Ooooookay
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Topic: Hero paper
My Hero.
Dictionary defines hero as a person admired for bravery or other good qualities. I think that a hero is somebody who has a very good character and is admired and believed in.
My ideal hero should have good physical and mental qualities. He is supposed to be strong, good looking and smart. Also he should be determined, caring, kind and helpful. Of ‘coarse, a hero should be brave too. He should act self-confident and never loose his cool.
There are several things that are the same between my ideal hero and Odysseus. They are strong and good-looking. They are also rather smart and sly. Both of them care about others and neither of the heroes is a coward. My hero is different from Odysseus in a few ways. My hero is not disdainful like Odysseus, also my hero is cool headed, but Odysseus does things driven by his emotions that he regrets he did later. For example he was really happy and proud of himself after Greeks defeated Troy and told Poseidon that he did not need him.
If my ideal hero were Odysseus he wouldn’t get Poseidon mad in the first place. He would prey to him and thank him so the god would let him go home, but if my hero made Poseidon mad and had a long journey, I don’t think he would tell Polyphemus what his real name was. This would make things even worse.
I think the heroes are important. Heroes are needed because people want someone to believe in and look up to. For example, if there was a war and people are starved, tired and desperate, they need a hope. When people find out that there is a hero on there side their spirits go up and they start fight more furiously.
There are many heroes in world history, like Jean of Arc and William Wallis, and I think all of them are important.
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Project on Night.
A theme described in NIGHT.
My chosen theme is hopelessness. Most people in concentration camps were hopeless and had a very little chance of survival. Prisoner were kept hungry, cold, brutally and treated like wild animals in every other aspect of their life in a camp to break their sprits, make them give up and despair. They were driven to loosing all the hope of escaping or organizing a rebellion. In the book words like “I can’t go on…It’s all over” were mentioned several times, these words indicate that a person has no longer any strength or will left to keep fighting for his or her survival. Akiba Drumer said that God was no longer with them and all was getting to the end. It means that he not only gave up hope but also he lost his faith in God.
Nazi’s way of breaking people’s spirits was by creating an atmosphere that would hold all the prisoners in constant fear and dread. Chimney of the crematory, that was made very noticeable, reminded prisoners of their unavoidable, slow and painful death. The very air was filled with poisonous fumes of burnt human flesh. My visual represents electronic, barbed fencing and a guard tower, which were other things that helped to create the atmosphere of despair. The fence and the tower made it absolutely clear that all the attempts on escape were doomed to fail. No chances on escape made situation for prisoners even more hopeless than it already has been.
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Shakespear...at school
Shakespeare had 'small Latine and lesse Greeke', according to his contemporary, Ben Jonson. This famous judgement can be very misleading to those living more than four centuries later. It must be understood in relative terms: not only was Jonson himself an extremely learned man, but the literary culture of Elizabethan England was saturated in the Roman and Greek classics. What Jonson deems 'small' appears impressively large to those living in the late twentieth century, where classical literature in the original language is an ever receding, increasingly rarefied body of knowledge. Shakespeare's formal education was complete when he left Stratford's grammar school at the age of fifteen or sixteen but he would already have acquired more mastery of Latin than most British
The Petty School
The town's petty school would have been the starting point for William Shakespeare and the other five-year-olds of Stratford-upon-Avon. Here the children learnt their letters with the help of a hornbook. Sandwiched between a wooden board and a piece of transparent animal horn, a sheet of paper comprised the horn book's basic text of the alphabet and the Lord's Prayer. Simple reading skills were also taught by means of 'abc books' which included the Lord's Prayer, the Creed and the Ten Commandments. In learning to write, the children must have struggled with the skillful management of quill pen and ink. Claude Holyband's school-book, Campo di Fior: or else, The Flourie Field of Foure Languages (London, 1583), written in English, French, Italian and Latin, presents a dialogue on the subject between master and students, (in which it can be seen that, at this period, English spelling was happily inconsistent):
Master: .Have you brought your penner [a case for pens] and inke-horne and pennes? We write with goose quilles. Cut of the fethers with a penknife, scrape awaye that which is roughe.
Maurice: My maister taught me to make my penne softe with spitell, and rubbing it against the inside of my cote.
Master: A pretie secret.
Mendoza: Teache us to make pennes.
Master: Give me a penne and ink-horne. Hoe boye, reache me that inke-bottell, so thou shalt take inke the better with thy penne...
The sons of the richer citizens would move on, at the age of seven, to the town's grammar school and among them would certainly have been the young William Shakespeare. As a prosperous craftsman, businessman and leading townsman it would have been extraordinary if John Shakespeare had not ensured that his son take full advantage of the education available in his home town by attending the local schools.
