SOLUTIONS are MIXTURES that have the SAME PROPERTIES THROUGHOUT. CONCENTRATION units are used to measure the amount of one substance in a mixture. The concentration units which will be covered are:
1. MASS PERCENT
2. PPM, parts per million; PPB, parts per billion
3. MOLE FRACTION
4. MOLALITY
5. MOLARITY
6. NORMALITY
MASS PERCENT
OR MASS% = [(mass of solute/(mass of solute + solvent)]*100%
OR MASS% =[(mass of solute/(mass of solution)] *100%
MOLE FRACTION, X
X = (moles of solute/(moles of solute+moles of solvent)
X = (moles of solute/(moles of solution)
and should be a number between 0 and 1.
The Xsolute + Xsolvent = 1
MOLARITY, M
M = moles solute/Lsolution
M = (mass solute/MWsolute)/[(mass solute/d solute) + (mass solvent/d solvent)]
d == density; usually M is less than m.
MOLALITY, m
m = moles solute/kg solvent
NORMALITY, N
N = (moles of H+, OH-, or e-)/Lsolution
Solution properties are an extension of INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES and INTERMOLECULAR FORCES.
These forces are considered collectively using a model similar to the KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY.
The COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES of solutions are properties which are independent of the nature of the
individual molecules and dependent only on the AMOUNT of each species.
A colligative property which is used often is OSMOTIC PRESSURE,Pi. Blood is purified in our kidneys by osmotic pressure.
Dialysis patients use a machine to create the same effect.
The equation of osmotic pressure looks like the ideal gas equation
PI*V = n*R*T
since M = n/V, the equation is easily rearranged to
M = PI/[R*T]
CONCENTRATION UNITS AND SOLUTION PROPERTIES
MEGACONVERTER
CHEMTUTOR
R LOGAN
FROSTBERG STATE U
CSUDH OUTLINE OF CLASS
TANNER'S SITE
TOWSEN STATE U
JOHN CARROL U SLIDES
MSDS DEFINITIONS
WM INSTRUMENT ANALYSIS
PROCESS ASSOCIATES conversion factors
COLLIGATIVE AND SOLUTION PROPERTIES
R. LOGAN
MORE R .LOGAN
U. IDAHO
LA TECH
POLYMER SOLN PROPERTIES
PROTIEN SOLUTIONS
MICELES AND OTHER ODDITIES
ALKASOFT history of soap
E. GOO BIOPOLYMERS
THE CHEMISTRY STORE
CHANDLER'S SOAPS
Soaps -SDA
Surfactants and Si/Ge
OLE MISS surfactant phase diagrams
osu applications
semiconductors and surfactants
UK surfactant free latex