Part IV
301. Relief, Recovery, Reform - Three keywords of FDR’s New Deal Policy: Relief for the millions of Americans left jobless by the collapse; recovery for ailing economy; reform of social, economic, and political aspects
302. Brain Trust - professors, lawyers, business leaders, and social welfare proponents—to advise him, especially on economic issues when designing New deal measures and agencies
303. Frances Perkins - American social reformer, who became the first female member of the cabinet when United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt named her secretary of labor in 1933
Bank Holiday Roosevelt proclaimed a nationwide bank holiday, closing all banks to stop panicky depositors from withdrawing their money.
304. Repeal of Prohibition - Measure adopted by FDR as part of the First New Deal, in order to increase revenue after the Great Depression. The Beer-Wine Revenue Act Provided the groundwork for the eventual repeal of prohibition under the 21st amendment
305. Fireside Chats FDR’s radio broadcasts intended to personally talk to each American citizen.
306. FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), independent agency of the United States government created in 1933 under a section of the Federal Reserve Act to insure deposits in banks in the event of bank failure.
307. PWA - U.S. government agency established by Congress as the Federal Emergency Relief Administration under the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933. Organized under the New Deal, the PWA was responsible for the construction of roads, buildings, dams, and other projects and loaned money to states and municipalities for similar projects. The agency's goal was to increase employment and business activity.
308. Harold Ickes - In 1932 he led liberal Republican support for the Democratic candidate, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who subsequently appointed him secretary of the interior. Ickes headed the Public Works Administration (1933-1939), and during World War II he was administrator of petroleum and solid fuels.
309. CCC - Federal agency of the United States, established in April 1933 as part of the New Deal program of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The agency, commonly called CCC, was created by the U.S. Congress for the conservation of the natural resources of the country—timber, soil, and water—and to provide employment and training for unemployed young men as long as the depression lasted.
310. TVA - federal corporation, created by the Congress of the United States in 1933 to operate Wilson Dam and to develop the Tennessee River and its tributaries in the interest of navigation, flood control, and the production and distribution of electricity.
311. NRA - National Recovery Administration (NRA) to draft a set of codes for each of more than 500 industries. The act suspended relevant antitrust regulations, and representatives of each firm in an industry joined with NRA officials in writing the codes. Although the NRA did not approve overt price setting, most codes so regulated competition as to ensure a cartel-like pricing system. The NRA director Hugh Johnson also tried to gain corporate endorsement of interim reemployment agreements, launching a veritable crusade, symbolized by a blue eagle and boosted by parades and patriotic propaganda. These early agreements, which were supposed to attest to a restored confidence in the economy, contained maximum hour and minimum wage provisions.
312. Schechter v US - Ruled NIRA unconstitutional
313. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - independent, quasi-judicial agency of the United States government, which is generally responsible for protecting the public against malpractices in the securities and financial markets. It was created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
314. FHA - agency of the United States Department of Agriculture that administered credit services for family ownership and operation of farms and for housing in rural areas. The Farmers Home Administration was established in 1946 to administer programs started by the Resettlement Administration and the Farm Security Administration during the 1930s. The Congress of the United States abolished the Farmers Home Administration in 1994 and transferred many of the agency’s responsibilities to other agencies within the Department of Agriculture.
315. Second New Deal - second flood of legislation, beginning in 1935, which some observers called the Second New Deal. Among the new measures were higher taxes for the rich, strict regulations for private utilities, subsidies for rural electrification, and what amounted to a bill of rights for organized labor.
316. WPA - Part of Second New Deal. Works Project Administration put unemployed people, including artists, musicians, actors and writers, to work on short-term public projects.
317. Harry Hopkins - American government official and adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, closely associated with his New Deal program. Roosevelt named him head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in 1933 and of the Works Progress Administration in 1935. From 1938 to 1940 he was secretary of commerce. During World War II Hopkins administered the lend-lease program and sat on the War Production Board and the Pacific War Council.
318. NLRA/Wagner Act - Federal law enacted by the United States Congress in July 1935 to govern the labor-management relations of business firms engaged in interstate commerce. The act is generally known as the Wagner Act, after Senator Robert R. Wagner of
New York.