The Grammar School
There are no academic records surviving for Stratford's grammar school in the sixteenth century, although there is information available about the schoolmasters at that time, which shows that they included a high proportion of Oxford graduates. It is possible to reconstruct Shakespeare's schooling from our knowledge of other, better-documented schools, elsewhere in the country, since there was virtually a national system of education established by the mid-sixteenth century. A uniform structure of schools, freely available to the male children of the town, covered the country, following the same basic principles and adhering to a common curriculum. Numerous grammar schools had been founded in the mid sixteenth-century, during the reign of the Protestant King Edward VI, in order to produce educated and responsible citizens who could respond to the ideals of the Protestant Reformation by reading and translating, for themselves, the Bible and other religious writings.
Schoolboys had to endure a long, unvaried, taxing day, from Monday to Saturday, beginning at 6 or 7 in the morning and continuing until 5 or 6 in the evening. Although there was a break of a couple of hours in the middle of the day, there was no physical exercise or play included in the timetable and no vacations beyond the occasional day's holiday. Discipline was harsh. On the seventh day of the week, the boys were still not at liberty since they were obliged to attend lengthy church services, again under the watchful eye of their schoolmaster. It is easy to sympathise with the picture of the child conjured up in a speech from As You Like It:
...the whining schoolboy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school...
The study of Latin lay at the heart of the grammar school curriculum. All Elizabethan schoolboys were taught their lessons in the same, traditional manner, which depended mercilessly on their ability to memorize by rote. The teaching was based on the 'trivium' of grammar, logic, rhetoric, and the 'quadrivium' of arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. There was no place for the study of modern languages or sciences so familiar in our own contemporary syllabus. Underpinning the Renaissance humanist culture was the conviction that the most valuable knowledge was to be found in the writings of classical times. Access to this treasury of wisdom could only be gained by mastery of Latin. Latin was still the international language of Europe, used throughout the professions, in the law, in medicine and in the Church, and, as explained earlier, a thorough knowledge.
Latin Grammar
The textbook best known to Shakespeare and his schoolfellows was Lily's Short Introduction of Grammar (first published 1540). This was prescribed for use in all grammar schools across the country and it was to remain in use, with some small changes, until the mid-nineteenth century. The boys were obliged to commit its contents to memory, where, one may assume, it remained for much of their adult lives, as is the way with texts learnt by heart as a child. In The Merry Wives of Windsor the Welsh parson-teacher, Sir Hugh Evans (it is worth noting that one of Shakespeare's teachers, Thomas Jenkins, was Welsh), tests the Latin of young William Page. The scene must have reminded many men in the playhouse audiences of their childhood struggles with the opening section of Lily's text book and its explanation of nouns. Lily begins: 'In nouns be two numbers, the singular and the plural.
The singular number speaketh of one: as
Lapis, a stone'. Here is Shakespeare's version:
Evans: What is 'lapis', William?
William: A stone.
Evans: And what is 'a stone', William?
William: A pebble.
Evans: No, it is 'lapis'...
William: 'Lapis'.
Evans: That is a good William. What is he, William, that does lend articles?
William: Articles are borrowed of the pronoun, and be thus declined, Singulariter, nominativo, hic, haec, hoc...
Evans: What is your genitive case plural, William ?
William: Genitive case?
Evans: Ay.
William: Genitive,- horum, harum, horum.
Logic, Rhetoric and Literary Style
As the boys progressed through the school their fluency in Latin flourished: in the upper forms Latin was spoken at all times. Having mastered their grammar, they were taught to think and argue logically and to deploy their arguments with all the eloquence and force that their skills in rhetoric could afford. Such skills were acquired through the study and imitation of the ancient masters. The most admired stylists and moralists included Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian and Seneca, while the histories of Livy, Julius Caesar and Plutarch were also carefully studied. The plays of Terence introduced Shakespeare to the comic types of the braggart soldier and the witty servant or, as in Plautus's Menaechmi, the theme of twins separated at birth. The declamation of Latin speeches from these plays was an important part of the pupils' practice of rhetoric. They were also expected to imitate the styles of the great writers in their own compositions, which they would deliver, first to propose and then to oppose a specific argument. The contrasting styles and effects of the funeral orations of Brutus and Mark Antony in Julius Caesar demonstrate these rhetorical arts, first acquired by Shakespeare at school, twenty years earlier. In addition, the study of poetry such as the Eclogues of Virgil and of the fifteenth-century Italian poet Baptista Spagnuoli Mantuanus ('Good old Mantuan', as he is called in Love's Labour's Lost) and, above all, the Metamorphoses of Ovid was to have an incalculable influence on Shakespeare's imagination and literary style.
