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Orpheus
& Eurydice - The Age of Fable
ORPHEUS
was the son of Apollo and the Muse Calliope. He was presented
by his father with a lyre and taught to play upon it, which
he did to such perfection that nothing could withstand the
charm of his music. Not only his fellow-mortals, but wild
beasts were softened by his strains, and gathering round
him laid by their fierceness, and stood entranced with his
lay. Nay, the very trees and rocks were sensible to the
charm.
The
former crowded round him and the latter relaxed somewhat
of their hardness, softened by his notes. Hymen had been
called to bless with his presence the nuptials of Orpheus
with Eurydice; but though he attended, he brought no happy
omens with him.
His
very torch smoked and brought tears into their eyes. In
coincidence with such prognostics, Eurydice, shortly after
her marriage, while wandering with the nymphs,
her companions, was seen by the shepherd Aristaeus, who
was struck by her beauty and made advances to her. She fled,
and in flying trod upon a snake in the grass, was bitten
in the foot, and died.
Orpheus
sang his grief to all who breathed the upper air, both gods
and men, and finding it all unavailing resolved to seek
his wife in the regions of the dead (Hades).
He descended by a cave situated on the side of the promontory
of Taenarus and arrived at the Stygian realm. He passed
through crowds of ghosts and presented himself before the
throne of Pluto (Hades) and Proserpine (Persephone).
Accompanying the words with the lyre, he
sung:
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"O
deities of the under-world, to whom all we who live
must come, hear my words, for they are true.
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I come not to spy out the secrets of Tartarus, nor
to try my strength against the three-headed dog
with snaky hair who guards the entrance.
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I
come to seek my wife, whose opening years the poisonous
viper's fang has brought to an untimely end.
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Love
has led me here,
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Love,
a god all powerful with us who dwell on the earth,
and, if old traditions say true, not less so here.
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I
implore you by these abodes full of terror, these
realms of silence and uncreated things, unite again
the thread of Eurydice's life.
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We
all are destined to you, and sooner or later must
pass to your domain.
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She
too, when she shall have filled her term of life,
will rightly be yours.
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But
till then grant her to me, I beseech you.
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If
you deny me, I cannot return alone; you shall triumph
in the death of us both."
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As
he sang these tender strains, the very ghosts shed tears.
Tantalus, in spite of his thirst, stopped for a moment
his efforts for water, Ixion's wheel stood still, the
vulture ceased to tear the giant's liver, the daughters
of Danaus rested from their task of drawing water in a
sieve, and Sisyphus sat on his rock to listen. Then for
the first time, it is said, the cheeks of the Furies were
wet with tears.
Proserpine
could not resist, and Pluto himself gave way. Eurydice
was called. She came from among the new-arrived ghosts,
limping with her wounded foot. Orpheus was permitted
to take her away with him on one condition, that he
should not turn around to look at her till they should
have reached the upper air. Under this condition they
proceeded on their way, he leading, she following, through
passages dark and steep, in total silence, till they
had nearly reached the outlet into the cheerful upper
world, when Orpheus, in a moment of forgetfulness, to
assure himself that she was still following, cast a
glance behind him, when instantly she was borne away.
Stretching out their arms to embrace each other, they
grasped only the air! Dying now a second time, she yet
cannot reproach her husband, for how can she blame his
impatience to behold her? "Farewell," she said, "a last
farewell,"- and was hurried away, so fast that the sound
hardly reached his ears. [Orpheus in Hades: OVID,
Metamorphoses, Book X, 1-106]
Orpheus
endeavoured to follow her, and besought permission to
return and try once more for her release; but the stern
ferryman (Charon) repulsed
him and refused passage. Seven days he lingered about
the brink, without food or sleep; then bitterly accusing
of cruelty the powers of Erebus, he sang his complaints
to the rocks and mountains, melting the hearts of tigers
and moving the oaks from their stations.
He
held himself aloof from womankind, dwelling constantly
on the recollection of his sad mischance. The Thracian
maidens tried their best to captivate him, but he repulsed
their advances. They bore with him as long as they could;
but finding him insensible one day, excited by the rites
of Bacchus (Dionysos), one of them exclaimed, "See yonder
our despiser!" and threw at him her javelin. The weapon,
as soon as it came within the sound of his lyre, fell
harmless at his feet. So did also the stones that they
threw at him.
But
the women raised a scream and drowned the voice of the
music, and then the missiles reached him and soon were
stained with his blood. The maniacs tore him limb from
limb, and threw his head and his lyre into the river
Hebrus, down which they floated, murmuring sad music,
to which the shores responded a plaintive symphony.
The
Muses gathered up the fragments of his body and buried
them at Libethra, where the nightingale is said to sing
over his grave more sweetly than in any other part of
Greece. His lyre was placed by Jupiter among the stars
(constellation of Lyra). His shade passed a second time
to Tartarus where he sought out his Eurydice and embraced
her with eager arms. They roam the happy fields together
now, sometimes he leading, sometimes she; and Orpheus
gazes as much as he will upon her, no longer incurring
a penalty for a thoughtless glance.
The
story of Orpheus has furnished Pope with an illustration
of the power of music, for his "Ode for St. Cecilia's
Day." The following stanza relates the conclusion
of the story:
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"But
soon, too soon the lover turns his eyes;
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Again she falls, again she dies, she dies!
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How
wilt thou now the fatal sisters move?
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No
crime was thine, if 'tis no crime to love.
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Now
under hanging mountains,
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Beside
the falls of fountains,
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Or
where Hebrus wanders,
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Rolling
in meanders,
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All
alone,
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He
makes his moan,
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And
calls her ghost,
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For
ever, ever, ever lost!
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Now
with furies surrounded,
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Despairing,
confounded,
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He
trembles, he glows,
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Amidst
Rhodope's snows.
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See,
wild as the winds o'er the desert he flies;
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Hark!
Haemus resounds with the Bacchanals' cries.
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Ah,
see, he dies!
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Yet
even in death Eurydice he sung,
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Eurydice
still trembled on his tongue:
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Eurydice
the woods
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Eurydice
the floods
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the rocks and hollow mountains rung." |
The
superior melody of the nightingale's song over the
grave of Orpheus is alluded to by Southey in his "Thalaba":
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"Then
on his ear what sounds
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Of
harmony arose!
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Far
music and the distance-mellowed song
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From
bowers of merriment;
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The
waterfall remote;
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The
murmuring of the leafy groves;
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The
single nightingale
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Perched
in the rosier by, so richly toned,
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That
never from that most melodious bird
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Singing
a love song to his brooding mate,
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Did
Thracian shepherd by the grave
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Of
Orpheus hear a sweeter melody,
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Though
there the spirit of the sepulchre
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All
his own power infuse, to swell
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The
incense that he loves."
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