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ANSELM'S PROSLOGIUM
OR DISCOURSE ON THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
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PREFACE.
In this brief work the author aims at proving in a single argument the
existence of God, and whatsoever we believe of God. --The difficulty
of the task. --The author writes in the person of one who contemplates
God, and seeks to understand what he believes. To this work he had
given this title: Faith Seeking Understanding. He finally named it
Proslogium, --that is, A Discourse.
AFTER I had published, at the solicitous entreaties of certain
brethren, a brief work (the Monologium) as an example of meditation on
the grounds of faith, in the person of one who investigates, in a
course of silent reasoning with himself, matters of which he is
ignorant; considering that this book was knit together by the linking
of many arguments, I began to ask myself whether there might be found
a single argument which would require no other for its proof than
itself alone; and alone would suffice to demonstrate that God truly
exists, and that there is a supreme good requiring nothing else, which
all other things require for their existence and well-being; and
whatever we believe regarding the divine Being.
Although I often and earnestly directed my thought to this end, and at
some times that which I sought seemed to be just within my reach,
while again it wholly evaded my mental vision, at last in despair I
was about to cease, as if from the search for a thing which could not
be found. But when I wished to exclude this thought altogether, lest,
by busying my mind to no purpose, it should keep me from other
thoughts, in which I might be successful; then more and more, though I
was unwilling and shunned it, it began to force itself upon me, with a
kind of importunity. So, one day, when I was exceedingly wearied with
resisting its importunity, in the very conflict of my thoughts, the
proof of which I had despaired offered itself, so that I eagerly
embraced the thoughts which I was strenuously repelling.
Thinking, therefore, that what I rejoiced to have found, would, if put
in writing, be welcome to some readers, of this very matter, and of
some others, I have written the following treatise, in the person of
one who strives to lift his mind to the contemplation of God, and
seeks to understand what he believes. In my judgment, neither this
work nor the other, which I mentioned above, deserved to be called a
book, or to bear the name of an author; and yet I thought they ought
not to be sent forth without some title by which they might, in some
sort, invite one into whose hands they fell to their perusal. I
accordingly gave each a title, that the first might be known as, An
Example of Meditation on the Grounds of Faith, and its sequel as,
Faith Seeking Understanding. But, after, both had been copied by many
under these titles, many urged me, and especially Hugo, the reverend
Archbishop of Lyons, who discharges the apostolic office in Gaul, who
instructed me to this effect on his apostolic authority --to prefix my
name to these writings. And that this might be done more fitly, I
named the first, Monologium, that is, A Soliloquy; but the second,
Proslogium, that is, A Discourse.
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CHAPTER I.
Exhortation of the mind to the contemplation of God. --It casts aside
cares, and excludes all thoughts save that of God, that it may seek
Him. Man was created to see God. Man by sin lost the blessedness for
which he was made, and found the misery for which he was not made. He
did not keep this good when he could keep it easily. Without God it is
ill with us. Our labors and attempts are in vain without God. Man
cannot seek God, unless God himself teaches him; nor find him, unless
he reveals himself. God created man in his image, that he might be
mindful of him, think of him, and love him. The believer does not seek
to understand, that he may believe, but he believes that he may
understand: for unless he believed he would not understand.
UP now, slight man! flee, for a little while, thy occupations; hide
thyself, for a time, from thy disturbing thoughts. Cast aside, now,
thy burdensome cares, and put away thy toilsome business. Yield room
for some little time to God; and rest for a little time in him. Enter
the inner chamber of thy mind; shut out all thoughts save that of God,
and such as can aid thee in seeking him; close thy door and seek him.
Speak now, my whole heart! speak now to God, saying, I seek thy face;
thy face, Lord, will I seek (Psalms xxvii. 8). And come thou now, O
Lord my God, teach my heart where and how it may seek thee, where and
how it may find thee.
Lord, if thou art not here, where shall I seek thee, being absent? But
if thou art everywhere, why do I not see thee present? Truly thou
dwellest in unapproachable light. But where is unapproachable light,
or how shall I come to it? Or who shall lead me to that light and into
it, that I may see thee in it? Again, by what marks, under what form,
shall I seek thee? I have never seen thee, O Lord, my God; I do not
know thy form. What, O most high Lord, shall this man do, an exile far
from thee? What shall thy servant do, anxious in his love of thee, and
cast out afar from thy face? He pants to see thee, and thy face is too
far from him. He longs to come to thee, and thy dwelling-place is
inaccessible. He is eager to find thee, and knows not thy place. He
desires to seek thee, and does not know thy face. Lord, thou art my
God, and thou art my Lord, and never have I seen thee. It is thou that
hast made me, and hast made me anew, and hast bestowed upon me all the
blessing I enjoy; and not yet do I know thee. Finally, I was created
to see thee, and not yet have I done that for which I was made.
O wretched lot of man, when he hath lost that for which he was made! O
hard and terrible fate! Alas, what has he lost, and what has he found?
What has departed, and what remains? He has lost the blessedness for
which he was made, and has found the misery for which he was not made.
That has departed without which nothing is happy, and that remains
which, in itself, is only miserable. Man once did eat the bread of
angels, for which he hungers now; he eateth now the bread of sorrows,
of which he knew not then. Alas! for the mourning of all mankind, for
the universal lamentation of the sons of Hades! He choked with
satiety, we sigh with hunger. He abounded, we beg. He possessed in
happiness, and miserably forsook his possession; we suffer want in
unhappiness, and feel a miserable longing, and alas! we remain empty.