The great scholar Erasmus (1466-1539) wrote several educational books to help young students. His anthologies of Latin sayings and proverbs, the Adagia and the Apophthegmata were widely used by schoolboys in their efforts to expand and enrich their Latin vocabulary. On Copiousness in Style and Subject Matter famously showed one hundred and fifty different ways in correct Latin to say 'thank you for the letter'. Likewise, his Colloquies demonstrated the use of rhetorical figures, metaphors, word-play, patterned and balanced sentence structures and so on. We have no evidence to show how Shakespeare benefited from all this in his use of Latin but there is ample proof of his receptivity to such lessons in the extraordinary rhetorical skills he was later to display in his native language.
Who was Lois XIV?
Who was Louis XIV? He was on of the most famous rulers of France, whose rein took place in the 17th and the beginning of 18th century. He was born in 1638 and five years later after his fathers death he became a King of all France, but he did not get a real power until the year of 1661. By that time France was exhausted by the Thirty Years War against England, but the young monarch was convinced that he could manage ruling the country by himself. He ruled for 72 years (the longest reign in modern European history) and was characterized by three major aspects: he made several domestic reforms that had a big affect on the economy of France, his foreign policy was quit aggressive and was very significant, and also he imposed religious uniformity.
The reign of Louis the XIV can be characterized by the remark attributed to him ,“L’etat, c’est moi”, which means, “ I am the state”. He decreased the power of the nobility by forcing its members in to financial dependence on the crown, although he continued their exemption from. He curtailed local authority and created specialized ministries, filled by professionals responsible to him. Jean Baptiste Colbert, minister of industry and commerce, expanded on mercantilist principles and the navy was developed. The war minister, the marquis de Louvois, established the foundations of French military greatness.
Furthermore, Louis increasingly imposed religious uniformity. His persecution of the Huguenots in the 1680s culminated in the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants). The resultant exodus of Protestants, many of whom were merchants and skilled artisans, intensified the kingdom's economic decline and further alienated the Protestant powers. Louis also suppressed Jansenism (strictly a Roman Catholic movement)
, Despite this concern with religious orthodoxy, he favored Gallicanism (tradition of resistance to papal authority), and controversy with the popes approached schism (1673–93) before Louis abandoned this position.
Finally, Louis fought it two major wars. His aim was two to make himself supreme in Europe and to expend French territories, he neglected the opportunities to gain an empire in America and India though. The king did gain important territories, but his aggressive moves led other countries to form alliances against him. He also fought in the War of the Spanish Succesion, Louis helped to protect his grandson Phillip V’s right to be the King of Spain. Louis kept involving France in wars that ruined the country financially .
Louis XIV died in 1715. His reign left a big print it French history and the history of all Europe. Louis, just like almost every other ruler, had his good sides and bad sides. He made a number of very important religious and political reforms, but on the other hand he ruined countries economy by involving it in wars. His political moves paved the road for the outbreak of the French revolution.
Ocean ecosystems
NERITIC
The Neritic Zone consists of all ocean water above 300 meters. It excludes the intertidal zone and all ocean water below 300 meters. It is within the photic zone, meaning light reaches its depths
The variety of life found in this zone also outdoes that in the other zones because animals have adapted to the varying coastlines and their salinity and water-clarity.
SEAWEED
COMMON NAME: seaweed
SCIENTIFIC NAME: marine algae
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: plant
REPRODUCTION METHODS: Reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous.
HABITAT / NICHE: Seaweed can be free-floating, but the majority grows attached to hard surfaces such as rocks and shells. They can be found as far down as 130 feet (40 meters), or even deeper if the sunlight can reach them. Seaweeds are found in all of the oceans except for the tropical western coast of Africa and western Central America. It provides a shelter for some fish and animals
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:The present uses of seaweeds at present are as human foods, fertilisers, and for the extraction of industrial gums and chemicals. They have the potential to be used as a source of long- and short-chain chemicals with medicinal and industrial uses. Marine algae may also be used as energy-collectors and potentially useful substances may be extracted by fermentation and pyrolysis. Japanese production is worth about $US 1 billion
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1.There are about 7000 types of green alga e, but less than 1000 are marine
2.Seaweeds are divided into three main groups. They are the green, brown, and red algae. 3.The red algae, contain more marine species than the green and brown combined
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://www.aqua.org/animals/species/pralgae.html
NERITIC
The Neritic Zone consists of all ocean water above 300 meters. It excludes the intertidal zone and all ocean water below 300 meters. It is within the photic zone, meaning light reaches its depths
The variety of life found in this zone also outdoes that in the other zones because animals have adapted to the varying coastlines and their salinity and water-clarity.
