LESSON SIX NOTES
CHAPTERS 12-13
Goals:
Objectives:
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voiding |
menstruation |
menopause |
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cryptorchidism |
ovulation |
endometriosis |
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vulva |
gestation |
candidiasis (candidosis) |
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fundus |
parturition |
Pap smear |
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menarche |
labor |
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12.Define the following terms:
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enuresis; incontinence |
amnion |
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fistula |
Down syndrome, trisomy 21 |
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frequency |
eclampsia |
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urgency |
ectopic pregnancy |
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inpotence |
gravida |
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sterility |
para |
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pyelogram |
placenta previa |
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intravenous pyelogram |
puerperium |
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circumcision |
Pap smear |
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dialysis |
amniocentesis |
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transurethral resection |
contraception |
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infertility |
episiotomy |
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puberty |
episiorrhaphy |
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abortion |
13.Write the words for which these abbreviations stand:
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BUN |
PSA |
LMP |
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C&S |
TUR, TURP |
PID |
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cath |
UA |
PMS |
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cysto |
UTI |
R/O |
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GU |
AI, AID, AIH |
STDs |
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HD |
D&C |
C-section |
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IVP |
EDC |
DOB |
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K+ |
ERT |
HCG |
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Na+ |
FH |
OB |
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pH |
IVF |
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14.Using the glossary for word parts still not known, interpret the meanings
of the parts and write definitions for medical words.
CHAPTER 12 GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system functions to eliminate nitrogenous wastes (left-over after protein metabolism) and excess electrolytes (important in fluid balance) from the bloodstream. In the male, this system also shares structures with the reproductive system.
Urine is produced in the kidneys, two bean-shaped structures. Kidneys are composed of two layers of tissue; the outer one is called the cortex and the inner one is called the medulla. After urine is formed, it collects in a hollow chamber in the kidney called the pelvis. From here it flows into the ureters, tubes which lead from the kidney to the urinary bladder. The bladder stores urine until voiding, or urination, occurs. At this time, urine leaves the kidney and passes through the urethra and out of the body through the urinary meatus.
The male reproductive system functions to produce sperm and male sex hormones. The two testes produce sperm, which mature in the epididymis. When ejaculation takes place, sperm travel through the two vas deferens to the urethra and leave the body through the urinary meatus. Along their pathway, structures contribute fluid to semen. These are the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and Cowper’s glands.
When you examine the diagram of the urinary system on page 222, you will see that the prostate gland in the male completely surrounds the urethra. If the prostate gland becomes enlarged, a very common occurrence in older men, it can obstruct the flow of urine. There are two causes of prostate enlargement, benign prostatic hypertrophy (not cancer) and cancer of the prostate. It is important to detect prostate cancer in its early stages when it is more curable. There are two tests commonly used for this purpose. One is the digital rectal exam (DRE), and the other is a blood test for prostate specific antigen (PSA).
During fetal development, the testes develop inside the abdominal cavity, then descend into the scrotum before birth. Sometimes a male baby is born with testes still in the abdominal cavity, a condition called cryptorchidism (crypt means hidden). If these fail to descend spontaneously, then this condition is corrected surgically.
The female sex cell, an ovum (or egg) is produced in the ovaries. Generally only one ovum is matured and released each month; the right and left ovaries alternate production. The ovum is released into the abdominal cavity during ovulation and picked up by the end of a Fallopian tube (oviduct), which carries the egg to the uterus. If not fertilized, a process which occurs in the Fallopian tube, the egg will be shed from the uterus during menstruation through the cervix uteri and the vagina. The onset of menstruation in a girl is called menarche, and the cessation of menstruation in an older woman is called menopause.
The rounded top of the uterus is the fundus. The external female genitals are called vulva.
If an ovum is fertilized, pregnancy, or gestation, occurs. When fetal development is complete, labor begins the process of expelling the fetus from the uterus. There are three stages in labor. The process ofcontractions to expand the cervix uteri so the fetus can pass through is called dilation. Then comes expulsion of the fetus and of the afterbirth or placenta. The process of birth itself is called parturition.
In some women uterine lining tissue, called endometrium, occurs outside the uterus, frequently in the abdominal cavity. The presence of this ectopic (out of place) endometrial tissue is called endometriosis.
A number of infections can occur in the reproductive system. One seen in women is vaginal inflammation (vaginitis) caused by the yeast Candida. The textbook (and some medical professionals) call this candidiasis. A more current term for this infection is candidosis.