Why did he not keep for us, when he could so easily, that whose lack
we should feel so heavily? Why did he shut us away from the light, and
cover us over with darkness? With what purpose did he rob us of life,
and inflict death upon us? Wretches that we are, whence have we been
driven out; whither are we driven on? Whence hurled? Whither consigned
to ruin? From a native country into exile, from the vision of God into
our present blindness, from the joy of immortality into the bitterness
and horror of death. Miserable exchange of how great a good, for how
great an evil! Heavy loss, heavy grief, heavy all our fate!
But alas! wretched that I am, one of the sons of Eve, far removed from
God! What have I undertaken? What have I accomplished? Whither was I
striving? How far have I come? To what did I aspire? Amid what
thoughts am I sighing? I sought blessings, and lo! confusion. I strove
toward God, and I stumbled on myself. I sought calm in privacy, and I
found tribulation and grief, in my inmost thoughts. I wished to smile
in the joy of my mind, and I am compelled to frown by the sorrow of my
heart. Gladness was hoped for, and lo! a source of frequent sighs!
And thou too, O Lord, how long? How long, O Lord, dost thou forget us;
how long dost thou turn thy face from us? When wilt thou look upon us,
and hear us? When wilt thou enlighten our eyes, and show us thy face?
When wilt thou restore thyself to us? Look upon us, Lord; hear us,
enlighten us, reveal thyself to us. Restore thyself to us, that it may
be well with us, --thyself, without whom it is so ill with us. Pity
our toilings and strivings toward thee since we can do nothing without
thee. Thou dost invite us; do thou help us. I beseech thee, O Lord,
that I may not lose hope in sighs, but may breathe anew in hope. Lord,
my heart is made bitter by its desolation; sweeten thou it, I beseech
thee, with thy consolation. Lord, in hunger I began to seek thee; I
beseech thee that I may not cease to hunger for thee. In hunger I have
come to thee; let me not go unfed. I have come in poverty to the Rich,
in misery to the Compassionate; let me not return empty and despised.
And if, before I eat, I sigh, grant, even after sighs, that which I
may eat. Lord, I am bowed down and can only look downward; raise me up
that I may look upward. My iniquities have gone over my head; they
overwhelm me; and, like a heavy load, they weigh me down. Free me from
them; unburden me, that the pit of iniquities may not close over me.
Be it mine to look up to thy light, even from afar, even from the
depths. Teach me to seek thee, and reveal thyself to me, when I seek
thee, for I cannot seek thee, except thou teach me, nor find thee,
except thou reveal thyself. Let me seek thee in longing, let me long
for thee in seeking; let me find thee in love, and love thee in
finding. Lord, I acknowledge and I thank thee that thou hast created
me in this thine image, in order that I may be mindful of thee, may
conceive of thee, and love thee; but that image has been so consumed
and wasted away by vices, and obscured by the smoke of wrong-doing,
that it cannot achieve that for which it was made, except thou renew
it, and create it anew. I do not endeavor, O Lord, to penetrate thy
sublimity, for in no wise do I compare my understanding with that; but
I long to understand in some degree thy truth, which my heart believes
and loves. For I do not seek to understand that I may believe, but I
believe in order to understand. For this also I believe, --that unless
I believed, I should not understand.
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CHAPTER II.
Truly there is a God, although the fool hath said in his heart, There
is no God.
AND so, Lord, do thou, who dost give understanding to faith, give me,
so far as thou knowest it to be profitable, to understand that thou
art as we believe; and that thou art that which we believe. And
indeed, we believe that thou art a being than which nothing greater
can be conceived. Or is there no such nature, since the fool hath said
in his heart, there is no God? (Psalms xiv. 1). But, at any rate, this
very fool, when he hears of this being of which I speak --a being than
which nothing greater can be conceived --understands what he hears,
and what he understands is in his understanding; although he does not
understand it to exist.
For, it is one thing for an object to be in the understanding, and
another to understand that the object exists. When a painter first
conceives of what he will afterwards perform, he has it in his
understanding, but he does not yet understand it to be, because he has
not yet performed it. But after he has made the painting, he both has
it in his understanding, and he understands that it exists, because he
has made it.
Hence, even the fool is convinced that something exists in the
understanding, at least, than which nothing greater can be conceived.
For, when he hears of this, he understands it. And whatever is
understood, exists in the understanding. And assuredly that, than
which nothing greater can be conceived, cannot exist in the
understanding alone. For, suppose it exists in the understanding
alone: then it can be conceived to exist in reality; which is greater.
Therefore, if that, than which nothing greater can be conceived,
exists in the understanding alone, the very being, than which nothing
greater can be conceived, is one, than which a greater can be
conceived. But obviously this is impossible. Hence, there is no doubt
that there exists a being, than which nothing greater can be
conceived, and it exists both in the understanding and in reality.
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CHAPTER III.
God cannot be conceived not to exist. --God is that, than which
nothing greater can be conceived. --That which can be conceived not to
exist is not God.
AND it assuredly exists so truly, that it cannot be conceived not to
exist. For, it is possible to conceive of a being which cannot be
conceived not to exist; and this is greater than one which can be
conceived not to exist. Hence, if that, than which nothing greater can
be conceived, can be conceived not to exist, it is not that, than
which nothing greater can be conceived. But this is an irreconcilable
contradiction. There is, then, so truly a being than which nothing
greater can be conceived to exist, that it cannot even be conceived
not to exist;. and this being thou art, O Lord, our God.
So truly, therefore, dost thou exist, O Lord, my God, that thou canst
not be conceived not to exist; and rightly. For, if a mind could
conceive of a being better than thee, the creature would rise above
the Creator; and this is most absurd. And, indeed, whatever else there
is, except thee alone, can be conceived not to exist. To thee alone,
therefore, it belongs to exist more truly than all other beings, and
hence in a higher degree than all others. For, whatever else exists
does not exist so truly, and hence in a less degree it belongs to it
to exist. Why, then, has the fool said in his heart, there is no God
(Psalms xiv. 1), since it is so evident, to a rational mind, that thou
dost exist in the highest degree of all? Why, except that he is dull
and a fool?