KRILL
COMMON NAME: krill
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euphausia superba
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: Krill reproduction and survival is apparently strongly correlated to sea ice extent -- because when sea ice melts, it releases small algae into the water, which are then fed upon by the krill
HABITAT / NICHE: Krill live in: Canada and the fjords off Norway. They also live near Scotland and South Orkney and are found off Antarctica. Krill live in the ocean. During the day they go 150 meters deep. During the night they go 60 meters deep. Krill live offshore rather than close to shore. Krill live together in large swarms.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Paired with a biomass of 1.35 billion tons, about five times the weight of all five billion plus humans (Stevens, 1995), and containing a good source of protein, the Antarctic krill seems to be a perfect solution to the Earth’s increasing desire for food.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. Krill taste salty and sharp.
2. Krill are very good in jumping backwards to escape from predators.
3. Krill eyes contain vitamin A.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://homepage.third-wave.com/seshadri/hari/krill.html
NERITIC
The Neritic Zone consists of all ocean water above 300 meters. It excludes the intertidal zone and all ocean water below 300 meters. It is within the photic zone, meaning light reaches its depths
The variety of life found in this zone also outdoes that in the other zones because animals have adapted to the varying coastlines and their salinity and water-clarity.
LOBSTER
COMMON NAME: lobster
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Homarus americanus
Maine lobstermen landed 10,600 metric tons of lobster.
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: A female lobster can mate only just after she sheds her shell. Lobster society has evolved a complex, touching courtship ritual that protects the female when she is most vulnerable. The female raises her claws and places them on his head to let him know she is ready to mate. They enter the den, and some time after, from a few hours to several days later, the female molts. At this point the male could mate with her or eat her, but he invariably does the noble thing. She will carry the eggs for 9 to 11 months.
HABITAT / NICHE: Salt marsh peat on Cape Cod, but the preference seems to be for a hard bottom with lots of hiding places, such as cobble.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Maine lobstermen landed 10,600 metric tons of lobster.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1.Most inshore lobsters migrate closer or further from shore depending on the seasons
2.A basic problem for researchers is that there's no way to positively determine the age of lobsters or other crustaceans.
3.A lobster paces the ocean bottom in a shadowy world where vision is not all that important. Each eye, set on a movable stalk, has up to 10,000 facets that operate like many tiny eyes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://octopus.gma.org/lobsters/allaboutlobsters/society.html
NERITIC
The Neritic Zone consists of all ocean water above 300 meters. It excludes the intertidal zone and all ocean water below 300 meters. It is within the photic zone, meaning light reaches its depths
The variety of life found in this zone also outdoes that in the other zones because animals have adapted to the varying coastlines and their salinity and water-clarity.
SEAHORSE
COMMON NAME: seahorse
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hippocampus
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: vertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: A female seahorse deposits 100 or more eggs into the pouch on the male's abdomen. The male releases sperm into the pouch, fertilizing the eggs. The embryos develop within the male's pouch.
HABITAT / NICHE: Seahorses are well camouflaged among the eelgrasses and seaweeds in which they make their homes. A seahorse often moors itself in the water by curling its prehensile tail around seagrasses and coral branches. The seahorse's small mouth, located at the end of its narrow tubelike snout, sucks up tiny plankton and fish larvae. Seahorses are found in temperate and tropical waters.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: People depend on seahorses for their livelihood, Amanda Vincent argues that a trade ban is not currently the best response to overfishing.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. Seahorses swim upright.
2. Depending on the species, seahorses reach lengths of about 5 to 36 cm (2-14 in.).
3.Seahorses should be fed two to three times a day.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://ww http://www.seaworld.org/AnimalBytes/seahorses. http:\\www.breeders-registry.gen.ca.us/Reprints/SeaScope/v12_wntr/horse.htm
NERITIC
The Neritic Zone consists of all ocean water above 300 meters. It excludes the intertidal zone and all ocean water below 300 meters. It is within the photic zone, meaning light reaches its depths
The variety of life found in this zone also outdoes that in the other zones because animals have adapted to the varying coastlines and their salinity and water-clarity.
MANTIS SHRIMP
COMMON NAME: shrimp
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Squilla empusa
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: They have separate sexes and reproduce through sexual insemination. The eggs are developed and carried by the anterior legs, making it look as if the mother was eating her babies.
HABITAT / NICHE: They form their burrows in the inter-tidal zones, favoring deep muddy soil Their burrows have many openings which are usually between 2 and 3 feet apart.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:
POSITIVE: S. empusa has some importance for the fishing industry because it is edible and said to be very tasty, especially in the Mediterranean area where it is used for food
NEGATIVE: Aquariums consider all Stomatopods, including S.empusa as pests. Their "huge hunger and lousy disposition" make them a threat to the aquatic display for they will eat costly fish and snails.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. The S.empusa is a nocturnal carnivore that feeds mainly on soft-bodied animals like fish, shrimps, krill, marine worms, snails and other mantis shrimp.
