401. Escobedo v Illinios - 1964- Escobedo held that an accused can reassert these rights at any time, even if he had previously agreed to talk to the police.
402. Miranda v Arizona - 1964 Miranda held that a person arrested for a crime must be advised of his right to remain silent and to have an attorney before being questioned by the police.
403. Reapportionment - The state legislature was proportioned so that the voting were based on the population of the states-?
404. Baker v. Carr, 1962 - The Supreme Court declared that the principle of "one person, one vote" must be following at both state and national levels. The decision required that districts be redrawn so the each representative represented the same number of people.
405. “One man one vote” - state legislatures had to be reapportioned on the basis of population
406. Students for a Democratic Society New Left - Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.
407. Counterculture - Rebellious youth generation; characterized through “beat” poets, drug usage, music, television shows and movies advocated rebellion against previous generation; factor leading to “hippie” movement
408. Sexual revolution womens movement - Raised increase in the active sexuality of women Alfred Kinsey Sexual behavior in the Human Female
409. Betty Frieden, The Feminine Mystique - 1963 - Depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents. Attacked the "cult of domesticity."
410. National Organization for Women (NOW) - Inspired by Betty Frieden, a reform organization that battled for equal rights with men by lobbying and testing laws in court. NOW wanted equal employment opportunities, equal pay, ERA, divorce law changes, and legalized abortion.
411. Vietnam War - Johnson declared war on Vietnam in order to attempt to control the spreading of communism into South Vietnam. US troops were sent to the region to fight for the protection of the South Vietnam government that was vulnerable to the communist North Vietnamese.
412. Gulf of Tonlin Resolution - August, 1964 - After the U.S. Navy ship Maddux reportedly was fired on, the U.S. Congress passed this resolution which gave the president power to send troops to Vietnam to protect against further North Vietnamese aggression.
413. Tet Offensive - 1968, during Tet, the Vietnam lunar new year - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time. U.S. opinion began turning against the war.
414. Hawks and doves
415. Eugene McCarthy - Senator of Minnesota; campaigned against the war. McCarthy roused fervent support among the young, and Vietnam swiftly became the major issue of the 1968 presidential race.
416. Robert F. Kennedy - Attorney General under his brother, JFK, he was assassinated in June 1968 while campaigning for the Democratic party nomination.
417. Governor George Wallace of Alabama 1968 - Ran as the American Independent Party candidate in the presidential election. A right- wing racist, he appealed to the people's fear of big government and made a good showing.
418. Hubert Humphrey - Vice President; Ran in Johnson’s place. Democratic candidate in 1968 for president, losses to Nixon
419. William F. Buckley - (NB)
420. Milton Friedman - Theorized that prices could be lowered by reducing the quantity of money in the ecomony called stagflation. Practiced by Nixon, Friedman’s theory hurt the economy for a decade.
421. Religious fundamentalism - Religious revival due largely to television allowed evangelists to preach in fire and brimstone sermons about the evils of contemporary life.
422. Political action committees PACS - Those who took advantage of the loopholes of the campaign finance system to fund new candidates and funnel out millions to congressional candidates.
423. CA. proposition 13 taxpayers revolt - Reduced assessments, limited property taxes to 1% full value, prevented new taxes. (Proposition allowed the evading of some government taxation)
424. Moral Majority - Jerry Falwell-"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.
425. Roe v. Wade, 1973 - Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional most state statutes restricting abortion. It ruled that a state may not prevent a woman from having an abortion during the first 3 months of pregnancy, and could regulate, but not prohibit abortion during the second trimester. Decision in effect overturned anti-abortion laws in 46 states.
426. Reverse discrimination
427. Regents of University of California v Bakke1978 - Barred colleges from admitting students solely on the basis of race, but allowed them to include race along with other considerations when deciding which students to admit.
428. Ronald Reagan - implemented policies that reversed trends toward greater government involvement in economic and social regulation; increased the importance of communication via national news media as president.