319. SSA - Social Security Administration (SSA), independent government agency that administers the largest social insurance programs in the United States. Originally created in 1935 as the Social Security Board, the SSA promised to provide three forms of aid: pensions for people over sixty-five, unemployment compensation for people temporarily out of work, and categorical assistance for people who could not qualify for WPA work or could not find any other forms of employment
320. Huey Long - American politician, governor of Louisiana (1928-1932), and United States senator (1932-1935), known for his autocratic methods and colorful speech.
321. Supreme Court Packing - a scheme to enlarge the Supreme Court that, recognizing that the court was behind in its work, partly due to the advanced age of many members, proposed the addition of one member for every present member over 70 who refused to retire.
322. CIO - organization of trade unions in the United States. The organization was formed in December 1955 by the merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Of some 20 million members in all United States unions in the mid-1990s, about 13.6 million were in the AFL-CIO's 78 affiliated unions.
323. John L. Lewis - American Labor leader who served as president of the Panama local of the United Mine Workers of America, lobbyist for the United Mine Workers (UMW), organizer for the American Federation of Labor (AFL), vice president of the UMW, and president of the same organization.
324. Sit Down Strike - A technique aimed at ensuring the suspension of operations within a struck establishment and at preventing the entry of nonstrikers is the sit-down strike, which came into widespread use in the U.S. during the 1930s. Workers engaging in this form of strike simply occupy the place of employment, refusing to leave until a settlement of the disputed issues is made.
324. FLSA - measure enacted by the United States Congress in 1938 to eliminate labor conditions injurious to the health and efficiency of workers, and unfair methods of competition based on these conditions. The act prohibited the introduction into interstate commerce of goods produced in violation of its provisions. It provided for a minimum wage of 25 cents an hour, required the payment of overtime at a rate of at least time and one half the regular rate of pay for hours in any work week in excess of 44, and prohibited “oppressive child labor.”
325. New Democratic Coalition
326. John Maynard Keynes - British economist who wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936). This book, which provided a theoretical defense for programs that were already being tried in Britain and by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the U.S., proposed that no self-correcting mechanism to lift an economy out of a depression existed. It stated that unused savings prolonged economic stagnation and that business investment was spurred by new inventions, new markets, and other influences not related to the interest rate on savings. Since business investment necessarily fluctuated, it could not be depended on to maintain a high level of employment and a steady flow of income through the economy. Keynes proposed that government spending must compensate for insufficient business investment in times of recession.
327. Depression Mentality - Term used to refer to the mentality developed during the Great Depression, which advocated a complete and thorough use of all resources ad value, due to the lasting consequences of the Great Depression.
328. Drought/Dust Bowl - common name applied to a large area in the southern part of the Great Plains region of the United States, much of which suffered extensively from wind erosion during the 1930s. The area included parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado.
329. Okies - poor farmers evicted from their land or fleeing the Dust Bowl who were often despised and abused when they arrived in California and other western states.
330. John Steinbeck – Grapes of Wrath; American writer and Nobel laureate, who described in his work the unremitting struggle of people who depend on the soil for their livelihood. Steinbeck's most widely known work is The Grapes of Wrath (1939; Pulitzer Prize, 1940), the stark account of the Joad family from the impoverished Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to California during the economic depression of the 1930s.
331. Marian Anderson - first African American singer to perform at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.
332. Mary McLeod Bethune - American educator, born in Mayesville, South Carolina, and educated at Scotia Seminary and the Moody Bible Institute. She taught school in Florida and Georgia from 1897 to 1903, and in 1904 she founded the Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls. Bethune held many other posts, including those of director of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration (1936-44) and consultant to the U.S. secretary of war in the selection of the first female officer candidates for the armed services. She was appointed consultant on interracial affairs and understanding at the charter conference of the United Nations. Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women and was a vice president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
333. FEPC - Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 forbidding discrimination based on race, creed, color, or national origin in the employment of workers for defense industries with federal contracts. The order also established a Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) to oversee the implementation of the order.
