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The Agricultural Revolution

Pre-Enclosure

• Peasants work their land + lord’s
• goal: stable food supply
• 1 of 3 fields left fallow
• Crops: wheat, barley, beans, oats

• pop. jumps
• bread prices up
• trad. production slows growth
• landlords see benefits, gov’t wants taxes
• peasants resist

• landlords fence common lands
• Par. passes laws backing them (squirearchy)
• Prod. á to support population
• more food made by fewer workers

• corn & potatoes
• clover & turnips renew land & feed livestock
• reclaimed land (Dutch)
• Tull’s iron plow & seed drill
• Townshend’s new rotation

• 3/4 of billion in 1750, 5 bil now
• plague gone, less war, better health
• Explosion forces change in way we live (migration, etc.)

• Great Britain leads (freedom, waterways & roads, coal & iron, unified tax structure, relatively mobile society)
• textiles, coal, steam & iron
• putting out can’t keep up
• flying shuttle demands thread Ô spinning jenny Ô water frame Ô
• must move to factory
• 1776- Watt’s Steam Engine allows move from rivers

• more disposable income
• more people
• improved marketing
• goods = prosperity

• 1500-1700 growth in established cities, after 1750 it’s new cities
• enclosure, growth of industry lead to migration
• around factories, mines, road hubs, sea ports

• infrastructure not ready
• crowding, disease, slums, etc.
• prostitution, crime, begging
• coal soot

• entertainment, opportunity, new inventions, etc.
• new houses & shops for nouveaux riche
• new gov’t buildings, museums, cathedrals, etc.
• wealthy control city gov’t

• income not from land
• force behind consumption & industry
• wealth = social mobility
• resent nobles, fear poor
• want reform for own benefit

• stable upper lower class
• grocers, carpenters, wage earners
• try to advanced through guilds
• guilds made obsolete, fade out in Cent. Eur.
• goal: reestablish a threatened right
• Bread, religious tolerance, new taxes
• MC might support vs. nobility

• George III turns to Tories
• Wilkes challenges George, accuses of tyranny, supported by Whigs
• Wilkes exiled, returns & gets elected to commons (4X)
• Not seated Ô demonstrations
• Calls for reform of Par.
• Tory Par. decides to tax colonies

• question tyranny & tax authority of GB
• Appeal beyond political body to public opinion
• assemblies’ power from consent of governed (you can revolt against the Ancien Regime)
• defend "rights of Englishmen", wind up with…

• No King necessary
• No nobility or classes by birth
• Equality for white males
• Gov’t based on liberty can work

• economic (can’t service debt, sluggish economy)
• political (weak monarch, noble resurgence, Bourg interest in Enlight.)
• social (oppressed poor, Bourg. resentment)

• 7 yrs. War & Amer. Rev.
• Can’t tax nobility - claim "only EG can tax"
• Nobles demand original rights (resurgence)
• N+B, N vs. B, & conditions suck for poor

• 1st=Clergy, 2nd=Nobility, 3rd=All else (B)
• 3rd Estate gets pumped
• How to Vote? Nobility demands equal reps for each estate & vote by order

• Want local admin., more EG, free press (Basic equality)
• grievances must wait on voting issue

• 3rds refuse to sit separately, so they break off with lower clergy & form NA on 6/17
• Take the Tennis Court Oath: "We’ll write a constitution"

• Louis says "desist" causing more clergy & nobility join NA
• Louis realizes he’s toast, asks 1st & 2nd to officially join NA (6/27)
• this means Gov’t no longer by privileged order

• Growing pop., rising prices, stable wages, subsistence farming
• Growing Bourg. threat to nobility
• Lessening distinctions between classes
• Weakness of Louis XVI

• Louis XVI wants to regain initiative
• dismisses Necker, musters troops
• 7/14: people of Paris form militia, go to Bastille for weapons
• troops fire on crowd, they storm
• This event means Poor are starting to be heard, disturbances spread
• Louis gives in again, recognizes NCA

• Rural uprisings vs. nobility & army
• opportunity to claim food supply & land, reclaim lost rights, and vent
• uprisings cause Nobles to renounce rights & privs. (8/4)- decrees make laws same for all
• Clears way for NCA to write Cons.
• sets up NCA & popular masses vs. King & Cons. Nobles

• Statement of principles for Rev.
• Attacks probs. from Old Regime
• Enlight & Dec. of Ind.