2. S. empusa is a solitary and highly aggressive predator. These violent animals are also territorial and will defend their burrows from other S. empusa by attacking them with their claws.
3. They have no brain, but rather multiple ganglia linning their flat body.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/squilla/s. _empusa$narrative.html
PLANKTONIC
Yellow Perch
COMMON NAME: yellow perch
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Perca flavescens
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: vertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: Female yellow perch mature at ages two to four, males usually mature one year earlier. Spawning takes place in the spring when the water temperature reaches 45 - 52°F. The average number of eggs laid per female is 23,000. After deposition the eggs rapidly swell and harden. Eggs hatch in 8 -10 days and the emerging the fish are 4 - 7 mm in length.
HABITAT / NICHE: Yellow perch are found mainly in lakes and sometimes in impoundments of larger rivers. Clear water is important as excessive turbidity and silt could lead to death of perch.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Yellow perch are economically important in terms of a food source and recreation. Yellow perch support a commercial fishery in Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Huron.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. Yellow perch move from deep water where they over winter to shallow water spawning areas in the spring. Males arrive on the spawning grounds first.
2. Yellow perch are relatively poor swimmers; they do not accelerate quickly.
3. Vision is necessary for schooling, and perch in most studies are shown to break up in the evening and reform in the morning
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/perca/p._flavescens$narrative.html
CORAL
Giant Golden Anemone
COMMON NAME: Giant Golden Anemone, Condy, Haitian Anemone
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Condylactis gigantea
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: The condy is a dioecious organism that is rarely hermaphroditic. There is no mode of asexual reproduction. Instead, the condy is a sexual species. Its primary mating season is spring, but it does have a tendancy to continue reproduction at a low level throughout the year.
HABITAT / NICHE: The condy is usually found attached to hard objects in shallow water which experiences full-strength seawater most of the time. It is common around reefs in both "forereef" and lagoon areas as well as in turtle grass beds. The shape of the condy's body is related to the habitat in which it lives.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Condys are studied by neurobiologists. Being one of the simplest metazoans, sea anemones have a diffuse nerve net which is rather primitive in comparison to other organisms. However, the structure of the neural components of the nerve net are largely unknown. Tissues of the condy are being stained to examine neurofilaments, which should lead to insightful information concerning nervous tissues. Researchers hope that by studying the molecular properties of Condylactis gigantea , more information will lead to a greater understanding of the nervous and endocrine system of all animals
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. When placed near other anemones, the condy tends to exhibit aggressive behavior. Using their cnidocysts as "weapons", the condy will fire upon "foreign" anemones to conserve its space on the ocean floor
2. Condylactis gigantea feeds upon fish, mussels, shrimp, or other similar organisms. It will not, however, go near any natural predators, such as Red Leg Hermits.
3. When faced with starving conditions, the condy heavily relies on its lipid catabolism and the uptake of nitrate (or compounds with high levels of nitrate).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/condylactis/c._gigantea$narrative.html#contents
EUSTURINE
Orange Sea Pen
COMMON NAME: Orange Sea Pen, Gurney's Sea Pen
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ptilosarcus gurneyi
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: Sea pens reproduce by spawning. Typical egg size is 500-600 micrometers. The peak breeding season occurs from March until April.
HABITAT / NICHE: Ptilosarcus gurneyi are found anchored in soft or sandy substrates. They live in a range from below the low-tide line to water more than 30 meters (100 ft) deep.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Sea pens have inhabited the earth's surface for hundreds of millions of years. Currently, their numbers are not declining or threatened. Because sea pens are vulnerable to dredges used for oyster harvesting, the only threat to their survival arises from humans. Sea pens are found throughout the world, from tropical to Anarctic waters.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. Ptilosarcus gurneyi is a planktonic feeder. The autozooid branch of the polyp filters minute organisms into the main axis of the sea pen. These organisms are digested by fluid secreted from special filaments.
2. Sea pens are colonial. Although considered sessile, they can move up to 40 cm by slow creeping on their vertical axes while still attached to their substrates.
3. The orange sea pen is luminescent. It has no light-producing organs, but its color comes from mucous formed in response to touch.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/ptilosarcus/p._gurneyi$narrative.html#food_habits
PLANKTONIC
Saucer Jelly
COMMON NAME: Saucer Jelly, Moon Jelly, Common Sea Jelly: Jellyfish
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Aurelia aurita
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invetebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: Sexual maturity in Aurelia aurita commonly occurs in the spring and summer. The eggs develop in gonads located in pockets formed by the frills of the oral arms. The gonads are commonly the most recognizable part of the animal, because of their deep and conspicuous coloration.