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CHAPTER IV.
How the fool has said in his heart what cannot be conceived. --A thing
may be conceived in two ways: (1) when the word signifying it is
conceived; (2) when the thing itself is understood As far as the word
goes, God can be conceived not to exist; in reality he cannot.
BUT how has the fool said in his heart what he could not conceive; or
how is it that he could not conceive what he said in his heart? since
it is the same to say in the heart, and to conceive.
But, if really, nay, since really, he both conceived, because he said
in his heart; and did not say in his heart, because he could not
conceive; there is more than one way in which a thing is said in the
heart or conceived. For, in one sense, an object is conceived, when
the word signifying it is conceived; and in another, when the very
entity, which the object is, is understood.
In the former sense, then, God can be conceived not to exist; but in
the latter, not at all. For no one who understands what fire and water
are can conceive fire to be water, in accordance with the nature of
the facts themselves, although this is possible according to the
words. So, then, no one who understands what God is can conceive that
God does not exist; although he says these words in his heart, either
without any or with some foreign, signification. For, God is that than
which a greater cannot be conceived. And he who thoroughly understands
this, assuredly understands that this being so truly exists, that not
even in concept can it be non-existent. Therefore, he who understands
that God so exists, cannot conceive that he does not exist.
I thank thee, gracious Lord, I thank thee; because what I formerly
believed by thy bounty, I now so understand by thine illumination,
that if I were unwilling to believe that thou dost exist, I should not
be able not to understand this to be true.
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CHAPTER V.
God is whatever it is better to be than not to be; and he, as the only
self-existent being, creates all things from nothing.
WHAT art thou, then, Lord God, than whom nothing greater can be
conceived? But what art thou, except that which, as the highest of all
beings, alone exists through itself, and creates all other things from
nothing? For, whatever is not this is less than a thing which can be
conceived of. But this cannot be conceived of thee. What good,
therefore, does the supreme Good lack, through which every good is?
Therefore, thou art just, truthful, blessed, and whatever it is better
to be than not to be. For it is better to be just than not just;
better to be blessed than not blessed.
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CHAPTER VI.
How God is sensible (sensibilis) although he is not a body. --God is
sensible, omnipotent, compassionate, passionless; for it is better to
be these than not be. He who in any way knows, is not improperly said
in some sort to feel.
BUT, although it is better for thee to be sensible, omnipotent,
compassionate, passionless, than not to be these things; how art thou
sensible, if thou art not a body; or omnipotent, if thou hast not all
powers; or at once compassionate and passionless? For, if only
corporeal things are sensible, since the senses encompass a body and
are in a body, how art thou sensible, although thou art not a body,
but a supreme Spirit, who is superior to body? But, if feeling is only
cognition, or for the sake of cognition, --for he who feels obtains
knowledge in accordance with the proper functions of his senses; as
through sight, of colors; through taste, of flavors, --whatever in any
way cognises is not inappropriately said, in some sort, to feel.
Therefore, O Lord, although thou art not a body yet thou art truly
sensible in the highest degree in respect of this, that thou dost
cognise all things in the highest degree; and not as an animal
cognises, through a corporeal sense.
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CHAPTER VII.
How he is omnipotent, although there are many things of which he is
not capable. --To be capable of being corrupted, or of lying, is not
power, but impotence. God can do nothing by virtue of impotence, and
nothing has power against him.
BUT how art thou omnipotent, if thou art not capable of all things?
Or, if thou canst not be corrupted, and canst not lie, nor make what
is true, false --as, for example, if thou shouldst make what has been
done not to have been done, and the like. --how art thou capable of
all things? Or else to be capable of these things is not power, but
impotence. For, he who is capable of these things is capable of what
is not for his good, and of what he ought not to do; and the more
capable of them he is, the more power have adversity and perversity
against him; and the less has he himself against these.
He, then, who is thus capable is so not by power, but by impotence.
For, he is not said to be able because he is able of himself, but
because his impotence gives something else power over him. Or, by a
figure of speech, just as many words are improperly applied, as when
we use "to be" for "not to be," and "to do" for what is really not to
do,"or to do nothing." For, often we say to a man who denies the
existence of something: "It is as you say it to be," though it might
seem more proper to say, "It is not, as you say it is not." In the
same way, we say, "This man sits just as that man does," or, "This man
rests just as that man does"; although to sit is not to do anything,
and to rest is to do nothing.
So, then, when one is said to have the power of doing or experiencing
what is not for his good, or what he ought not to do, impotence is
understood in the word power. For, the more he possesses this power,
the more powerful are adversity and perversity against him, and the
more powerless is he against them.
Therefore, O Lord, our God, the more truly art thou omnipotent, since
thou art capable of nothing through impotence, and nothing has power
against thee.
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CHAPTER VIII.
How he is compassionate and passionless. God is compassionate, in
terms of our experience, because we experience the effect of
compassion. God is not compassionate, in terms of his own being,
because he does not experience the feeling (affectus) of compassion.
BUT how art thou compassionate, and, at the same time, passionless?
For, if thou art passionless, thou dost not feel sympathy; and if thou
dost not feel sympathy, thy heart is not wretched from sympathy for
the wretched ; but this it is to be compassionate. But if thou art not
compassionate, whence cometh so great consolation to the wretched?
How, then, art thou compassionate and not compassionate, O Lord,
unless because thou art compassionate in terms of our experience, and
not compassionate in terms of thy being.