• Equal before law, enter any office or prof., due process, religious tol.
• Apportioned taxation, innocence
• Civic equality & right to property

• Women left in separate sphere
• True end of old regime (civic equality & protection of prop.)
• Establishes philosophy for Revolution

• Louis stalls on Dec. of R, no chow
• Women march on Versailles (10/5)
• Louis agrees to D of R of M, forced back to Paris
• Popular insurrection works, leads to Cons. Mon
• Relative peace until 1792
• Start process of "Reconstruction"

• Cons. Monarchy, rational admin., unregulated econ. (some En.)
• Protect prop. & limit impact of those without prop.
• Civic, not social equality
• Not democracy

• Legislative Assembly makes laws & taxes), Monarch gets veto
• "Active" citizens get vote (very limited suffrage)
• indirect elections for LA
• transfer power from aristocratic wealth to all wealth (good for Bourg.)

• Cons. forbids women from voting or holding office
• Olympe de Gouges rewrites Dec. of Man as Dec. of Women
• Without women & poor the Revolution is incomplete

• Replace provinces, remain today
• Uniform courts, elected judges & prosecutors
• parlements & old courts are gone

• Support policies of Louis XVI
• Suppressed Guilds (Chapelier Law)
• new land taxes insufficient so they, Finance debt by selling Church prop.

• Bonds backed by church prop.
• Become so popular they’re used like currency
• This gives lots of people a stake in the Rev.
• Issue too many Ô inflation

• Departments = Dioceses
• Election of clergy
• Tension between Church & State
• NCA forces clergy to sign
• Resistors are "refractory clergy"
• Pope condemns Rev., creates a crisis for devout RCs

• emigres flee to border countries
• Louis’ bro & Marie convince him to split, he flees & gets caught at Varennes
• Makes it clear Louis is anti-Rev.
• Dec. of Pillnitz: Leopold II (Au.) & Fred II(Pr.) pledge to protect royal family & Monarchy if necessary
• Revs. realize they’re surrounded
• 1st Leg. Assembly’s elected, faces big probs.: divisions in LA, demands of "passive" citizens, outside threats

• emigres freak
• enl. abs. ends (fear of revolt in own country)
• Burke: doomed to anarchy
• Pitt: suppresses calls for reform

• People call for more Rev. (left out, bad economics, no food)
• Girondins (Mod/Cons. Mon.) want to keep 1st rev.
• Jacobins (Rad/Republic) require help of sans-culottes
• LA declares war on Austria (4/92)
• Austria & Prussia invade(crisis-"severe retribution")

• wars favor A & P early
• 8/10/92 Paris Insurrection(Tuileries), spurred on by recruits from war
• Commune takes control of Paris
• LA gives way to Nat’l Convention
• Conv. declares Republic (9/92)
• Commune massacres "enemies of Rev.", imprisons Louis XVI

• 1/93- Convention executes Louis
• Defending new values and order (offer to help others)
• form Executive committees (General Security & Public Safety)
• Danton, Robespierre, Carnot must "save the revolution"
• Mtn. allies with sans-cullottes (who prefer rev. to old regime)

• 4/93: war with A, P, GB, Sp, & DR
• 6/93: SCs expel Girondins, Mtn. in control
• women want right to fight
• levee en masse=
• conscript males
• war production
• price ceilings
• squash uprisings in provinces

• main goal of the convention
• civic virtue replaces aristocratic corruption
• republican dress, suppression of plays, rename streets, no wigs
• must suppress rights to have "equality"?