HABITAT / NICHE: Their habitat includes the costal waters of all zones, and they occur in huge numbers. They are known to live in brackish waters with as low a salt content as 0.6%. Decreased salinity in the water diminishes the bell curvature, and vice versa. An optimum temperature for the animals is 9 - 19 degrees Celsius.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Positive
Represent an important step in pelagic organic matter transformations.
Negative
Predation on copepods and fish larvae. May significantly affect a plankton community through predation.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. Their behavior depends on a number of external conditions, in particular, food supply.
2. Swimming mostly functions to keep the animal at the surface of the water rather than to make progress through the water.
3. The coronal muscle allows the animal to pulsate in order to move.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/aurelia/a._aurita$narrative.html#food_habits
CORAL
Staghorn Coral
COMMON NAME: Staghorn Coral
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Acropora cervicornis
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: As in all corals, the Staghorn Coral reproduces both sexually and asexually. The very first stage of reproduction is a sexually-caused stage of reef-building. This occurs when existing polyps expel millions of spermatoza into the water. Some of these gametes are drawn into other polyps that are nearby; the eggs that are produced there are then fertilized and larva develop and float away to produce new polyps.
HABITAT / NICHE: Acropora cervicornis like to live in warm, marine water close to the surface. The tropical western regions of the oceans are where there is most of the coral diversity of coral reef organisms. The polyps that form the coral need tropical waters where the temperatures are higher than 20 degrees centigrade and there is adequate light. They also require a hard surface for which the coral polyps can settle.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Acropora cervicornis house many creatures, some of which may be useful to the medical research field. Some of the species that live in the corals have already yeilded compounds active against inflammations, asthma, leukemia, tumors, heart disease, fungal and bacteria infections, and even viruses including HIV
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. Staghorn corals as well as many other corals have a very unique symbiotic relationship with algae, in particular the zooxanthellae.
2. Sometimes they can damage or wreck a boat, but usually they are pretty harmless to humans
3. Staghorn corals are also of vital importance to the stabilization of coastlines, as fish habitats, and for the protection of our biodiversity (Nemoto 1992).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/acropora/a._cervicornis$narrative.html
CORAL
Fire Coral
COMMON NAME: Fire Coral
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Millepora alcicornis
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: Reproduce sexually; a fertilized egg develops into a small mobile larva covered with motile hairs (cilia); larvae generally planktonic.
HABITAT / NICHE: Live attached to rocks and dead coral on reefs in colonies spread over an area of to several meters.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Positive
The fire coral have no specific positive economic importance, but their habitat of tropical coral reefs are a very valuable economic resource. The reefs provide a rich fishery, which can be managed sustainably to provide a consistent source of food and revenue. Also, tourism, mostly via SCUBA divers, is very profitable due to the beauty and diversity of the reefs.
^ Negative
Fire coral have no negative economic importance, although their sting can be very painful to humans.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. Found in fixed colonies connected to one another by tubular extensions of the body cavity; create a calcareous skeleton.
2. This species of fire coral lives on the coral reefs of the Caribbean, one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the planet.
3. While the fire coral are in no particular danger, the entire habitat is very sensitive to human destruction, over-fishing, and bleaching.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/millepora/m._alcicornis$narrative.html
CORAL
GIANT CLAM
COMMON NAME: GIANT CLAM
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tridacna gigas
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: Giant clams reproduce sexually via broadcast spawning. They expel sperm and eggs into the sea. Fertilization takes place in open water and is followed by a planktonic larval stage. The larvae (veligers) must swim and feed in the water column until they are sufficiently developed to settle on a suitable substrate, usually sand or coral rubble, and begin their adult life as a sessile clam.
HABITAT / NICHE: Giant clams occupy coral reef habitats, typically within 20 meters of the surface. They are most common found in shallow lagoons and reef flats, and are typically embedded in sandy substrates or those composed of coral rubble.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Tridacnids are integral and colorful members of the Indo-Pacific coral reef ecosystems. All eight species of giant clams are currently being cultured. Tridacnid aquaculture ventures have diverse aims that include conservation and restocking programs. Farmed giant clams are also sold for food (the adductor muscle is considered a delicacy) and for the aquarium trade.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. Giant clams (Cardiidae: Tridacninae) are among the most familiar marine invertebrates
2. Adult tridacnids, including Tridacna gigas , are permanently sessile. If disturbed, the brightly colored mantle tissue (containing zooxanthellae) is retracted and the shell valves are closed.