Truly, thou art so in terms of our experience, but thou art not so in
terms of thine own. For, when thou beholdest us in our wretchedness,
we experience the effect of compassion, but thou dost not experience
the feeling. Therefore, thou art both compassionate, because thou dost
save the wretched, and spare those who sin against thee; and not
compassionate because thou art affected by no sympathy for
wretchedness.
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CHAPTER IX.
How the all-just and supremely just God spares the wicked, and justly
pities the wicked. He is better who is good to the righteous and the
wicked than he who is good to the righteous alone. Although God is
supremely just, the source of his compassion is hidden. God is
supremely compassionate, because he is supremely just. He saveth the
just, because justice goes with them; he frees sinners by the
authority of justice. God spares the wicked out of justice; for it is
just that God, than whom none is better or more powerful, should be
good even to the wicked, and should make the wicked good. If God ought
not to pity, he pities unjustly. But this it is impious to suppose.
Therefore, God justly pities.
BUT how dost thou spare the wicked, if thou art all just and supremely
just? For how, being all just and supremely just, dost thou aught that
is not just? Or, what justice is that to give him who merits eternal
death everlasting life? How, then, gracious Lord, good to the
righteous and the wicked, canst thou save the wicked, if this is not
just, and thou dost not aught that is not just? Or, since thy goodness
is incomprehensible, is this hidden in the unapproachable light
wherein thou dwellest? Truly, in the deepest and most secret parts of
thy goodness is hidden the fountain whence the stream of thy
compassion flows.
For thou art all just and supremely just, yet thou art kind even to
the wicked, even because thou art all supremely good. For thou wouldst
be less good if thou wert not kind to any wicked being. For, he who is
good, both to the righteous and the wicked, is better than he who is
good to the wicked alone; and he who is good to the wicked, both by
punishing and sparing them, is better than he who is good by punishing
them alone. Therefore, thou art compassionate, because thou art all
supremely good. And, although it appears why thou dost reward the good
with goods and the evil with evils; yet this, at least, is most
wonderful, why thou, the all and supremely just, who lackest nothing,
bestowest goods on the wicked and on those who are guilty toward thee.
The depth of thy goodness, O God! The source of thy compassion
appears, and yet is not clearly seen! We see whence the river flows,
but the spring whence it arises is not seen. For, it is from the
abundance of thy goodness that thou art good to those who sin against
thee; and in the depth of thy goodness is hidden the reason for this
kindness.
For, although thou dost reward the good with goods and the evil with
evils, out of goodness, yet this the concept of justice seems to
demand. But, when thou dost bestow goods on the evil, and it is known
that the supremely Good hath willed to do this, we wonder why the
supremely just has been able to will this.
O compassion, from what abundant sweetness and what sweet abundance
dost thou well forth to us! O boundless goodness of God how
passionately should sinners love thee! For thou savest the just,
because justice goeth with them; but sinners thou dost free by the
authority of justice. Those by the help of their deserts; these,
although their deserts oppose. Those by acknowledging the goods thou
hast granted; these by pardoning the evils thou hatest. O boundless
goodness, which dost so exceed all understanding, let that compassion
come upon me, which proceeds from thy so great abundance! Let it flow
upon me, for it wells forth from thee. Spare, in mercy; avenge not, in
justice.
For, though it is hard to understand how thy compassion is not
inconsistent with thy justice; yet we must believe that it does not
oppose justice at all, because it flows from goodness, which is no
goodness without justice; nay, that it is in true harmony with
justice. For, if thou art compassionate only because thou art
supremely good, and supremely good only because thou art supremely
just, truly thou art compassionate even because thou art supremely
just. Help me, just and compassionate God, whose light seek; help me
to understand what I say.
Truly, then, thou art compassionate even because thou art just. Is,
then, thy compassion born of thy justice? And dost thou spare the
wicked, therefore, out of justice? If this is true, my Lord, if this
is true, teach me how it is. Is it because it is just, that thou
shouldst be so good that thou canst not be conceived better; and that
thou shouldst work so powerfully that thou canst not be conceived more
powerful? For what can be more just than this? Assuredly it could not
be that thou shouldst be good only by requiting (retribuendo) and not
by sparing, and that thou shouldst make good only those who are not
good, and not the wicked also. In this way, therefore, it is just that
thou shouldst spare the wicked, and make good souls of evil.
Finally, what is not done justly ought not to be done; and what ought
not to be done is done unjustly. If, then, thou dost not justly pity
the wicked, thou oughtest not to pity them. And, if thou oughtest not
to pity them, thou pityest them unjustly. And if it is impious to
suppose this, it is right to believe that thou justly pityest the
wicked.
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CHAPTER X.
How he justly punishes and justly spares the wicked. --God, in sparing
the wicked, is just, according to his own nature because he does what
is consistent with his goodness; but he is not just, according to our
nature, because he does not inflict the punishment deserved.
BUT it is also just that thou shouldst punish the wicked. For what is
more just than that the good should receive goods, and the evil,
evils? How, then, is it just that thou shouldst punish the wicked,
and, at the same time, spare the wicked? Or, in one way, dost thou
justly punish, and, in another, justly spare them? For, when thou
punishest the wicked, it is just, because it is consistent with their
deserts; and when, on the other hand, thou sparest the wicked, it is
just, not because it is compatible with their deserts, but because it
is compatible with thy goodness.
For, in sparing the wicked, thou art as just, according to thy nature,
but not according to ours, as thou art compassionate, according to our
nature, and not according to thine; seeing that, as in saving us, whom
it would be just for thee to destroy, thou art compassionate, not
because thou feelest an affection (affectum), but because we feel the
effect (effectum); so thou art just, not because thou requitest us as
we deserve, but because thou dost that which becomes thee as the
supremely good Being. In this way, therefore, without contradiction
thou dost justly punish and justly spare.