• fight internal enemies of Rev.
• brawl with food hoarders, etc.
• banned by Jacobins (different goals)
• Olympe de Gouges gets axed
• Kept in separate sphere

• nation of virtue, not religion
• change calendar
• close churches, arrest priests
• opposition from provinces
• further alienating the church

• Robespierre & Comm. for PS
• Marat’s execution lays groundwork
• targeted "enemies of revolution", definition always changing
• Marie, then other royals
• Girondin, then out into provinces against poor who revolted against revolution (Nantes)
• Robes axes enrages, then Danton
• eliminates opposition
• Law 22
• 25,000 total victims
• first in chain that includes Hitler & Stalin?!?

• Cult of Supreme Being
• Wild accusations, shouted down & arrested on 9th of Thermidor
• no support from SC’s or Jacobins
• destroyed rivals without creating followers

• tempers revolution
• SCs out, Girondin back in
• continue rev. in moderation
• Powers of CPS reduced
• Price controls & regulations removed (shortages)
• Bourg. emerges triumphant
• Property=representation
• Back to old life style (both worship and vice)
• legal rights & constitution
• commune outlawed, Jac. Club closed
• "white terror" execute "red terrorists"

peace with Sp. & Pr., still at war with GB & Au.
 

• General in Rev. wars
• Directory’s threat is royalists
• Big Weener: 1795 at home, then in Italy vs. Austria, then back home in 1797 (very popular)
• 1799- Goes after GB in Egypt (Med.), gets whupped, comes home to support Sieyes’ coup

• universal suffrage
• checks & balances
• Council of State

• Bourg. & Peasants support Nappy
• 1801- Peace with all but GB
• Wheeler dealer, involves a variety of people in gov’t
• Suppressing opposition (secret police, cent. bureaucracy)
• 1804- duke of Enghien (end to royalist plots)

• all clergy resign
• replacements invested by Pope
• Bishops are elected
• Church gives up claims to lands
• acknowledges RC as religion of France

• 1802 Nap is Consul for life
• Reforms French law
• protects property
• no privileges by birth
• choose officials based on merit
• labor organizations are banned
• men are dominant over women
• applied to all of France (uniformity is important)

• Massive military support & French Nationalism
• No single enemy can match up
• Go to war with GB again
• Trafalgar ends hope of invading GB
• Starts heading east

• cent. admin controls all depts.
• amnesty for emigres
• lesser Consuls represent many factions
• spreads blame for bomb scares

• religion is matter of convenience
• refractory = CR’s
• Concordat = Pope recognizes republic
• Protestant ministers on payroll

• universal vote for "notables"
• notables could be in leg. or trib.
• leg. comes from from Council of State, headed by 1st Consul

• "Best of Rev. & AR"
• all loyalty to state
• offices through ability
• equitable taxation
• new social structure
• military mobilization

• Nap wants to invade GB
• 10/05- Dusted at Trafalgar, goes east

• 12/05 Austerlitz vs. A&R gives him all of Italy
• 7/06 Confederation of Rhine dissolves HRE
• 11/06 Berlin Decrees control Prussia (Jena & Auerstadt), no GB imports on continent

• Nap Emp. of West, Alex Emp. of East
• France & Russia ally vs. GB
• Nap gets Prussia west of Elbe
• Installs his family as rulers of Europe

• Goal is "continental" economy
• Defeat GB (modern Carthage) economically
• GB blockades in response
• Luxury goods are what’s missing
• tariffs & transport are probs

• helps growth of industry
• U.S. is only trade neutral
• hurts cont. economies more than GB
• Income of GBians doubles

• last piece of coastline
• peasants devoted to rulers & RC
• Nap puts bro Joe on throne, supports with army
• Monks urge peasants to rebel
• GB’s army supports Guerillas

• 1808-1813: "Peninsular War" drains French resources
• Gruesome atrocities
• Hope for rest of Europe

• counting on French weariness & help from German Princes
• Talleyrand betrays Nappy (overextended) to Alex
• Alex pissed about Gr. Du. of Warsaw
• Wagram Fr. win, nobody helps Au.
• Land & People to France in treaty
• Nap marries Marie Louise (18, daughter of emp.)