Other infections are transmitted during sexual intercourse. These include gonorrhea, which causes inflammation in the reproductive tract and in other tissues and can cause infertility; syphilis, which causes lesions on the genitals and spreads to tissue throughout the body; genital herpes, which causes recurring lesions in the reproductive system and on the genitals; chlamydia, which causes inflammation in the reproductive system and can cause ectopic pregnancies; and trichomoniasis, which can cause vaginitis, urethritis, and cystitis. Many of these infections can be transmitted to babies either during pregnancy or during birth. Some of them may be fatal to the newborn.
Cancer can develop in the female reproductive system. A more common cancer of this type is cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is detected by examination of cells collected from the cervix during a pelvic exam. The microscopic examination of these cells is called a Pap smear.
Terms you should know from the boxed lists on pages 229-233 include the following:
page 229: Urinary System
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enuresis, incontinence : involuntary urination |
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fistula : abnormal passage between organs or to the body’s surface; may be present from birth or develop following infection |
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frequency : too frequent urination; occurs with urinary infections |
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urgency : the need to urinate immediately; occurs with urinary infections |
page 229: Male Reproductive System
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impotence : inability to achieve an erection |
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sterility : inability to produce functional sperm |
page 230: Diagnostic Procedures
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pyelogram : x-ray exam of renal pelvis and ureters |
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intravenous pyelogram : pyelogram using injected radiopaque dye |
page 231: Surgical and Therapeutic Procedures
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circumcision : surgical removal of the penis’s foreskin |
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dialysis : artificial filtration of wastes from blood; done when the kidneys are not functioning properly, may be done by injecting fluid into the peritoneal cavity or by shunting blood through a dialysis machine |
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transurethral resection : surgical excision of prostate tissue using an instrument passed through the urethra |
pages 232-233: Abbreviations
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BUN : blood urea nitrogen, a test of kidney function |
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C&S : culture and susceptibility, the growth and antibiotic testing of microorganisms from an infectious process |
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cath : catheterization, passing a tube through the urethra to the bladder to remove urine from the bladder, may be done to relieve urinary retention or to eliminate the need for voiding in a very ill person |
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cysto : examination of the bladder using a lensed instrument passed through the urethra |
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GU : genitourinary |
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HD : hemodialysis, dialysis done by shunting blood though a machine |
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IVP : intravenous pyelogram |
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K+ : potassium, an electrolyte |
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Na+ : sodium, an electrolyte |
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pH : the degree of acidity |
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PSA : prostate specific antigen, a test to detect prostate cancer |
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TUR, TURP : transurethral resection of the prostate (see above) |
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UA : urinalysis, lab examination of urine |
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UTI : urinary tract infection |
HINTS for completing the worksheets at the end of Chapter 12:
Worksheets 1-4 will provide valuable experience with terms. Worksheet 5 is not required, although it will provide additional opportunity to practice. Even though this information will be not directly tested, complete Worksheets 6-7. These will give you valuable experience with terms from this chapter.
CHAPTER 13 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The female sex cell, an ovum (or egg) is produced in the ovaries. Generally only one ovum is matured and released each month; the right and left ovaries alternate production. The ovum is released into the abdominal cavity during ovulation and picked up by the end of a Fallopian tube (oviduct), which carries the egg to the uterus. If not fertilized, a process which occurs in the Fallopian tube, the egg will be shed from the uterus during menstruation through the cervix uteri and the vagina. The onset of menstruation in a girl is called menarche, and the cessation of menstruation in an older woman is called menopause.
The rounded top of the uterus is the fundus. The external female genitals are called vulva.
If an ovum is fertilized, pregnancy, or gestation, occurs. When fetal development is complete, labor begins the process of expelling the fetus from the uterus. There are three stages in labor. The process ofcontractions to expand the cervix uteri so the fetus can pass through is called dilation. Then comes expulsion of the fetus and of the afterbirth or placenta. The process of birth itself is called parturition.
In some women uterine lining tissue, called endometrium, occurs outside the uterus, frequently in the abdominal cavity. The presence of this ectopic (out of place) endometrial tissue is called endometriosis.
A number of infections can occur in the reproductive system. One seen in women is vaginal inflammation (vaginitis) caused by the yeast Candida. The textbook (and some medical professionals) call this candidiasis. A more current term for this infection is candidosis.
Other infections are transmitted during sexual intercourse. These include gonorrhea, which causes inflammation in the reproductive tract and in other tissues and can cause infertility; syphilis, which causes lesions on the genitals and spreads to tissue throughout the body; genital herpes, which causes recurring lesions in the reproductive system and on the genitals; chlamydia, which causes inflammation in the reproductive system and can cause ectopic pregnancies; and trichomoniasis, which can cause vaginitis, urethritis, and cystitis. Many of these infections can be transmitted to babies either during pregnancy or during birth. Some of them may be fatal to the newborn.