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CHAPTER XI.
How all the ways of God are compassion and truth; and yet God is just
in all his ways. --We cannot comprehend why, of the wicked, he saves
these rather than those, through his supreme goodness: and condemns
those rather than these, through his supreme justice.
BUT, is there any reason why it is not also just, according to thy
nature, O Lord, that thou shouldst punish the wicked? Surely it is
just that thou shouldst be so just that thou canst not be conceived
more just; and this thou wouldst in no wise be if thou didst only
render goods to the good, and not evils to the evil. For, he who
requiteth both good and evil according to their deserts is more just
than he who so requites the good alone. It is, therefore, just,
according to thy nature, O just and gracious God, both when thou dost
punish and when thou sparest.
Truly, then, all the paths of the Lord are mercy and truth (Psalms
xxv. 10); and yet the Lord is righteous in all his ways (Psalms cxlv.
17). And assuredly without inconsistency: For, it is not just that
those whom thou dost will to punish should be saved, and that those
whom thou dost will to spare should be condemned. For that alone is
just which thou dost will; and that alone unjust which thou dost not
will. So, then, thy compassion is born of thy justice.
For it is just that thou shouldst be so good that thou art good in
sparing also; and this may be the reason why the supremely Just can
will goods for the evil. But if it can be comprehended in any way why
thou canst will to save the wicked, yet by no consideration can we
comprehend why, of those who are alike wicked, thou savest some rather
than others, through supreme goodness; and why thou dost condemn the
latter rather than the former, through supreme justice.
So, then, thou art truly sensible (sensibilis), omnipotent,
compassionate, and passionless, as thou art living, wise, good,
blessed, eternal: and whatever it is better to be than not to be.
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CHAPTER XII.
God is the very life whereby he lives; and so of other like
attributes.
BUT undoubtedly, whatever thou art, thou art through nothing else than
thyself. Therefore, thou art the very life whereby thou livest; and
the wisdom wherewith thou art wise; and the very goodness whereby thou
art good to the righteous and the wicked; and so of other like
attributes.
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CHAPTER XIII.
How he alone is uncircumscribed and eternal, although other spirits
are uncircumscribed and eternal. --No place and time contain God. But
he is himself everywhere and always. He alone not only does not cease
to be, but also does not begin to be.
BUT everything that is in any way bounded by place or time is less
than that which no law of place or time limits. Since, then, nothing
is greater than thou, no place or time contains thee; but thou art
everywhere and always. And since this can be said of thee alone, thou
alone art uncircumscribed and eternal.How is it, then, that other
spirits also are said to be uncircumscribed and eternal?
Assuredly thou art alone eternal; for thou alone among all beings not
only dost not cease to be but also dost not begin to be.
But how art thou alone uncircumscribed? Is it that a created spirit,
when compared with thee is circumscribed, but when compared with
matter, uncircumscribed? For altogether circumscribed is that which,
when it is wholly in one place, cannot at the same time be in another.
And this is seen to be true of corporeal things alone. But
uncircumscribed is that which is, as a whole, at the same time
everywhere. And this is understood to be true of thee alone. But
circumscribed, and, at the same time, uncircumscribed is that which,
when it is anywhere as a whole, can at the same time be somewhere else
as a whole, and yet not everywhere. And this is recognised as true of
created spirits. For, if the soul were not as a whole in the separate
members of the body, it would not feel as a whole in the separate
members. Therefore, thou, Lord, art peculiarly uncircumscribed and
eternal; and yet other spirits also are uncircumscribed and eternal.
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CHAPTER XIV.
How and why God is seen and yet not seen by those who seek him.
HAST thou found what thou didst seek, my soul? Thou didst seek God.
Thou hast found him to be a being which is the highest of all beings,
a being than which nothing better can be conceived; that this being is
life itself, light, wisdom, goodness, eternal blessedness and blessed
eternity; and that it is every where and always.
For, if thou hast not found thy God, how is he this being which thou
hast found, and which thou hast conceived him to be, with so certain
truth and so true certainty? But, if thou hast found him, why is it
that thou dost not feel thou hast found him? Why, O Lord, our God,
does not my soul feel thee, if it hath found thee? Or, has it not
found him whom it found to be light and truth? For how did it
understand this, except by seeing light and truth? Or, could it
understand anything at all of thee, except through thy light and thy
truth?
Hence, if it has seen light and truth, it has seen thee; if it has not
seen thee, it has not seen light and truth. Or, is what it has seen
both light and truth; and still it has not yet seen thee, because it
has seen thee only in part, but has not seen thee as thou art? Lord my
God, my creator and renewer, speak to the desire of my soul, what thou
art other than it hath seen, that it may clearly see what it desires.
It strains to see thee more; and sees nothing beyond this which it
hath seen, except darkness. Nay, it does not see darkness, of
which-there is none in thee; but it sees that it cannot see farther,
because of its own darkness.
Why is this, Lord, why is this? Is the eye of the soul darkened by its
infirmity, or dazzled by thy glory? Surely it is both darkened in
itself, and dazzled by thee. Doubtless it is both obscured by its own
insignificance, and overwhelmed by thy infinity. Truly, it is both
contracted by its own narrowness and overcome by thy greatness.
For how great is that light from which shines every truth that gives
light to the rational mind? How great is that truth in which is
everything that is true, and outside which is only nothingness and the
false? How boundless is the truth which sees at one glance whatsoever
has been made, and by whom, and through whom, and how it has been made
from nothing? What purity, what certainty, what splendor where it is?