3. Like the majority of other bivalve mollusks, Tridacna gigas can filter particulate food, including microscopic marine plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton), from seawater using its ctenidi
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/tridacna/t._gigas$narrative.html#reproduction
CORAL
French Angelfish
COMMON NAME: French Angelfish
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pomacanthus paru
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: vertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: Maturity is reached at an age of 3.4 years. Reproduction is a pair-spawning, egg-scattering process. The egg-filled female travels with the male to the surface where both the eggs and sperm are released into the water. The eggs develop in beds of floating plankton where the young grow until they can travel down to the coral reef.
HABITAT / NICHE: They are found in coral reef areas in depths of less than forty meters. At night, P. paru seek cover, usually returning to the same place every night. They are often associated with rocky, broken bottoms, coral reefs, and grassy flats, which provide sufficient hiding places and enough coverage.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: P. paru has economic importance in the commercial aquarium trade and is collected by means of non-damaging nets. They are sold for a minimum of fifty-six dollars in the aquarium trade. The high tolerance to physical changes, disease-resistance, and longevity establishes this species as an ideal aquarium specimen. This hardiness enables aquarium owners to enjoy the beauty and elegance of this fish in their homes
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. P. paru are mostly omnivorous. Juveniles feed on a mix of algae and detritus with occasional parasites, acquired from other fish.
2. : The disc-shaped Angelfish family is distinguished by a strong, curved, projecting spine on the lower edge of the preopercle bone and the absence of a pelvic axillary process.
3. The diet of adults is made up mostly of sponges.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/pomacanthus/p._paru$narrative.html#geographic_range
PLANKTONIC
Portuguese Man-Of -War
COMMON NAME: Man-Of -War
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Physalia physalis
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: Fertilization of P. physalis is assumed to occur in the open water, because gametes from the gonozooids are shed into the water. Critical density is probably required for succesful fertilization. Fertilization may take place close to the surface. Most reproduction takes place in the fall, producing the great abundance of young seen during the winter and spring.
HABITAT / NICHE: The Portuguese Man-of-War lives the surface of tropical, marine water. Generally, the colonies live in warm, tropical and subtropical water such as along the Florida Keys and coast, the Gulf Stream, the Gulf of Mexico, the Indian Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and other warm areas of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is especially common in the warm water of the Sargasso Sea.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Physalia hurts tourists and tourism in areas where it is common, due to stings (of neurotoxins) from its nematocysts. Much money is spent each year to treat swimmers who have been stung by the nematocysts of individuals that have washed up on beaches. The inflammatory response resulting from Physalia stings is due to the release of histamines from mast cells within the victim.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. . The colony cannot swim, but floats by the aid of its pneumatophore, or float.
2. The Portuguese Man-of-War traps its food in its tentacles
3. . Their action is based on their individual osmotic and hydrostatic pressure.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/physalia/p._physalis$narrative.html#physical_characteristics
PLANKTONIC
Lion's Mane Jellyfish
COMMON NAME: Lion's Mane Jellyfish
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cyanea capillata
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: The medusa form of the jellyfish reproduces sexually and has separate sexes. The ova and sperm are produced in baglike projections of the stomach wall. The sex cells are relased through the mouth for external fertilization. In the case of Cyanea, the eggs are held in the oral tentacles until the planula larvae develop. The planula larvae then settle on the substrate and develop into polyps.
HABITAT / NICHE: The Lion's Mane Jellyfish is found in the cooler regions of the Atlantic, Pacific, North Sea, and Baltic Sea. They are especially common along the East coast of Britain
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: lion’s mane jelly-fish is eaten by fish that are economicly important
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. Cyanea capillata are continual swimmers that can reach speeds of up to several km per hour and can cover great distances with the aid of marine currents.
2. Cyanea capillata feeds mainly on fish. It catches its prey by sinking slowly with its tentacles spread in a circle around it.
3. One of the most distingulishing features of Cyanea capillata is its coloration
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/cyanea/c._capillata$narrative.html
PLANKTONIC
Eared Stalked Jellyfish
COMMON NAME: Eared Stalked Jellyfish
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Haliclystus auricula
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: reproduction is sexual in Haliclystus auricula , but it takes place in the polyp phase. The females release eggs and the males release sperm into the water. When these come together and the egg is fertilized; a planula forms. This planula stage is common with the Cnidarian reproductive cycle, but something interesting happens with these little planula.
HABITAT / NICHE: Haliclystus auricula thrives in the cool, coastal waters of the north Pacific. They attach themselves to various types of vegetation such as: Zostera sea grass, fucoid seaweeds, and eelgrass beds.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: There is no positive or negative importance to humans.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. They use the tentacles around their mouths to capture small prey.
2. It is believed that Haliclystus auricula can move by using its mouth covered with tentacles and contracting its adhesive disk.