Cancer can develop in the female reproductive system. A more common cancer of this type is cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is detected by examination of cells collected from the cervix during a pelvic exam. The microscopic examination of these cells is called a Pap smear.
Terms from the boxed lists on pages 254-260 that you should know include the following:
page 254: Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and Related Terms
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infertility : inability to produce offspring |
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puberty : time when secondary sex characteristics and the ability to reproduce develop |
page 255: Obstetrics
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abortion : termination of pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the mother’s body, may be spontaneous (natural) or induced (artificial) |
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amnion : the membrane which encloses the fetus, contains fluid |
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Down syndrome (trisomy 21) : (congenital condition, physical and mental abnormalities |
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eclampsia : complication of pregnancy, renal malfunction leads to high blood pressure, edema, and risk to mother and fetus |
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ectopic pregnancy : fertilized ovum implants outside uterus, usually in the Fallopian tube; nonviable pregnancy, risk to mother’s life |
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gravida : pregnant woman |
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para : woman who has given birth to a viable offspring |
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placenta previa : placenta is attached near cervix and ruptures, causing bleeding, risk to mother and fetus |
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puerperium : the 42 days following childbirth |
page 256: Diagnostic Procedures
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Pap smear : cells from cervix examined for cervical cancer |
Page 257: Surgical and Therapeutic Procedures
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amniocentesis : withdrawal of a sample of amniotic fluid through a needle inserted into the amnion |
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contraception : method to prevent conception |
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episiotomy : incision made in perineum during childbirth |
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episiorrhaphy : suturing the perineum, after episiotomy or a tear |
pages 259-260: Abbreviations
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AI : artificial insemination, procedure for inserting semen into the uterus through the vagina |
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AID : artificial insemination with semen from a donor |
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AIH : artificial insemination with semen from the husband |
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D&C : dilatation and curettage, procedure for dilating the cervix to permit insertion of a curette, an instrument for removing the endometrial lining; may be done as a treatment for excessive bleeding or retained placenta or to induce abortion |
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EDC : expected date of confinement, "due date" for a babyERT: estrogen replacement therapy, administration of estrogen to replace naturally-produced estrogen in a woman whose ovaries have been removed or whose ovaries are not producing sufficient estrogen (either after menopause or because of disease) |
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FH : family history, a record of diseases and conditions in members of the patient's family |
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IVF : in vitro fertilization, procedure for combining ova with sperm cells outside a woman’s body, a treatment which may permit infertile couples to conceive |
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LMP : last menstrual period, date of last menstrual period before pregnancy began |
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PID : pelvic inflammatory disease, frequently sexually-transmitted |
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PMS : pre-menstrual syndrome, a set of symptoms seen in some women in the days preceding the onset of menstruation |
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R/O : rule out, when it is uncertain what condition is causing symptoms, diagnostic tests are done for various conditions in order to rule them out (or identify them) as the causeSTDs: sexually-transmitted diseases, the infections transmitted by sexual activity |
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C-section : caesarean section, surgical delivery of a fetus by incision in the uterine wall |
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DOB : date of birthHCG: human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone produced in pregnant women; pregnancy tests are designed to detect HCG |
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OB : obstetrics, the branch of medicine which deals with pregnancy and childbirth |
HINTS for completing the worksheets at the end of Chapter 13:
Worksheets 1-4 will provide valuable experience with terms. Worksheet 5 is not required, although it will provide additional opportunity to practice. Even though this information will be not directly tested, complete Worksheets 6-7. These will give you valuable experience with terms from this chapter.
CONCLUSION: LESSON 6
You’ve finished Lesson 6. There is a required worksheet for Chapters 12-13, which will familiarize you with word parts related to the genitourinary and female reproductive systems. Request it from the professor when you are ready to review. This worksheet must be submitted before you take Quiz 6. When you have finished this worksheet and feel ready, you may take Quiz 6. This is a three-part quiz. The first part is to be taken without using your book or notes. It consists of questions about the concepts in these chapters (Objectives 1-11). Part 2 asks you to define medical terms and write the words for which abbreviations stand (Objectives 12-13). You may not use your book or your glossary for parts 1 and 2. Part 3 asks you to define 25 multi-part medical words (Objective 14). When you have answered all the questions you can without using your glossary, you may take up to 5 minutes to finish, using your glossary. You may NOT use your book.