Assuredly more than a creature can conceive.
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CHAPTER XV.
He is greater than can be conceived.
THEREFORE, O Lord, thou art not only that than which a greater cannot
be conceived, but thou art a being greater than can be conceived. For,
since it can be conceived that there is such a being, if thou art not
this very being, a greater than thou can be conceived. But this is
impossible.
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CHAPTER XVI.
This is the unapproachable light wherein he dwells.
TRULY, O Lord, this is the unapproachable light in which thou
dwellest; for truly there is nothing else which can penetrate this
light, that it may see thee there. Truly, I see it not, because it is
too bright for me. And yet, whatsoever I see, I see through it, as the
weak eye sees what it sees through the light of the sun, which in the
sun itself it cannot look upon. My understanding cannot reach that
light, for it shines too bright. It does not comprehend it, nor does
the eye of my soul endure to gaze upon it long. It is dazzled by the
brightness, it is overcome by the greatness, it is overwhelmed by the
infinity, it is dazed by the largeness, of the light.
O supreme and unapproachable light! O whole and blessed truth, how far
art thou from me, who am so near to thee! How far removed art thou
from my vision, though I am so near to thine! Everywhere thou art
wholly present, and I see thee not. In thee I move, and in thee I have
my being; and I cannot come to thee. Thou art within me, and about me,
and I feel thee not.
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CHAPTER XVII.
In God is harmony, fragrance, sweetness, pleasantness to the touch,
beauty, after his ineffable manner.
STILL thou art hidden, O Lord, from my soul in thy light and thy
blessedness; and therefore my soul still walks in its darkness and
wretchedness. For it looks, and does not see thy beauty. It hearkens,
and does not hear thy harmony. It smells, and does not perceive thy
fragrance. It tastes, and does not recognize thy sweetness. It
touches, and does not feel thy pleasantness. For thou hast these
attributes in thyself, Lord God, after thine ineffable manner, who
hast given them to objects created by thee, after their sensible
manner; but the sinful senses of my soul have grown rigid and dull,
and have been obstructed by their long listlessness.
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CHAPTER XVIII.
God is life, wisdom, eternity, and every true good. --Whatever is
composed of parts is not wholly one; it is capable, either in fact or
in concept, of dissolution. In God wisdom, eternity, etc., are not
parts, but one, and the very whole which God is, or unity itself, not
even in concept divisible.
AND lo, again confusion; lo, again grief and mourning meet him who
seeks for joy and gladness. My soul now hoped for satisfaction; and
lo, again it is overwhelmed with need. I desired now to feast, and lo,
I hunger more. I tried to rise to the light of God, and I have fallen
back into my darkness. Nay, not only have I fallen into it, but I feel
that I am enveloped in it. I fell before my mother conceived me.
Truly, in darkness I was conceived, and in the cover of darkness I was
born. Truly, in him we all fell, in whom we all sinned. In him we all
lost, who kept easily, and wickedly lost to himself and to us that
which when we wish to seek it, we do not know; when we seek it, we do
not find; when we find, it is not that which we seek.
Do thou help me for thy goodness' sake! Lord, I sought thy face; thy
face, Lord, will I seek; hide not thy face far from me (Psalms xxvii.
8). Free me from myself toward thee. Cleanse, heal, sharpen, enlighten
the eye of my mind, that it may behold thee. Let my soul recover its
strength, and with all its understanding let it strive toward thee, O
Lord. What art thou, Lord, what art thou? What shall my heart conceive
thee to be?
Assuredly thou art life, thou art wisdom, thou art truth, thou art
goodness, thou art blessedness, thou art eternity, and thou art every
true good. Many are these attributes: my straitened understanding
cannot see so many at one view, that it may be gladdened by all at
once. How, then, O Lord, art thou all these things? Are they parts of
thee, or is each one of these rather the whole, which thou art? For,
whatever is composed of parts is not altogether one, but is in some
sort plural, and diverse from itself; and either in fact or in concept
is capable of dissolution.
But these things are alien to thee, than whom nothing better can be
conceived of. Hence, there are no parts in thee, Lord, nor art thou
more than one. But thou art so truly a unitary being, and so identical
with thyself, that in no respect art thou unlike thyself; rather thou
art unity itself, indivisible by any conception. Therefore, life and
wisdom and the rest are not parts of thee, but all are one; and each
of these is the whole, which thou art, and which all the rest are.
In this way, then, it appears that thou hast no parts, and that thy
eternity, which thou art, is nowhere and never a part of thee or of
thy eternity. But everywhere thou art as a whole, and thy eternity
exists as a whole forever.
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CHAPTER XIX.
He does not exist in place or time, but all things exist in him.
BUT if through thine eternity thou hast been, and art, and wilt be;
and to have been is not to be destined to be; and to be is not to have
been, or to be destined to be; how does thine eternity exist as a
whole forever? Or is it true that nothing of thy eternity passes away,
so that it is not now; and that nothing of it is destined to be, as if
it were not yet?
Thou wast not, then, yesterday, nor wilt thou be to-morrow; but
yesterday and to-day and to-morrow thou art; or, rather, neither
yesterday nor to-day nor to-morrow thou art; but simply, thou art,
outside all time. For yesterday and to-day and to-morrow have no
existence, except in time; but thou, although nothing exists without
thee, nevertheless dost not exist in space or time, but all things
exist in thee. For nothing contains thee, but thou containest all.
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CHAPTER XX.
He exists before all things and transcends all things, even the
eternal things. --Tbe eternity of God is present as a whole with him;
while other things have not yet that part of their eternity which is
still to be, and have no longer that part which is past.