334. A. Phillip Randolph - American labor leader who was instrumental in persuading President Franklin D. Roosevelt to set up the Fair Employment Practices Committee. In 1957 Randolph was elected a vice president of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations. He was also one of the organizers of the 1963 March on Washington, a civil rights gathering of more than 200,000 in the nation's capital.
335. Manchuria - Extremely resourceful territory in northwest China, coveted by Japan and Russia. When Japan Annexed it in 1931, it only gave the USA another incentive to tighten the economic sanctions against Japan, which ultimately led to Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor
336. Stimson Doctrine - refused to recognize the recent conquest of Manchuria by Japan.
337. Good Neighbor Policy - United States would no longer intervene in Latin America to protect private American property interests. American support for the savage Cuban dictatorship of Gerardo Machado was withdrawn, and a revolution soon turned him out. The removal of the last
338. U.S. Marines - from Haiti in 1934 ended direct financial control by the United States. Secretary of State Hull’s reciprocal trade program, which resulted in several agreements with Latin American republics, lowered trade barriers on some goods and was thus popular in many Central and South American nations.
339. Pan American Conference - meetings of representatives of the American republics for discussion of common problems.
340. Tydings-Mcduffie Act - Granted absolute and complete independence of the Philippines by 1946, and provided for an interim commonwealth supervised by the United States, but with a Philippine president elected by national vote and with a constitution
341. Cordell Hull Fascism
342. Benito Mussolini - Italian leader who established the fascist regime. In his new “corporative state,” employers and workers were organized
into party-controlled groups representing different sectors of the economy. The system preserved capitalism and expanded social services, but abolished free trade unions and the right to strike. The Lateran pacts with the Vatican (1929) ended a half-century of friction between church and state and proved to be long-lasting. Another enduring legacy of fascism was a system of industrial holding companies financed by the state.
343. Nazi Party - German political movement initiated in 1920 with the organization of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or NSDAP), also called the Nazi Party. The movement culminated in the establishment of the Third Reich, the totalitarian German state led by the dictator Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945
344. Hitler - German political and military leader and one of the 20th century's most powerful dictators. Hitler converted Germany into a fully militarized society and launched World War II in 1939 (see Federal Republic of Germany). He made anti-Semitism a keystone of his propaganda and policies and built the Nazi Party (see National Socialism) into a mass movement. He hoped to conquer the entire world, and for a time dominated most of Europe and much of North Africa. He instituted sterilization and euthanasia measures to enforce his idea of racial purity among German people and caused the slaughter of millions of Jews, Sinti and Roma (Gypsies), Slavic peoples, and many others, all of whom he considered inferior.
345. Axis Powers - coalition of countries that opposed the Allied powers in World War II. The coalition originated as the Rome-Berlin axis, with the 1936 Hitler-Mussolini accord and their military alliance of May 1939. Extended to include Japan in September 1940—the so-called Berlin Pact—it had as later adherents Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia. In addition, Denmark, Finland, Spain, and the pro-Japanese governments of Manchukuo and Nanking in China entered the coalition as adherents of the Anti-Comintern Pact signed by Germany and Japan in 1936.
346. Isolationism - Political policy adopted by the United States prior to its entrance in WWII, which advocated complete separation from the issue, considered to be strictly European
347. Nye Committee
348. Neutrality Acts - Series of congressional acts that enforced American policy of Isolationism. They forbade private American loans to nations that weren’t paying their debts to the United States, required the president to place an embargo on the shipment of arms to nations at war, authorized him to keep U.S. citizens from sailing on the ships of those nations, and forbade the carrying by American ships of guns or ammunition to countries at war.
349. Spanish Civil War- overthrow of the then current regime by Fransico Franco the war lasted from 1936-1939. It became a fascist state.
350. Franco- 1936, July he joined other right-wing officers in a revolt against the republic. Franco proved an unimaginative but careful and competent leader, whose forces advanced slowly but steadily to complete victory on April 1, 1939.During the civil war, Franco established his control over Nationalist political life and expanded the Falange into an official political party at the service of his government(fascist)
351. Appeasement- the policy followed by France, England, and the League of Nations concerning Italy and Germany. Its purpose was to indulge Hitler and Mussolini in the hopes that they would become less aggressive after being “appeased”. Examples off use: Hitler’s invasion of the Rhineland, and taking of Sudetenland. Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia.