429. Supply side economics - Reaganomics policy based on the theory that allowing companies the opportunity to make profits, and encouraging investment, will stimulate the economy and lead to higher standards of living for everyone. Argued that tax cuts can be used stimulate economic growth. Move money into the hands of the people and they will invest, thus creating prosperity.
430. Trickle down economics
431. Deregulation - To reverse the flow of federal power, Reagan began to deregulate governmental controls over such companies as AT&T, airlines, and trucking companies. He reasoned government must take its "hands off" from the economy to encourage investments and free enterprise.
432. Domestic spending crisis - Employment conditions worsened allowing few benefits and causing decreases in salaries. Increasing homelessness became an issue. Taxation higher for poor than for richest 1 %>- ?
433. Air Traffic Controllers strike - 1981;Over 85 percent of the 17,500 air traffic controllers go on strike for better working conditions and improved wages. Ronald Reagan outraged with the strike informed the air traffic controller to return back to work or the government would assumed the striking controllers had quit. By the end of the week over 5,000 PATCO members (Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization) has received dismissal notices from the FAA
434. Sandra Day O'Connor - (b. 1930) Arizona state senator from 1969 to 1974, appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. Reagan appointed her to the U.S. Supreme Court, making her the first female Justice of the Supreme Court.
435. William Rheinquist - Chief justice of Supreme Court appointed by Reagan, served as justice to trial against William Jefferson Clinton.
436. Jesse Jackson- rainbow coalition - Jackson, once an associate of King, tried to build a "rainbow coalition" of blacks, Hispanics, displaced workers, and other political outsiders to try to gain nomination and election in 1984. Jackson ran several times for the presidency, but was not moderate enough to gain popular approval.
437. Walter Mondale - Jimmy Carter's Vice President from 1977-1981. He then ran as the Democratic candidate for president in 1984; pressed into DFL (Democratic Farmer Labor party) service to run against Republican candidate Coleman for the U.S. Senate. In 1964, he filled Hubert Humphrey's vacated seat in senate.
438. Geraldine Ferraro - The first woman ever to be on the ticket of a major party, Ferraro was chosen by Walter Mondale to be his Vice-Presidential candidate in 1984. However, her presence failed to win Mondale the election, as a higher percentage of women voted republican in 1984 than in 1980.
439. Budget and trade deficits - U.S. economic report during the 1970s revealed that the nation imported more than it exported; the balance of trade was thrown off and the economic experts worried that the U.S. economy would not survive. As a result, Nixon began such programs as "revenue sharing" and wage and price controls for regulation.
440. Nicaragua/ Sandinistas - a guerrilla group; protested against Somoza's rule in the mid-1970's. The group was named after Augusto Cesar Sandino. Many political and economic groups joined the Sandinistas' protests.By 1978, the conflict between the rebels and the government had become a civil war
441. Iran- Contra Affair - Members of Reagan’s administration had secretly sold arms to Iran in exchange for the liberation of Americans who had been held hostage in Lebanon. Reagan officials then used the profits to subsidize the Contras, a rebel force that sought to overthrow the left-wing Sandinista regime in Nicaragua
442. Louis Sullivan- Known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper. Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright
443. Jazz Musical style based on improvisation within a band format, combining African traditions of repetition, call and response, and strong beat with European structure.
444. Scott Joplin – Maple Leaf Rag
445. Gilded Age- A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.
446. Solid South - Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.
447. Roscoe Conklin- A Stalwart leader and part of the New York political machine.
448. Stalwarts- Republicans fighting for civil service reform during Garfield's term; they supported Cleveland.
449. Half-breeds- Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.
450. Mugwumps- Republicans who changed their vote during the 1884 election from Blaine to Cleveland. Mugwump is the Algonquin Indian word for "chief" and was used in a N.Y. Sun editorial to criticize the arrogance of the renegade Republicans
451. Chester A. Arthur - Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president
452. Thomas “Czar” Reid: The nickname of Thomas Braket, Speaker of the House 1889-1891. He tried to increase the power of the Speaker.