HENCE, thou dost permeate and embrace all things. Thou art before all,
and dost transcend all. And, of a surety, thou art before all; for
before they were made, thou art. But how dost thou transcend all? In
what way dost thou transcend those beings which will have no end? Is
it because they cannot exist at all without thee; while thou art in no
wise less, if they should return to nothingness? For so, in a certain
sense, thou dost transcend them. Or, is it also because they can be
conceived to have an end; but thou by no means? For so they actually
have an end, in a certain sense; but thou, in no sense. And certainly,
what in no sense has an end transcends what is ended in any sense. Or,
in this way also dost thou transcend all things, even the eternal,
because thy eternity and theirs is present as a whole with thee; while
they have not yet that part of their eternity which is to come, just
as they no longer have that part which is past? For so thou dost ever
transcend them, since thou art ever present with thyself, and since
that to which they have not yet come is ever present with thee.
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CHAPTER XXI.
Is this the age of the age, or ages of ages? --The eternity of God
contains the ages of time themselves, and can be called the age of the
age or ages of ages.
Is this, then, the age of the age, or ages of ages? For, as an age of
time contains all temporal things, so thy eternity contains even the
ages of time themselves. And these are indeed an age, because of their
indivisible unity; but ages, because of their endless immeasurability.
And, although thou art so great, O Lord, that all things are full of
thee, and exist in thee; yet thou art so without all space, that
neither midst, nor half, nor any part, is in thee.
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CHAPTER XXII.
He alone is what he is and who be is. --All things need God for their
being and their well-being.
THEREFORE, thou alone, O Lord, art what thou art; and thou art he who
thou art. For, what is one thing in the whole and another in the
parts, and in which there is any mutable element, is not altogether
what it is. And what begins from non-existence, and can be conceived
not to exist, and unless it subsists through something else, returns
to non-existence; and what has a past existence, which is no longer,
or a future existence, which is not yet, --this does not properly and
absolutely exist.
But thou art what thou art, because, whatever thou art at any time, or
in any way, thou art as a whole and forever. And thou art he who thou
art, properly and simply; for thou hast neither a past existence nor a
future, but only a present existence; nor canst thou be conceived as
at any time non-existent. But thou art life, and light, and wisdom,
and blessedness, and many goods of this nature. And yet thou art only
one supreme good; thou art all-sufficient to thyself, and needest
none; and thou art he whom all things need for their existence and
wellbeing.
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CHAPTER XXIII.
This good is equally Father, and Son, and Holy Spirit. And this is a
single, necessary Being, which is every good, and wholly good, and the
only good. --Since the Word is true, and is truth itself, there is
nothing in the Father, who utters it, which is not accomplished in the
Word by which he expresses himself. Neither is the love which proceeds
from Father and Son unequal to the Father or the Son, for Father and
Son love themselves and one another in the same degree in which what
they are is good. Of supreme simplicity nothing can be born, and from
it nothing can proceed, except that which is this, of which it is
born, or from which it proceeds.
THIS good thou art, thou, God the Father; this is thy Word, that is,
thy Son. For nothing, other than what thou art, or greater or less
than thou, can be in the Word by which thou dost express thyself; for
the Word is true, as thou art truthful. And, hence, it is truth
itself, just as thou art; no other truth than thou; and thou art of so
simple a nature, that of thee nothing can be born other than what thou
art. This very good is the one love common to thee and to thy Son,
that is, the Holy Spirit proceeding from both. For this love is not
unequal to thee or to thy Son; seeing that thou dost love thyself and
him, and he, thee and himself, to the whole extent of thy being and
his. Nor is there aught else proceeding from thee and from him, which
is not unequal to thee and to him. Nor can anything proceed from the
supreme simplicity, other than what this, from which it proceeds, is.
But what each is, separately, this is all the Trinity at once, Father,
Son, and Holy Spirit; seeing that each separately is none other than
the supremely simple unity, and the supremely unitary simplicity which
can neither be multiplied nor varied. Moreover, there is a single
necessary Being. Now, this is that single, necessary Being, in which
is every good; nay, which is every good, and a single entire good, and
the only good.
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CHAPTER XXIV.
Conjecture as to the character and the magnitude of this good. --If
the created life is good, how good is the creative life!
AND now, my soul, arouse and lift up all thy understanding, and
conceive, so far as thou canst, of what character and how great is
that good! For, if individual goods are delectable, conceive in
earnestness how delectable is that good which contains the
pleasantness of all goods; and not such as we have experienced in
created objects, but as different as the Creator from the creature.
For, if the created life is good, how good is the creative life! If
the salvation given is delightful, how delightful is the salvation
which has given all salvation! If wisdom in the knowledge of the
created world is lovely, how lovely is the wisdom which has created
all things from nothing! Finally, if there are many great delights in
delectable things, what and how great is the delight in him who has
made these delectable things.
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CHAPTER XXV.
What goods and how great, belong to those who enjoy this good. --Joy
is multiplied in the blessed from the blessedness and joy of others.
WHO shall enjoy this good? And what shall belong to him, and what
shall not belong to him? At any rate, whatever he shall wish shall be
his, and whatever he shall not wish shall not be his. For, these goods
of body and soul will be such as eye hath not seen nor ear heard,
neither has the heart of man conceived (Isaiah lxiv. 4; I Corinthians
ii. 9).
Why, then, dost thou wander abroad, slight man, in thy search for the
goods of thy soul and thy body? Love the one good in which are all
goods, and it sufficeth. Desire the simple good which is every good,
and it is enough. For, what dost thou love, my flesh? What dost thou
desire, my soul? There, there is whatever ye love, whatever ye desire.
