Circulation
and Blood
The
circulatory system consists of the heart, blood, and the blood vessels. Its
role is to transport nutrients, hormones, gases, and waste products throughout
the body. Reading is mostly in Chapter 13: Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels (pp. 240)
There are
five types of blood vessels within the circulatory system: the arteries,
arterioles, capillaries, veins, and venules.
1. State the
function of each of the following blood vessels:
a. arteries
b. veins
c.
capillaries
2. Explain
how structure is related to function in the following blood vessels:
a. arteries
b. veins
c.
capillaries
3. Some
veins have valves. Explain the function of these valves.
4. Be able
to identify a cross-section of the blood vessels as seen in Fig. 13.1 on p. 240.
5. Be able
to identify the following vessels on a diagram. Vessels may be identified on
fig. 13.8 p. 247 and fig.13.7 p. 246. (Note: the term superior vena cava is
sometimes used in replace of anterior vena cava and inferior vena cava used
instead of posterior vena cava.
a. jugular
vein
b.
subclavian artery
c.
subclavian vein
d. carotid
artery
e. anterior
vena cava
f. posterior
vena cava
g. hepatic
vein
h. hepatic
portal vein
i. renal
artery
j. renal
vein
k. iliac
artery
l. iliac
vein
m. pulmonary
vein
n. pulmonary
artery
o. aorta
p.
mesenteric arteries
q. coronary
artery
r. coronary
vein
Circulation
1. The blood
vascular system is divided up into two main systems, the pulmonary system and
the systemic system. Distinguish between these two systems.
pulmonary
system
systemic
system
2. What is a
portal system?
3. Name the
most important artery found in the body.
4. In a list
format, trace the path of a blood cell from the left ventricle through the
mesenteric arteries and back to the left ventricle.
Fetal
Circulation
One of your
objectives is to be able to explain the differences between fetal and adult
blood circulation. The ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus,foramen ovale,
umbilical arteries and umbilical vein are present in the fetal but not adult
circulation. A fetus gets its oxygen not from the lungs, but from the placenta.
Carbon dioxide is also removed by the placenta. The lungs are collapsed at this
time and therefore offer considerable resistance to blood flow. The following
questions are designed to introduce you to these differences. Use the text pp.
452 for reference.
1. What
follows is a list of structures found in fetal circulation. Answer the
questions that follow each structure.
Ductus
Venosus
a. the
function of the ductus venosus
b. direction
of blood flow
c. What
vessel does the ductus venosus lead to?
d. Is the
blood in the ductus venosus high or low in oxygen?
Ductus
Arteriosus
a. direction
of flow in this vessel
b. Is the
blood oxygen level high or low?
Foramen
Ovale
a. What is
its function?
Umbilical
Arteries
a. direction
of blood flow
b. type of
blood carried
Umbilical
Vein
a. direction
of blood flow
b type of
blood carried
2. Trace the
pathway of blood high in oxygen from the mother to the fetus. Start with the
umbilical vein and complete the circuit ending with the umbilical arteries.
List all the vessels and structures that are met along the way.
3. After the
fetus is born, there are certain fetal changes that occur. How do the following
structures change immediately prior to and after the fetus is born?
a. foremen
ovale
b. ductus
venosus
c. ductus
arteriosus
d. umbilical
vein and arteries
e. flow of
blood through the fetal heart
Lymphatic
System ( pp. 261)
1 List the
main functions of the lymphatic system.
2. Describe
the function of the following parts of the lymphatic system:
a. lymph
capillaries
b. lymph
veins
c. lacteals
d. lymph
nodes
e. valves
3. The
lymphatic system is often described as a "one-way system". Explain
why.
4. Trace the
pathway of lymph fluid from the lacteals in the small intestine through the
lymphatic system to the left subclavian veins and name the vessels involved.
5. The fluid
found in the lymph system is called Iymph. What is its composition?
6. What is
the source of lymph?
7. Describe
the location of lymph nodes and state their function.
8. What type
of tissue is found in lymph nodes?
9. What are
Iymphocytes?
10. What is
the function of lymphocytes?
11. Name
some organs that contain lymphoid tissue.
12. Describe
how the inflammatory response (pg. 265) occurs. Use the following headings as
your guide: a. how bacteria or
viruses affect cells b. basophil response to bacteria c. blood vessel reaction
to histamine d. capillary reaction to histamine e. how neutrophils and
monocytes enter the inflamed area f. how neutrophil deals with the foreign
bacteria or virus g. macrophages' role
Blood
Components
1. What
percent of the blood is:)
a. plasma
b. blood
cells
2. List
seven components of blood plasma.
3. Fill-in
the following chart on blood cells.
Blood Cell |
Erythroytes |
Leukocytes |
Platlets |
Origin |
|
|
|
Shape |
|
|
|
Presence
of a nucleus |
|
|
|
Life span |
|
|
|
Function |
|
|
|
4. Explain
the role of antigens and antibodies
Transport
of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
The blood
plays a very important role in the transport of CO2 from tissues to the lungs
and 02 from the lungs to the tissue.
1. Explain why
red blood cells carry more oxygen than the plasma.
2. Which
mineral forms a part of the hemoglobin molecule?
3. What is
the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
4. Below is
an equation illustrating the transportation of oxygen by hemoglobin in the red
blood cell.
Hb + O2 --------> HbO2
a. What is
the difference between Hb and HbO2?
5. Where in
the circulatory system and under which conditions would you expect the
following to occur?
a. Hb to
take on oxygen
b. HbO2 to
give up its oxygen
6.
Hemoglobin exists as reduced hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin. Where in the
circulatory system would you expect to find:
a.
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
b. reduced
hemoglobin (Hb)
7. Explain
how the blood transports and exchanges:
a. oxygen
b. carbon
dioxide
Capillary-tissue
fluid exchange
1. At which
end of a capillary is blood pressure higher than osmotic pressure of blood?
2. Why do
water, oxygen, amino acids and glucose tend to leave the bloodstream at the end
arteriole end of the capillary?
3. Why does
carbon dioxide tend to move into blood at the venous end of the capillary?
Blood
Clotting
When a blood
vessel is cut, blood begins the healing process by doffing. The following
questions will focus in on this process.
1. Describe
the series of events that occur to bring about blood clotting.
2. Explain
with reasons how the following will affect blood clotting:
a. lack of
vitamin K
b. lack of
Ca++
Sample
Exam Questions
1. Outline
the main points you would use to discuss how the blood transports:
a. oxgyen
b. carbon
dioxide
2. Describe
how the body reacts to an inflammation response.
3. Why is
carbon monoxide a poisonous gas?
4. How does
the shape of a red blood cell (erythrocyte) increase its efficiency in transporting
oxygen?
5. Compare
and contrast fetal and adult circulation.
6. Describe capillary-tissue fluid exchange.