3. Instead of a basic nerve net, Haliclystus has an exumbrellar nerve plexus.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/haliclystus/h._auricula$narrative.html
INTERTIDAL
. The intertidal zone is the area where the ocean meets land that is submerged and then exposed to air by waves.
Common Sand Dollar
COMMON NAME: Common Sand Dollar
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Echinarachnius parma
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: vertebrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: The sexes are separate, though there is little distinction between male and female. The posession of either gonad is all that separates the two. Gametes are released into the water column as in most echinoids, and most generally when the water is warm.
HABITAT / NICHE: Sand dollars are found in the intertidal zones and a little deeper. Often their skeletons will wash ashore after a storm. They burrow into the sand for protection and for food .
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Sand dollar eggs have been extensively used in studies of mitosis - the carefully regulated process of cell division essential to an organism's health and growth. Better understanding of mitosis may help us to understand cancer, which is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. Due to their diminutive edible parts and relatively hard skeleton, few animals bother sand dollars
2. This sand dollar burrows in the sand at the sea bottom feeding on algae and fragments of organic material found in the substrate. They scrape off substrate with large, triagular teeth that ring their mouth.
3. For animals relatively high on the evolutionary scale, it is remarkable that a head has never been developed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/echinarachnius/e._parma$narrative.html#food_habits
INTERTIDAL
. The intertidal zone is the area where the ocean meets land that is submerged and then exposed to air by waves.
Red Abalone
COMMON NAME: Red Abalone
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Haliotis rufescens
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT: invertabrate
REPRODUCTION METHODS: The sexes are separate. The gonads of the females are green and those of the male, yellowish. Spawning takes place in from the middle of February through the first weeks of April. Males eject sperm and females eject eggs ( over 2 million in one spawning season) through the water. In 10 days, the free-swimming larva, called veligers, settle to the bottom and, within 2 months, develop into small sized adults. By the age of 1 year, an abalone is about 1 inch long, and within 4 years it reaches sexual maturity, at about 5 inches in length.
HABITAT / NICHE: Intertidal and found attached to rocks on the ocean bottom 20-100 feet down. The depth changes from one area to another depending on environmental factors. In the southern parts of California, it has been found deeper than fifty or sixty feet. Farther north, closer to southern Oregon, it can be found from the low tide zone out to about fifty feet. It prefers water from forty-five to about 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Abalone is commercially valuable for is edible foot, which is considered a delicacy and marketed fresh, dried, powdered, or frozen in fillets and steaks. The bulk of the crop goes to restaurants all over the world. About 2,800 metric tons or approx. 80, 000 individuals are taken in annually. The abalone shell, with its iridescent greens, blues, pinks and copper colors is used as a source of mother-of-pearl for art, and it is also found in many common decorative items such as buttons, ornaments, and trinkets.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. The abalone lives a sedentary lifestyle, remaining in the same general area all its life
2. A strict vegetarian feeding primarily on sessile macro-algae, kelp and plankton.
3. The red abalone is a primitive, snail-like, univalve creature with myopic eyes on the end of retractable stalks, long jet-black tentacles, a large cupped mouth, and a black epipodeum which occasionally has alternating gray stripes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/haliotis/h._rufescens$narrative.html#food_habits
INTERTIDAL
. The intertidal zone is the area where the ocean meets land that is submerged and then exposed to air by waves.
Purple Sea Urchin
COMMON NAME: Purple Sea Urchin
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
VERTEBRATE / INVERTEBRATE / PLANT:
REPRODUCTION METHODS: January, February, and March are the primary reproductive months of S. purpuratus . It has been noted, however, that ripe individuals can be found even into the month of July. Purple sea urchins reach sexual maturity at the age of two years. At this time they are about 25mm in diameter or greater. Once sexually mature, females and males release their gametes into the ocean where fertilization occurs. The fertilized egg then settles and begins to grow into an adult. Afetr the egg is fertilized and settles onto a substrate, the urchin begins to develop.
HABITAT / NICHE: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is primarily found in the low intertidal zone. The purple sea urchin thrives amid strong wave action and areas with churning aerated water. The giant kelp forests provide a feast for S. purpuratus . Many sea urchins can be found on the ocean floor near the holdfast of the kelp.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is actually used in many seafood recipes. Sea urchin is common in sushi. It is also considered a delicacy in some countries, especially Japan. The primary urchin harvesting company in California sends 75% of the harvest to Japan.
3 INTERESTING FACTS:
1. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is both a social and independant organism. It does not tend to live in colonies or around other urchins, nor does it always live by itself.
2. The purple urchin does have the ability to move, and can do so by using its tube feet to push and pull it self along.
3. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has adapted the ability to burrow itself into the substrate. In many cases this substrate is rock. Strongylocentrotus
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/strongylocentrotus/s._purpuratus$narrative.html#economics_positive
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