Enlightened Absolutism
- philosophes were practical monarchists
- Using enlightened ideas to gain traditional powerful ends
- Movement ends with backlashÔ
less enlightened
Examples
- Fred II (ag base, rel. tol., legal reform)
- M-T (undercuts noble assemblies, taxes Nob. & Ch., lightens peasants robot)
- Joseph II (MC in bur., less control of peasants, rel. tol., takes Ch. lands, legal ref.)
- Catherine the Great (needs nobles, reduces trade barriers, boosts industry, gets WWPs)
French Rev. Overview
- Government & society in crisis (high food prices & government debt)
- Conflict with monarchy & nobility (1789) - Estates General called
- Nat’l Assembly
- Bastille, Great Fear & Versailles
- Dec. of Rights of Man & Cons. of ‘91
Overview (con’t)
- Church put under gov’t control
- Second Rev. Starts
- Austria & Prussia attack (1792)
- Committee for Public Safety holds on, but starts "The Terror"
- Thermidorian Reaction
- Directory takes over (1795)
NAPPY in da Howse
- Gen. in Rev. wars
- Directory’s threat is royalists
- 1802- Consul for life
Consolidation of Power
- Cons. of Year VIII- First Consul Nap is da man
- B & P support Nappy
- variety in gov’t
- secret police, cent. bureaucracy
- amnesty for emigres
- Concordat with Church
- "Best of Rev. & AR"
- new social structure increases power
Nap. Code
- Reforms French law
- protects prop.
- no privileges by birth
- equitable taxation
- officials based on merit
- labor orgs. banned
- men are dominant over women
- applied to France, then empire
Building an Empire
- Massive military & French Natty
- Can’t beat GB, Heads east
- Austerlitz (12/05)
- Confederation of Rhine (7/06)
- Berlin Decrees (10/06)
More Empire
- Installs his family as rulers of Europe
- Cont. Sys.: defeat GB economically
- Treaty of Tilsit (West-East)
- Territorial Peak (1810-11)
- German Response (natty, crit of princes, Pruss. resists)
- Guerilla Warfare in Spain
- Austria Renews Conflict
Empire Falls with Russ. Campaign
- 1812- don’t like continental (timber sales to GB), Grand Duchy, Holland, marriage
- Conditions suck, scorched earth
- R., Pr., & A push west, Wellington pushes east
- done except 100 Days
- Louis XVIII, France back to 1792
- leftover Probs. to …
Congress of Vienna
- dominated by 4 powers
- No single state should dominate again
- France & Eastern Europe
- Leg. monarchs, Concert of Eur.
- Results of C of V (GB only emp., solves probs of day, Quad Alliance HRE officially done, No major wars for 100 years, transfers people)
Spanish Revolution (1820)
- military officers revolt vs. Ferdinand VII
- 2 Sicilies revolt, Metternich freaks
- Gets Protocal of Troppau: stable gov’ts can intervene
- Cong of Laibach: restore King to noncons.
- Cong. of Verona (1822): GB withdraws, OK French into Spain
- French repress Spanish Rev
- GB (Canning) prevents repression in colonies, dominates trade with LA
- Wars of LA Indepenedence
Greece & Serbia
- Greek Revolution (1821) powers let Ottos weaken
- Serbian Ind. (R backs vs. A, rel tension)
Nationalism
- Fr. Rev. + Ind. lead to "isms"
- defined by ethnicity language
- self determination
- writers & historians (Volksgeist)
- Repression (Ireland, Germany, Poland)
Liberalism
- Bourg who feel excluded
- enlight: legal =, free trade, free press, rel. tol.
- rep. for prop., despised WC
- merc. is bad
Conservatism (Mon., Aris., Ch.)
- Burke & Hegel
- only trust arist. gov’ts
- cons. are bad
British Repression
- hunger & unemployment after war
- leg. trend against poor
- Spa Fields Ô
Coercion Acts
- Peterloo Ô
Six Acts: easier to repress
Rest. & Rev. in France & Russia
- Louis XVIII very mod., ultra-royalists pissed
- Charles X, libs win, Charles boogies (Rev of 1830), Louis Phillipe
- 1825- Alex I dies, Constantine vs. Nicky
- Nicky wins hates libs, becomes reactionary
Belgian Ind.
- Rioting in Brussels after Opera
- Provincial Nat’l gov’t formed
- Powers too busy to stop it
Trouble in Ireland
- Act of Union (1800), reps. to par. must be Prot
- Catholic Association
- Cath. Emancipation Act
Reform in Great Britain
- accommodation vs. repression
- Great Reform Bill
- rotten boroughs & increase # of voters
- Increases Voters, (men & prop.)
- Reconciles econ. interests to politics
- makes revolution unnecessary, gives new influence