• French Core, dependent states in layers
• Rome is 2nd City
• ruled by he & family
• stages of takeover
• military
• satellite government
• constitution & internal reform

• feudal & manorial systems liquidated
• Church loses public authority
• state based on territorial residence
• guilds abolished, free trade pushed
• towns & provinces unified with country
• supported by many locals
• locally administration
• nationalistic response

• Intellectuals urge nationalism (the romantic kind)
• things "German" unpopular, become popular
• Herder & Volksgeist (cultural nationalism)
• romantics critical of selfish princes

• They end serfdom, reform military, use reserves
• try French reforms in order to hopefully beat French

• don’t like continental (timber sales to GB), Grand Duchy, Holland, marriage
• 1810- Russia withdraws from Cont.
• Nap builds army to 600,000 & invades
• Russians Retreat before him (scorched earth)

• Conditions suck, Nap’s afraid a bad campaign will toast him
• 90,000 die @ Borodino for nada
• Forced to retreat, hustles back ahead of army
• Ultimate in military horror

• Russ., Pruss., & Aust push Nap back with GB $$$ (32 mill)
• Wellington pushes east
• Nap wins @ Dresden, loses @ Leipzig
• 3/14 Allies march into Paris, Nap goes into exile

• Castleragh drafts agreement
• Quadruple Alliance
• Bourbons on throne
• France back to 1792
• leftover Probs. to …

• R, P, & A push Nap back with GB $$$ (32 mill)
• Wellington (GB) pushes east
• Nap wins @ Dresden, loses @ Leipzig
• 3/14 Allies into Paris, Nap goes to Elba

• Castleragh drafts agreement
• Bourbons on throne
• No reparations or punishment
• Charter of 1814:equality & reform
• F’s borders back to 1792
• leftover Probs. to …

• 9/14 to 10/15
• controlled by 4 powers (Quad Alliance)
• recession of French Empire leaves many ?s (France & East Europe)
• No single state should dominate

• Alex wants Poland & Constitutions
• Castleragh & Metternich want balance on the Cont.
• Prussia wants more territory

• (Neth (incl. Belgium), Genoa)
• Piedmont & Aust. in N. Italy
• Pr. gets left bank of Rhine
• Germany remains dissolute (German Confed.-39 states)
• Legitimate monarchs over republics (just say no to democ.)

• R wants Poland, P wants Saxony
• A doesn’t want to give up Poland or Prussian expansion
• F, GB & A form secret alliance
• Alex & Freddy give in (small Poland, part of Saxony)

• Army’s loyal, many want his protection, coalition in trouble
• returns 3/1/15, "I’ll be good"
• Allies squash him at Waterloo 6/18/15 (Welly + Prussians)
• makes peace harsher for France
• feeds dread of rev. & raises opposition to it

• Holy Alliance
• Quadruple Alliance (A,GB,P&R)
• successful solution to probs. of the day, fails to see into future (ignores Nat. & Dem.)
• provides peace for 50 years
• GB only remaining empire

• HRE officially done
• No major wars for 100 years
• no satisfaction for nationalists & democrats
• transfers people from one gov’t to another (pay later for this)

• Territorial Peak (1810-11)
• Loss of Church authority
• Metric system
• Public Works & Art Hoarding

• Emotional response to Enl.
• emotion+reason= understanding
• individual experience is important
• classics: bad - humans not similar across time
• imagination: God’s work in artist’s mind
• MA’s good, Gothic revival

• Max. freedom, so that education is by trial & error
• society & progress have corrupted humans (MA’s village)
• reason & emotions should guide development

• Moral imperative proves God
• perception alters reality
• reason in one sphere, emotion in another
• artists have special power to go beyond simple understanding

• Coleridge: Mariner, delivered by realizing beauty & unity of all things
• Wordsworth: feared he had lost vision, corrupted by aging & life
• Byron: Mack, adventurer, prototype of romantic revolt

• Shelley: imagination liberates the individual
• Keats: lyrical render what is contemplated (descriptive)

• Shakespeare as model for breaking classical mold
• sturm und drung
• embrace nationalism
• Schlegel: women (SEX)
• Goethe: live outside bounds of society, striving for knowledge leads to pact with Devil, don’t abandon religion