352. Ethiopia- a northern African country (one of the few not colonized) taken over my Mussolini in 1935.
353. Rhineland- an area between France and Germany. It was meant to serve as a demilitarized zone, but Hitler unilaterally put armed troops back into the Rhineland in 1936.
354. Czechoslovakia- a east European country bordering Germany. Hitler desired to take the area called Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia because of its mostly German population. So Hitler takes it. 1938.
355. Sudetenland- see #6.
356. Munich Pact- it recognized Sudetenland as Hitler’s. Attending were France, Germany, Great Britain, and Italy.
357. Quarantine speech-at an Inter-American Conference for Peace, FDR warned that non-American nations proposing “to commit acts of aggression against us will find a hemisphere wholly prepared to consult together for our mutual safety and our mutual good.” Roosevelt in a dramatic speech in Chicago proposed that a quarantine be placed on aggressor nations.
358. Poland/Blitzkrieg- the 1939 invasion of Poland by Hitler. Was called blitzkrieg or “lightning war”. Sparked WWII.
359. Cash and Carry- American policy concerning goods to foreign nations participating in “aggressive activities”. It allowed weapons to be sold, but only in cash and they were to be picked up and transported by the purchasing nation.(hence cash and carry remember it!)
360. Selective Training and Service Act- First peacetime conscription measure. Men between 21 and 35 were required to sign up for a year of training.
361. Destroyers for Bases - transferred 50 U.S. destroyers to Britain in exchange for eight naval bases in the Western Hemisphere.
362. Lend-Lease Act - of 1941 empowered President Franklin D. Roosevelt on behalf “of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States, to sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government any defense article” not expressly prohibited.
363. Four Freedoms Speech - protect the freedoms of speech, religion, fear and want, and America must be the arsenal of Democracy. FDR motivating the country.
364. Atlantic Charter- on August 14, 1941. This document denied any desire for any territorial changes not desired by the peoples concerned. It also stressed the goals of improved economic conditions, “freedom from fear,” and the disarmament of aggressors
365. Pearl Harbor- Bombed 1941 by the Japanese. We then officially entered the war.
366. Office of Price Administration (OPA) - agency of the U.S. government in World War II, created in April 1941. This agency was charged with forestalling inflation by stabilizing rents and prices and by preventing speculation, hoarding, profiteering, and price manipulation. the powers of the OPA were expanded to include the rationing of scarce commodities to consumers and the determination of maximum prices for goods and residential rents. Disbanded after the war. (God this is so boring)
367. Smith vs. Allwright - in 1944 the NAACP won a major victory in Smith v. Allwright, which outlawed the white primary. A new organization, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), was founded in 1942 to challenge segregation in public accommodations in the North.
368. Korematsu vs. United States - In 1944 in Korematsu v. United States, Justice Frank Murphy’s famous dissent attacked showed how racist the government's wartime internment of Japanese Americans was.
369. Harry S. Truman - (1884-1972), 33rd president of the United States (1945-1953). Truman initiated the foreign policy of containing Communism, a policy that was the hallmark of the Cold War. He continued the welfare policies established under his predecessor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Truman helped to centralize power in the executive branch.
370. Battle of the Atlantic - the Germans hoped to subdue the British by starving them out. In June 1940 they undertook the Battle of the Atlantic, using submarine warfare to cut the British overseas lifelines.
371. Battle of Midway and Chester Nimitz- A powerful Japanese force, nine battleships and four carriers under Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, the commander in chief of the navy, steamed toward Midway (they are islands in close proximity to Hawaii) in the first week of June. Admiral
Chester W. Nimitz, who had taken command of the Pacific Fleet after Pearl Harbor, could only muster three carriers and seven heavy cruisers, but he was reading the Japanese radio messages, and struck first crushing the Japanese.
372. D-Day- 1944 the greatest amphibian assault. Landed on Normandy and Omaha beaches and some others which id I don’t care about. Huge loss of life as Germans bombarded the beaches.