453. James G. Blaine-The 1884 nominee for the Rebublican presidential candidate. Pan-Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene.
454. “Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion”- James Gillespie Blaine said that the Irish Catholics were people of "rum, Romanism, and rebellion." It offended many people and cost Blaine the election.
455. Pendleton Act 1883 - The first federal regulatory commission. Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty. Brought about by the assassination of Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job. The assassination raised questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs.
456. Greenback Party- Founded in 1878, the party was primarily composed of prairie farmers who went into debt during the Panic of 1873. The Party fought for increased monetary circulation through issuance of paper currency and bimetallism (using both gold and silver as legal tender), supported inflationary programs in the belief that they would benefit debtors, and sought benefits for labor such as shorter working hours and a national labor bureau. They had the support of several labor groups and they wanted the government to print more greenbacks.
457. James Weaver- He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.
458. Crime of 1873 -Referred to the coinage law of 1873 which eliminated silver money from circulation. Name given by people who opposed paper money.
459. Bland-Allison Act 1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.
460. Benjamin Harrison- Harrison: Republican, ran against Cleveland, became the 23rd president.
461. Billion Dollar Congress: The first session where Congress spent over $1 billion.
462. McKinley Tariff- A highly protective tariff passed in 1880. So high it caused a popular backlash which cost the Republicans votes.
463. Sherman Silver Antitrust Purchase Act 1890 - Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the ecomony lead to a run on the ferderal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893.
464. Populist Party Omaha Platform- Offically named the People's Party, but commonly known as the Populist Party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Wrote a platform for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers. The part was split between South and West.
465. Panic of 1893 gold drain- Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.
466. Coxey’s Army-1893 - Group of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief. Government arrested the leaders and broke up the march in Washington.
467. William Harvet – Coin’s Financial School
468. William Jennings Bryan’s Cross of Gold SpeechThree-time - candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but was the most important Populist in American history. He later served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915). Given by Bryan on June 18, 1896. He said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold", referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard.
469. Free Silver- Movement for using silver in all aspects of currency. Not adopted because all other countries used a gold standard.
470. Federal Reserve Board - The Federal Reserve Board is responsible for making monetary policy in the United States; that is, policy affecting the money supply. The Fed operates mainly through the mechanisms of buying and selling government bonds, and adjusting the discount rate, which is the interest rate banks charge each other on loaned money. The discount rate, in turn, affects all interest rates in the economy. During the Great Depression, the Fed was given greater power and freedom to directly regulate the economy.
471. Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 - Extended the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to give it more power against trusts and big business. It outlawed practices that had a dangerous likelihood of creating a monopoly, even if no unlawful agreement was involved.
472. Federal Trade Commission - A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.
473. Federal Farm Loan Act - Low-interest credit available to farmers. (Populist idea)
474. Urban Migration - People moved in reaction to progressive thought
475. Niagara movement - Became the NAACP
476. Booker T. Washington - Most prominent spokesperson for the African-Americans during the Progressive Era; helped to organize the Tuskegee Institute, a state vocational school for blacks; famous speech known as the “Atlanta Compromise”
477. NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; headed by W.E.B. Du Bois
478. National Urban League - The Urban League is the nation’s oldest and largest community-based movement empowering African Americans to enter the economic and social mainstream.
479. Carrie Chapman Catt - Feminist who helped to form the Women’s Peace Party; leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association
480. Alice Paul - Radical feminist, Quaker advocate, helped to form the National Women’s Party (NWP)
481. NAWSA - National American Woman Suffrage Association; was the result of a merger between two rival factions--the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), led by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and Julia Ward Howe; transformed into the League of Women Voters
482. National Women’s Party - (NWP) created by Alice Paul
483. 19th Amendment - Gave women the right to vote!