• Methodism provides emotional religion in response to dogma
• starts in GB, big impact in U.S.
• inward heartfelt religion
• inner spirit leads to Godly life

• RC revival in Fr.
• Schliermacher: other religions are OK!?!, based on faith in infinite being, God in nature
• not dogma or ethics, it’s spirit

• respond to frenchification with German spirit & culture
• Herder: Humans and society are organic (German is good)
• Hegel: each period is important because it affects what follows, thesis vs. antithesis = synthesis

Fichte: Will (conception) of the great defines world

It’s All About Industry

• old way of life passing, 1825-1855: time of transition between 1st IR & 2nd IR
• Affects all aspects of society: living cond., families, women, social classes, religion
• GB leads (markets, quality of goods, already ahead), others (esp. Fr. & Ger.) follow

• late 1700s starts, picks up in 1820
• emancipation of serfs & more fluid labor market (changing jobs & locations)
• RR’s & roads make moving easier, feed industry (capital investment)
• cities not ready = horrific conditions

• working class (no stake)
• wage system = workers no longer control means of production
• end of guilds (FR, liberals) & artisans
• confection sys. (division of labor)
• income to owners

• sabotage & resistance
• trade unions
• Chartism
• Socialism

• British WC wants Charter (1838), presented to Par. 3 times & rejected
The Charter’s Six Points:
a) universal suffrage
b) annual elections
c) secret ballot
d) end of prop. req.
e) salaries for members of Par.
f) equal districts
• all met over time, not immediately

Early Unions
• Combination Acts outlawed workers’ associations
• trade unions form in early 1800’s, nat’l assoc. begin to form after repeal of Comb. Acts
Industrialism & the Family

• mech. weaving = out of home
• fathers use kids as assistants è
• mid-1820’s- spinning & weaving together, men make enough to leave kids home, supervise poor W&C not from  family
• Separate sphere for WC Women
• big probs. with child labor
• Factory Act (1833): 9 hrs., 2 hrs. education, must be 9 yrs. old
• break between home & child, brings in school & factory
• 1847- 10 hr. day for all, families spend more time together
• unit of production + consumption to just consumption
• kids stay home until married
• start to supportive domestic role for WC women (MC before)
• children = assets
• unmarried women work until married (factory instead of house)
• prostitution out of desperation
• lots of new, unskilled jobs
• less arranged marriage
• men more mobile, more illegitimate kids

• draws attention to poor
• Allows poor to organize
• puts poor in contact with world
• GB faces no comp. until 1870

Early Socialism (LF sucks)
Workers deal w/ probs in 2 ways:
Unions (work w/in system)
Socialism (reform all of society)
• Cooperation better than competition
• Indust. is OK, free market can’t distribute goods, few control
• goods for use, not sale
• Society = community
Early Socialists
• Saint-Simon: capital & prop. should be administered by “elites” for public good
• Owen: build “utopian” communities of textile manufacturers
• Fourier: “phalanxes” liberated living
• All 3 ignore political reality
Marx
• sci. accuracy, reject reform, need revolution
• inspired by 1848
• Engels
• thesis vs. antithesis = synthesis
Communist Manifesto
• State is Bourg Committee for exploitation
• Workers deprived of wealth they create
• religion is a drug to keep lower classes in order
• loyalty to your class
Impact of Marx’s Theory:
• economic conditions evolve through history (shaped by material conditions)
• Capitalism leads to conflict between owners & workers
• reforms won’t work
• Competition Ô small group of owners & big suffering prolet.
REVOLUTION
• Prolet. will form dictatorship to reorganize society
• eventually dictatorship will not be needed
• prolet. can’t be an oppressor = no oppression
• this is the culmination of history
A Few Final Marxisms:
• shaped by unemployment and deprivation of 1840s
• widely accepted because they seem to be based on scientific fact rather than theorizing
Anarchism
• remove industry & government to obtain true freedom (dominating people’s lives)
• Anarchism popular in least democratic states - Movement will get more violent as time goes on (late 1800’s
• Blanqui calls for proletariat revolution
• Proudhon calls for community of small businesses w/out government