373. Holocaust-Germans oppressed all minorities especially Jews. Infamous for death camps and a variety of atrocities (that’s such a cliché word). Something like 6 million Jews died.
374. Battle of the Bulge - Germany’s last battle before retreating. Thousands died on both sides.
375. Douglas MacArthur- (1880-1964), American general, who commanded Allied troops in the Pacific during World War II, supervised the postwar occupation of Japan, and led United Nations forces during the Korean War.
376. Manhattan Project and Oppenheimer- the code name for the development of the atomic bomb, led by J Robert Oppenheimer.
377. Atomic Bomb- a nuclear devise that destroys a huge area, while also leaving the land uninhabitable with radiation for decades
378. Hiroshima and Nagasaki- the 2 Japanese cities that were hit with an atomic bomb, it ultimately caused the Japanese to surrender.
379. Big Three- this refers to the 3 leaders of the allied power, FDR, Churchill, and Stalin
380 .Yalta - the powers decided to break Germany into 4 occupation zones, announced a United Nations conference to be held in San Francisco, and the USSR would enter the war against Japan.
381. United Nations (UN)- international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation. The UN was founded after World War II ended in 1945. Its mission is to maintain world peace, develop good relations between countries, promote cooperation in solving the world’s problems, and encourage respect for human rights.
382. Indian Reorganization Act- Native American tribes were encouraged to organize governments under the terms of the Indian Reorganization Act and to adopt constitutions and by-laws, subject to the approval of the U.S. Department of the Interior. The act further provided for the reacquisition of tribal lands and established preferential hiring of Native Americans within the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Native American tribes were authorized to set up business corporations for economic development (Casinos $$), and a credit program was established to back tribal and individual enterprises.
383. GI bill- Serviceman’s Readjustments Act. Passed in 1944, provided for unemployment compensation, medical benefits, business loans, and tuition reimbursements.
384. Baby Boom- refers to the huge increase in the birthrate after the war (its our parents)
385. Suburban Growth - shows the increase in the middle class and the desire to live in more rural areas with a house and a white picket fence. This combined with the influx soldiers coming home expanded the suburbs.
386. Sunbelt - (I really have no idea) I think it just refers to the southern part of the country where there’s lots of agriculture. Florida would be in the Sunbelt as we are also the sunshine state.
387. Employment Act of 1946 - proclaimed that the federal government would take the responsibility for maintaining high employment levels, economic stability, and growth. That is, the government would coordinate its economic policies (such as those on taxation, expenditures, foreign trade, and control of money, credit, and banking) in such a way as to prevent serious depressions.
388. Council of Economic Advisors - was set up to monitor the economy and provide advice to the president and Congress. (Isn’t Greenspan on that?)
389. Committee of Civil Rights - first presidential committee to investigate race relations in America
390. 42nd Amendment - No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once.
391. Taft-Hartley Act - This law defined certain actions of labor unions as illegal and in some respects curtailed the use of the strike weapon. Almost all unions denounced it, and its repeal became a prime issue in political campaigns.
392. Progressive Party - The first Progressive Party, known colloquially as the Bull Moose Party, was founded after a bitter fight for the Republican presidential nomination. Many liberal Republicans bolted to the new party.
393. Henry Wallace - Wallace served as vice president during Roosevelt's third term, then as secretary of commerce (1945-46) in the cabinets of Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. The latter demanded and received Wallace's resignation from the cabinet after the secretary delivered a speech castigating American foreign policy, especially the hard-line policy toward the Soviet Union. He then served as editor of the New Republic, a liberal weekly magazine, from 1946 to 1948.
394. States Rights - at Democratic Party convention of 1948, northern majority got an extensive program of civil rights incorporated into the election platform. Opponents of these measures, chiefly political leaders of the southern states, declared the program an outright abrogation of states' rights and withdrew from the Democratic Party to form a new political party known as the “States' Rights Democrats,” often referred to as the “Dixiecrats”. The new party nominated the governor of South Carolina, Strom Thurmond for the presidency.