If beauty delights thee, there shall the righteous shine forth as the
sun (Matthew xiii. 43). If swiftness or endurance, or freedom of body,
which naught can withstand, delight thee, they shall be as angels of
God, --because it is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual
body (I Corinthians xv. 44) --in power certainly, though not in
nature. If it is a long and sound life that pleases thee, there a
healthful eternity is, and an eternal health. For the righteous shall
live for ever (Wisdom v. 15), and the salvation of the righteous is of
the Lord (Psalms xxxvii. 39). If it is satisfaction of hunger, they
shall be satisfied when the glory of the Lord hath appeared (Psalms
xvii. 15). If it is quenching of thirst, they shall be abundantly
satisfied with the fatness of thy house (Psalms xxxvi. 8). If it is
melody, there the choirs of angels sing forever, before God. If it is
any not impure, but pure, pleasure, thou shalt make them drink of the
river of thy pleasures, O God (Psalms xxxvi. 8).
If it is wisdom that delights thee, the very wisdom of God will reveal
itself to them. If friendship, they shall love God more than
themselves, and one another as themselves. And God shall love them
more than they themselves; for they love him, and themselves, and one
another, through him, and he, himself and them, through himself. If
concord, they shall all have a single will.
If power, they shall have all power to fulfil their will, as God to
fulfil his. For, as God will have power to do what he wills, through
himself, so they will have power, through him, to do what they will.
For, as they will not will aught else than he, he shall will whatever
they will; and what he shall will cannot fail to be. If honor and
riches, God shall make his good and faithful servants rulers over many
things (Luke xii. 42); nay, they shall be called sons of God, and
gods; and where his Son shall be, there they shall be also, heirs
indeed of God, and joint-heirs with Christ (Romans viii. 17).
If true security delights thee, undoubtedly they shall be as sure that
those goods, or rather that good, will never and in no wise fail them;
as they shall be sure that they will not lose it of their own accord;
and that God, who loves them, will not take it away from those who
love him against their will; and that nothing more powerful than God
will separate him from them against his will and theirs.
But what, or how great, is the joy, where such and so great is the
good! Heart of man, needy heart, heart acquainted with sorrows, nay,
overwhelmed with sorrows, how greatly wouldst thou rejoice, if thou
didst abound in all these things! Ask thy inmost mind whether it could
contain its joy over so great a blessedness of its own.
Yet assuredly, if any other whom thou didst love altogether as thyself
possessed the same blessedness, thy joy would be doubled, because thou
wouldst rejoice not less for him than for thyself. But, if two, or
three, or many more, had the same joy, thou wouldst rejoice as much
for each one as for thyself, if thou didst love each as thyself.
Hence, in that perfect love of innumerable blessed angels and sainted
men, where none shall love another less than himself, every one shall
rejoice for each of the others as for himself.
If, then, the heart of man will scarce contain his joy over his own so
great good, how shall it contain so many and so great joys? And
doubtless, seeing that every one loves another so far as he rejoices
in the other's good, and as, in that perfect felicity, each one should
love God beyond compare, more than himself and all the others with
him; so he will rejoice beyond reckoning in the felicity of God, more
than in his own and that of all the others with him.
But if they shall so love God with all their heart, and all their
mind, and all their soul, that still all the heart, and all the mind,
and all the soul shall not suffice for the worthiness of this love;
doubtless they will so rejoice with all their heart, and all their
mind, and all their soul, that all the heart, and all the mind, and
all the soul shall not suffice for the fulness of their joy.
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CHAPTER XXVI.
Is this joy which the Lord promises made full? --The blessed shall
rejoice according as they shall love; and they shall love according as
they shall know.
My God and my Lord, my hope and the joy of my heart, speak unto my
soul and tell me whether this is the joy of which thou tellest us
through thy Son: Ask and ye shall receive, that your joy may be full
(John xvi. 24). For I have found a joy that is full, and more than
full. For when heart, and mind, and soul, and all the man, are full of
that joy, joy beyond measure will still remain. Hence, not all of that
joy shall enter into those who rejoice; but they who rejoice shall
wholly enter into that joy.
Show me, O Lord, show thy servant in his heart whether this is the joy
into which thy servants shall enter, who shall enter into the joy of
their Lord. But that joy, surely, with which thy chosen ones shall
rejoice, eye hath not seen nor ear heard, neither has it entered into
the heart of man (Isaiah lxiv. 4; I Corinthians ii. 9). Not yet, then,
have I told or conceived, O Lord, how greatly those blessed ones of
thine shall rejoice. Doubtless they shall rejoice according as they
shall love; and they shall love according as they shall know. How far
they will know thee, Lord, then! and how much they will love thee!
Truly, eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither has it entered into
the heart of man in this life, how far they shall know thee, and how
much they shall love thee in that life.
I pray, O God, to know thee, to love thee, that I may rejoice in thee.
And if I cannot attain to full joy in this life may I at least advance
from day to day, until that joy shall come to the full. Let the
knowledge of thee advance in me here, and there be made full. Let the
love of thee increase, and there let it be full, that here my joy may
be great in hope, and there full in truth. Lord, through thy Son thou
dost command, nay, thou dost counsel us to ask; and thou dost promise
that we shall receive, that our joy may be full. I ask, O Lord, as
thou dost counsel through our wonderful Counsellor. I will receive
what thou dost promise by virtue of thy truth, that my joy may be
full. Faithful God, I ask. I will receive, that my joy may be full.
Meanwhile, let my mind meditate upon it; let my tongue speak of it.
Let my heart love it; let my mouth talk of it. Let my soul hunger for
it; let my flesh thirst for it; let my whole being desire it, until I
enter into thy joy, O Lord, who art the Three and the One God, blessed
for ever and ever. Amen.
