoes, Hello Kitty T-shirts,
pajamas, spaghetti, chocolate, oranges, bananas and even detergent
and toilet paper. There is a bar of strawberry-scented Italian
soap in the girls' bathroom, there is loaf of panettone sweet
bread in the kitchen cabinet, and even the zucchini seeds for
next spring are from Italy. "I don't want these things,"
Alexandra says to her mother on the phone in the evening, "I
want you to come instead."
The Child Rights Information Center
in Chiinau, the Moldovan capital, estimates that there are about
250,000 children in Moldova whose fathers or mothers are living
abroad. Some live with their grandparents or neighbors, while
others are left to fend for themselves.
Ion, 15, has been living on his own for the past four years. His
parents live in Moscow, where they work for a bus company. They
send him about €200 a month, and they've bought their son
a cow, a horse and a rabbit to keep him occupied. They even gave
him a motor scooter recently, but they only come to visit once
a year.
"I'm over it," says Ion, looking away, a slim, blond
boy who is tired of crying. When asked whether his parents have
changed, Ion says that they have become "much more attractive."
His mother now wears high-heeled shoes and lipstick, he says.
They Skype every evening, he adds. He insists that everything
is fine for him and his sister, and that they don't get in each
other's way. She is "responsible for things in the house,"
while he does all the outside chores, including feeding the animals,
cleaning the stable and fetching water from the well.
Ion says that he too wants to have children when he grows up.
But he has no concept of family life, saying that he hardly remembers
what it was like when his mother and father were still living
in the house with them. In his view, his current life is "completely
normal."
The entire country has experienced profound changes in recent years. Traditionally, family is sacred to Moldovans, but there is now a growing gap between reality and the ideal, as the divorce rate rises and the birth rate declines. Many married couples live apart for much of the year, and children must fend for themselves.
The exodus threatens to destroy Moldovan society. Even university graduates are leaving the country for better-paying jobs abroad, working in the fields or cleaning houses. Many, like Tatjana Radu, 40, are now deciding to leave the country for good. Radu had intended to build a house in the southern Moldovan village of Cîrpeti with the money she earned as a cleaning woman and geriatric caregiver in Italy. There are still donkey carts on the streets in Cîrpeti, and toilets there are nothing but holes in the ground. But now Radu wants to bring her daughters to Italy instead.
Her three daughters were eight, 10 and 12 when she left them behind. They lived alone in two bare rooms in a building next to the goose pen on a former collective farm, around the corner from the pigpen. Olga, the eldest, braids her sisters' hair every morning, and she makes sheep's cheese once a week. Radu had been sending money to the girls' godfather, but he pocketed most of it.
Now Radu has returned to Moldova to pick up her daughters. They are standing in front of the heavy metal gate of the old collective farm, refusing to set foot inside one more time. "I never want to come back to this place," says Olga. Radu and her three daughters are about to board a bus for Modena, a city in northern Italy not far from Verona.
Nadja Popa makes far too little to be able to support her daughters in Verona. Her employers applied for a residence permit for her three years ago. The permit was granted thanks to an amnesty Italy occasionally issues for illegal immigrants. Since then, she has traveled to Moldova for two weeks of vacation every year. This year, she attended her older daughter's school graduation ceremony. Popa isn't pleased with Anastasia's grades, convinced that her daughter could have done better in school. They drive to Chiinau together and buy a white dress. They can't stop touching each other. Anastasia says that she can hardly believe that her mother is with her. "I miss her, even though she's here," she says.
Popa is worried about Alexandra, who says very little, sits around and stares into space a lot. If she had to make the decision all over again, Popa says, she wouldn't leave her daughters alone. She is convinced that she has harmed them.
At 4:30 on a Saturday afternoon, Popa boards a nonstop flight on an Air Moldova flight from Chiinau to Verona.