395. Thomas Dewey - He was the Republican nominee for president in 1944, when he lost to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and in 1948, when, unexpectedly, he was defeated by President Harry S. Truman. Dewey was a leading supporter of General Dwight D. Eisenhower in the presidential election of 1952. He retired from active politics in January 1955 and resumed his law practice in New York City
396. Fair Deal - purpose was to expand the New Deal policies and incorporate new civil rights policies. Was called “one of the boldest reform programs ever”.
397. Cold War - post-1945 struggle between the United States and its allies and the group of nations led by the Soviet Union. Direct military conflict did not occur between the two superpowers, but intense economic and diplomatic struggles erupted. Different interests led to mutual suspicion and hostility in an escalating ideological rivalry.
398. World Bank - the UN also helps finance development through the World Bank. The World Bank was created in 1944 to help developing nations get funding for projects. The bank grants loans to member countries to finance specific projects and this in turn encourages foreign investing.
399. Communist Satellites - refers to the countries controlled by or under “heavy influence” by the USSR.
400. Father Charles Coughlin / Francis Townsend Populist leaders - denounced the administration’s policies and revealed nativist, anti-Semitic views.
400. Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963
The Supreme Court held that all defendants in serious criminal cases are entitled to legal counsel, so the state must appoint a free attorney to represent defendants who are too poor to afford one.
401. Escobedo v Illinios
1964- Escobedo held that an accused can reassert these rights at any time, even if he had previously agreed to talk to the police.
402. Miranda v Arizona
1964 - Miranda held that a person arrested for a crime must be advised of his right to remain silent and to have an attorney before being questioned by the police.
403. Reapportionment
The state legislature was proportioned so that the voting were based on the population of the states-?
404. Baker v. Carr, 1962
The Supreme Court declared that the principle of "one person, one vote" must be following at both state and national levels. The decision required that districts be redrawn so the each representative represented the same number of people.
405. “One man one vote”
state legislatures had to be reapportioned on the basis of population
406. Students for a Democratic Society New Left
Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.
407. Counterculture
Rebellious youth generation; characterized through “beat” poets, drug usage, music, television shows and movies advocated rebellion against previous generation; factor leading to “hippie” movement
408. Sexual revolution womens movement
Raised increase in the active sexuality of women Alfred Kinsey Sexual behavior in the Human Female
409. Betty Frieden, The Feminine Mystique
1963 - Depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents. Attacked the "cult of domesticity."
410. National Organization for Women (NOW)
Inspired by Betty Frieden, a reform organization that battled for equal rights with men by lobbying and testing laws in court. NOW wanted equal employment opportunities, equal pay, ERA, divorce law changes, and legalized abortion.
411. Vietnam War
Johnson declared war on Vietnam in order to attempt to control the spreading of communism into South Vietnam. US troops were sent to the region to fight for the protection of the South Vietnam government that was vulnerable to the communist North Vietnamese.
412. Gulf of Tonlin Resolution
August, 1964 - After the U.S. Navy ship Maddux reportedly was fired on, the U.S. Congress passed this resolution which gave the president power to send troops to Vietnam to protect against further North Vietnamese aggression.
413. Tet Offensive
1968, during Tet, the Vietnam lunar new year - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time. U.S. opinion began turning against the war.
414. Hawks and doves
415. Eugene McCarthy
Senator of Minnesota; campaigned against the war. McCarthy roused fervent support among the young, and Vietnam swiftly became the major issue of the 1968 presidential race.
416. Robert F. Kennedy
Attorney General under his brother, JFK, he was assassinated in June 1968 while campaigning for the Democratic party nomination.
417. Governor George Wallace of Alabama
1968 - Ran as the American Independent Party candidate in the presidential election. A right- wing racist, he appealed to the people's fear of big government and made a good showing.
418. Hubert Humphrey
Vice President; Ran in Johnson’s place. Democratic candidate in 1968 for president, losses to Nixon
419. William F. Buckley
(NB)
420. Milton Friedman
Theorized that prices could be lowered by reducing the quantity of money in the ecomony called stagflation. Practiced by Nixon, Friedman’s theory hurt the economy for a decade.
421. Religious fundamentalism
Religious revival due largely to television allowed evangelists to preach in fire and brimstone sermons about the evils of contemporary life.