484. League of Women’s Voters - What NAWSA turned into
485. Neutrality in WWI - Most Americans eager to stay out of the war; Wilson called for U.S. neutrality in both thought and deed; Many Irish-Americans, German-Americans and Jews did not favor allies. Most Americans anti-German from the outset of the war.
486. Sub warfare - Germany’s response to Britain forcing American vessels into British ports which, despite U.S. protests, proved effective in virtually ending U.S.-German trade; Germany stated that they would not try to sink neutral shipping but warned that mistakes would probably occur. Wilson sternly warned Germany that it would be held to "strict accountability" for any attacks on U.S. vessels or citizens.
487. Lusitania - A British passenger liner, was sunk off coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915
a. 1,198 lives lost including 128 Americans.
b. was carrying 4,200 cases of small-arms ammunition, a fact that the
Germans used for sinking the ship.
c. Germany refused to apologize; U-boat commander lionized in Germany.
d. Significance: American public opinion turned against Germany; seen by many
as beginning of U.S. road to entry into the war.
488. Sussex Pledge
1. March 1916, Germany torpedoed a French passenger steamer, the Sussex.
-- Ship damaged but not sunk; 80 casualties including four Americans
2. Wilson informed Germany that unless they stopped sinking merchant ships without
warning, he would break diplomatic relations
3. Germany’s response:
a. Reluctantly, agreed not to sink passenger & merchant ships without warning.
b. However, U.S. would have to persuade the Allies to modify what Germany
saw as an illegal blockade.
489. Allied Powers - France, Britain, Russia, (later Japan, Italy, and the U.S.)
-- Also called the Triple Entente
490. Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later Ottoman Empire & Bulgaria.-- Also called the Triple Alliance
491. Propaganda - Material disseminated by the advocates or opponents of a doctrine or cause; information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause
492. Preparedness - Wilson belatedly backed mild preparedness measures beginning in 1915. Ignorance regarding war preparedness was major stumbling block.
i. No one knew how much steel or explosive powder the U.S. was
capable of producing.
ii. Traditional fears of big gov’t hamstrung efforts to centralize the
economy from Washington (states’ rights Democrats and businessmen)
493. Jeanette Rankin - First women elected to Congress; voted against WWII, the “lone dissenter”
494. Edward House - Was active in W. Wilson's presidential campaign and became his adviser (1912-19). He was the president's chief liaison with the Allies during World War I, helped draft the Fourteen Points program and the League of Nations covenant, and was a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference.
495. Zimmerman telegram
1. Intercepted by Britain February 24th and published in U.S. on March 1, 1917
2. Contents:
a. German foreign secretary Zimmerman had secretly proposed an alliance with Mexico
using the recovery of TX, NM, and AZ as bait if Germany won the war.
b. Japan would be invited into an anti-U.S. alliance.
3. Americans, esp. westerners, outraged
496. Russian Revolution - overthrew the imperial government and placed the Bolsheviks in power. Increasing governmental corruption, the reactionary policies of Nicholas II, and catastrophic Russian losses in World War I contributed to widespread dissatisfaction and economic hardship
497. Mobilization WWI
1. Creel Committee – Committee of Public Information (CPI)
2. Set-up volunteer Liberty Leagues in every community and urged members to spy on neighbors especially with foreign names and to report any suspicious words or actions to the justice department.
B. Restrictions on Civil Liberties during WWI.
3.Espionage Act of 1917
4. Sedition Act of 1918
5.Shipbuilding program launched (more for trade than war)
6.Beefed up the army which only had 100,000 regulars (ranked 15th in world)
498. George Creel - Young journalist who headed the Committee on Public Information
499. War agencies - Various agencies created to aid in WWI efforts
500. Espionage Act - Provided fines & imprisonment for persons making false statements aiding the enemy, inciting rebellion in the military, or obstructing draft recruitment.
