• Inspired by FR & Nappy, Nap’s takeover of Spain weakens their control over LA
• Uprisings led by Creole Elite:
• Bolivar frees Colombia in 1819 and Venezuela in 1821
• San Martin frees Chile in 1817 and Lima in 1821
• 1825 Portugal frees Brazil & LA’s free from European control
• 1823- U.S. issues Monroe Doctrine
• GB will also protect new republics to ensure trade
• New nations form republican gov’ts essentially controlled by Creole elite – natives denied representation

• Alex I suppresses Lib & Natty
• exposure to Fr. Rev leads to secret societies (want reforms, etc.)
• 11/1825- Alex dies, no heir ? Constantine vs. Nicholas I
• army’s loyal to Nicky, Moscow reg. demands cons., no serfdom,  & Constantine
• Nick sends in cavalry to deal with “Decembrists” (become martyrs)

• reactionary symbol(vs. Constitution)
• censorship, secret police
• Official Nationality: “orthodoxy, autocracy, & nationalism”
• These will “separate them from corruption of West”
• 1830- Polish revolt, Nick suppresses with troops, becomes “gendarme of Europe” (use force to uphold COV)

• Charles X- ultra-roy bro of Louis XVIII
• land back to aristos, primogeniture, support of RC
• 1829- replaces mod. ministry w/ an Ultra-Royalist one
• Libs win elections of 1830, and…

• 7/25/30- Issues 4 Ordinances:
• restrict free of press
• dissolve Leg.
• franchise to wealthy
• new elections

• Poor fed up, barricades in streets
• 8/2/30- Charles abdicates
• Bourg. Mods form Cons. Mon.  (Louis Philippe) with support of workers
• Some Lib ideals:
• wider franchise
• end to censorship
• no sympathy for lower classes

• working class (no stake)
• wage system = workers no longer control means of production
• end of guilds (FR, liberals) & artisans
• confection sys. (division of labor)
• income to owners

• sabotage & resistance
• trade unions
• Chartism
• Socialism

• entrance of working class on political scene
• British WC wants Charter (1838), presented to Par. 3 times & rejected
• last time with 3.3 mil sigs
• The Charter’s Six Points:
a) universal suffrage
b) annual elections
c) secret ballot
d) end of prop. req.
e) salaries for members of Par.
f) equal districts
• all met over time, not immediately
• fails nationally,some local success
• split between violent & peaceful
• mass movement workers needed to make a difference
• failure of Chartism?rise of unions

• Combination Acts outlawed workers’ associations
• trade unions form in early 1800’s, nat’l assoc. begin to form after repeal of Comb. Acts

• mech. weaving = out of home
• fathers use kids as assistants ?
• mid-1820’s- spinning & weaving together, men make enough to leave kids home, supervise poor W&C not from  family
• Separate sphere for WC Women
• big probs. with child labor
• Factory Act (1833): 9 hrs., 2 hrs. education, must be 9 yrs. old
• break between home & child, brings in school & factory
• 1847- 10 hr. day for all, families spend more time together
• unit of production + consumption to just consumption
• kids stay home until married
• start to supportive domestic role for WC women (MC before)
• children = assets
• unmarried women work until married (factory instead of house)
• prostitution out of desperation
• lots of new, unskilled jobs
• less arranged marriage
• men more mobile, more illegitimate kids

Reform in Great Britain

• Historical pattern of accommodation vs. repression
• large commercial class, prosperity means econ comes 1st
• 1820s (Wellington’s Ministry)- slightly more open to accommodation (economically motivated) - repeal Combination Acts
• meanwhile...

• Eng. to Ire like Rus. to Pol.
• Ireland has sep. ethnicity, religion, language
• Eng. Prot landlords leftover from Cromwell
• Prots in North from Puritan times

• Act of Union (1800), all in Par. must be Prot.
• O’Connell & Nats form Cath. Assoc. (O’Connell elected to Par. in 1828)
• 1829- Cath. Emancipation Act passed to avoid CW
• Issue splits Tories badly, divided tories allows for...

• Earl Grey & Whigs present GRB
• abolish rotten boroughs & increase # of voters by 50%
• Commons passes the GRB, Lords defeats it
• King threatens Lords, they pass it
• 200,000 new voters (property required, no women)
• 1 new rural =1 new urban

• Reconciles prop. owners & econ interests to politics ?
• Makes revolution unnecessary in GB
• keeps institutions, gives influence to whole new group

• Workers deal w/ probs in 2 ways:
• Unions (work w/in system)
• Socialism (reform all of society)
• Cooperation better than competition
• Indust. is OK, free market can’t distribute goods, few control
• goods for use, not sale
• Society = community

• Saint-Simon: capital & prop. should be administered by “elites” for public good
• Owen: build “utopian” communities of textile manufacturers
• Fourier: “phalanxes” liberated living
• All 3 ignore political reality

• sci. accuracy, reject reform, need revolution
• inspired by 1848
• Engels
• thesis vs. antithesis = synthesis
• Communist Manifesto
• State is Bourg Committee for exploitation
• Workers deprived of wealth they create
• religion is a drug to keep lower classes in order
• loyalty to your class

• economic conditions evolve through history (shaped by material conditions)
• Capitalism leads to conflict between owners & workers
• reforms won’t work
• Competition ? small group of owners & big suffering prolet.

• Prolet. will form dictatorship to reorganize society
• eventually dictatorship will not be needed
• prolet. can’t be an oppressor = no oppression
• this is the culmination of history
• shaped by unemployment and deprivation of 1840s
• widely accepted because they seem to be based on scientific fact rather than theorizing

• remove industry & government to obtain true freedom (dominating people’s lives)
• Anarchism popular in least democratic states - Movement will get more violent as time goes on (late 1800’s