Chapter 3

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Chapter 3 – Water and the fitness of the Environment

I.                     Waters Polarity and its Effects

a.      

b.      

c.       

d.      

e.      

f.         

g.      

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

                                                           iv.       

                                                             v.       

II.                   Organisms depend on the cohesion of water molecules

a.     Cohesion is

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

b.     Adhesion counteracts the downward pull of gravity.

c.      Surface tension is a measure of

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

III.                  Water moderates Temperatures On Earth

a.     Heat and temperature

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

                                                           iv.       

                                                             v.       

b.     Water’s High Specific Heat

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

                                                           iv.       

                                                             v.       

                                                           vi.       

                                                         vii.       

1.      Water, which covers ¾ of the plant, keeps temperature fluctuations within a range suitable for life.

2.      Coastal areas have milder climates than inland.

3.      The marine environment is a relatively stable temperature.

c.      Evaporative Cooling

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

                                                           iv.       

                                                             v.       

                                                           vi.       

                                                         vii.       

                                                       viii.       

                                                           ix.       

                                                             x.       

d.     Oceans and Lakes Don’t Freeze

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

                                                           iv.       

                                                             v.       

                                                           vi.       

1.      Fitness

2.       

3.       

4.       

e.     Water is the solvent of life

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

                                                           iv.       

                                                             v.       

f.        Hydrophillic compounds

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

                                                           iv.       

                                                             v.       

g.     Hydrophobic compounds

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

h.      Solute concentrations in aqueous solutions.

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

                                                           iv.       

                                                             v.       

IV.               The Dissociation of Water

a.      

b.      

c.       

d.      

e.      

f.         

V.                 Organisms are sensitive to change in pH

a.     Acids and bases

                                                              i.      .

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

                                                           iv.       

                                                             v.       

                                                           vi.       

                                                         vii.       

b.     The pH scale

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

                                                           iv.       

c.      Buffers

                                                              i.       

                                                            ii.       

                                                          iii.       

                                                           iv.       

VI.               Acid precipitation Threatens the Fitness of the Environment

a.      

b.      

c.       

d.      

e.