422. Political action committees PACS
Those who took advantage of the loopholes of the campaign finance system to fund new candidates and funnel out millions to congressional candidates.
423. CA. proposition 13 taxpayers revolt
Reduced assessments, limited property taxes to 1% full value, prevented new taxes. (Proposition allowed the evading of some government taxation)
424. Moral Majority
Jerry Falwell-"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.
425. Roe v. Wade, 1973
Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional most state statutes restricting abortion. It ruled that a state may not prevent a woman from having an abortion during the first 3 months of pregnancy, and could regulate, but not prohibit abortion during the second trimester. Decision in effect overturned anti-abortion laws in 46 states.
426. Reverse discrimination
427. Regents of University of California v Bakke1978
Barred colleges from admitting students solely on the basis of race, but allowed them to include
race along with other considerations when deciding which students to admit.
428. Ronal Reagan
implemented policies that reversed trends toward greater government involvement in economic and social regulation; increased the importance of communication via national news media as president.
429. Supply side economics
Reaganomics policy based on the theory that allowing companies the opportunity to make profits, and encouraging investment, will stimulate the economy and lead to higher standards of living for everyone. Argued that tax cuts can be used stimulate economic growth. Move money into the hands of the people and they will invest, thus creating prosperity.
430. Trickle down economics
431. Deregulation
To reverse the flow of federal power, Reagan began to deregulate governmental controls over such companies as AT&T, airlines, and trucking companies. He reasoned government must take its "hands off" from the economy to encourage investments and free enterprise.
432. Domestic spending crisis
Employment conditions worsened allowing few benefits and causing decreases in salaries. Increasing homelessness became an issue. Taxation higher for poor than for richest 1 %>- ?
433. Air Traffic Controllers strike
1981;Over 85 percent of the 17,500 air traffic controllers go on strike for better working conditions and improved wages. Ronald Reagan outraged with the strike informed the air traffic controller to return back to work or the government would assumed the striking controllers had quit. By the end of the week over 5,000 PATCO members (Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization) has received dismissal notices from the FAA
434. Sandra Day O'Connor
(b. 1930) Arizona state senator from 1969 to 1974, appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. Reagan appointed her to the U.S. Supreme Court, making her the first female Justice of the Supreme Court.
435. William Rheinquist
Chief justice of Supreme Court appointed by Reagan, served as justice to trial against William Jefferson Clinton.
436. Jesse Jackson- rainbow coalition
Jackson, once an associate of King, tried to build a "rainbow coalition" of blacks, Hispanics, displaced workers, and other political outsiders to try to gain nomination and election in 1984. Jackson ran several times for the presidency, but was not moderate enough to gain popular approval.
437. Walter Mondale
Jimmy Carter's Vice President from 1977-1981. He then ran as the Democratic candidate for president in 1984; pressed into DFL (Democratic Farmer Labor party) service to run against Republican candidate Coleman for the U.S. Senate. In 1964, he filled Hubert Humphrey's vacated seat in senate.
438. Geraldine Ferraro
The first woman ever to be on the ticket of a major party, Ferraro was chosen by Walter Mondale to be his Vice-Presidential candidate in 1984. However, her presence failed to win Mondale the election, as a higher percentage of women voted republican in 1984 than in 1980.
439. Budget and trade deficits
U.S. economic report during the 1970s revealed that the nation imported more than it exported; the balance of trade was thrown off and the economic experts worried that the U.S. economy would not survive. As a result, Nixon began such programs as "revenue sharing" and wage and price controls for regulation.
440. Nicaragua/ Sandinistas
a guerrilla group; protested against Somoza's rule in the mid-1970's. The group was named after Augusto Cesar Sandino. Many political and economic groups joined the Sandinistas' protests.By 1978, the conflict between the rebels and the government had become a civil war
441. Iran- Contra Affair
Members of Reagan’s administration had secretly sold arms to Iran in exchange for the liberation of Americans who had been held hostage in Lebanon. Reagan officials then used the profits to subsidize the Contras, a rebel force that sought to overthrow the left-wing Sandinista regime in Nicaragua
