Part III
201. Lincoln Steffans: Muckraker. Described municipal corruption in several large eastern and Midwestern cities.
202. Ida Tarbell: Muckraker who wrote articles which described unfair business practices of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil trust.
203. Jacob Riis-How the Other Half Lives:
204.Tjeofdore Dreiser: Realist author. Viewed life as a relentless struggle in which powerful social forces determined one’s fate. Wrote the “powerful” novel Sister Carrie that traces the downward journey of an innocent country girl who becomes a prostitute.
205. Australian Ballot:
206. Direct Primary: Allowed voters a voice in the process of selecting a party nominee. first established in Wisconsin.
207. Robert La Follette: Governor of Wisconsin during Progressive Era who instituted a large number of reforms. His state reform program included laws to establish a direct primary, improve civil service, create a graduated income tax, and cracked down on corporations.
208. Direct election of senators: Allowed senators to be voted for by the actual voters of the state. Previously, senators were representatives in the House who got elected by House members to the senate.
209. Seventeenth (17) Amendment: Provided for the direct election of senators
210. Initiative, referendum, recall: Measures of “direct democracy” enacted during the Progressive Era. Initiative allowed reformers to submit legislation directly to voters, who could then vote directly on the proposed legislation in a referendum. Recall allowed voters to call a special election to remove an elected official.
211. Social Welfare: Concept indicative of the Progressive era. Progressives argued that the government should look out for persons’ social welfare. Progressive reformers like Jane Addams and Grace Abbott used their positions as members of state boards of charity and local welfare agencies to create the beginnings of the modern welfare state.
212. Municipial Reform: Progressives pushed for initiatives designed to undermine the power of urban bosses. Some cities experimented with a commission form of government. Other cities hired city managers. Reform mayors also called for end to corruption and advocated an ambitious agenda for social reform.
213. Samuel Jones: A famous reform mayor in Toledo, Ohio. nicknamed “Golden Rule” because he gave city workers an 8-hr workday, provided paid vacations, and barred child labor.
214. Tom Johnson: Reform mayor of Cleveland who lowered fares on local trains, improved the police force, and provided free bathhouses and recreational facilities. also advocated city ownership of utilities.
215. Charles Evan Hughes: New York governor who adopted the Wisconsin idea of reform in his own state. Established stricter supervision of insurance companies and created a state public service commission to regulate utilities.
216. Hiram Johnson: California progressive attorney who became a reform governor. Campaigned against the Southern Pacific Railroad and its dominance of state government.
217. Theodore Roosevelt: Expanded the power of the federal government and supported a wide range of progressive reforms. His “new nationalism” insisted that only a powerful fed. government could regulate the economy and guarantee social justice. Prosecuted some large “bad” corporate trusts. Supported regulation of the railroads and legislation to improve working conditions. Conservationist who created the US forestry service.
218. Square Deal: After intervening in a strike by Penn. coal miners, TR boasted that he had offered both sides a “square deal.” The phrase became a familiar label for his policies as president. TR had spoken out publicly in support of the miners and summoned both sides to the white house to compromise. When mine owners refused, TR threatened to send in troops. Arbitrators awarded the strikers a 10% wage increase and 8 hr workday, but didn’t grant recognition to the union.
219. Athracite coal miners: Went on strike to demand a 20% wage increase, an 8-hr workday, and recognition of their union. After intervention of TR, received the “square deal.”
220. Trust-busting: Refers to the prosecution of large corporations under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
221. Elkins Act: Made it illegal for railroads to give, or shippers to receive, rebates
222. Hepburn Act: Authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to set aside railroad rates on the complaint of a shipper and to establish lower rates.
223. Upton Sinclair: author of The Jungle, socialist, called for reform. His book The Jungle led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act.
224. Pure Food and Drug Act: Made it a crime to sell adulterated foods or medicines and provided for correct and complete labeling of agreements.
225. Meat Inspection Act: Led to more effective supervision of meat processing.
226. Conservation: Protecting natural resources for future generations.
227. Newlands Reclamation Act:
228. Gifford Pinchot: Head of the first US Forestry Service. Championed a “wise use” philosophy of public management. On his recommendation, TR used power to add 150 million acres of forest lands to national forests, preserve vast areas of water and coal.
229. Wm. Howard Taft: TR’s hand-chosen successor in Presidency. Used anti-trust laws many times. Broke from progressives over tariff issue, not diminishing power of House Speaker Cannon, and dismissing Pinchot.
230. Mann-Elkins Act:
231. Federal Income Tax; 16th Amendment: 16th Amendment called for the creation of Federal income tax. Incomes under $4000 per year were excluded in 1914, the first year the tax was in effect.
232. Payne-Aldrich Tariff: Raised tariffs on many important imports. Passed after Taft threw his support behind Senate conservatives.
233. Joseph Cannon: Conservative House Speaker who wielded “almost dictatorial” power in the House. Progressives sought to diminish his powers, but Taft needed his support to pass tariff reforms.
234. Socialist Party: Sought immediate gains for workers and the long-term overhaul of society. Appealed to urban workers, intellectuals, migrant laborers, and tenant farmers. agreed on the inherent inequities of capitalism.
235. Eugene Debs: Leader of the Socialist Party. Passionate speaker about the needs of society’s outcasts. Ran for president several times, receiving nearly 1 million votes in the election of 1912.
236. Bull Moose Party: Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive party. Platform advocated bold list of new reforms, including strict regulation of corporations, a national presidential primary, the elimination of child labor, a minimum wage, and universal women’s suffrage.
237. New Nationalism: TR’s political philosophy. Argued only a strong federal government could protect the public’s interest. Called for regulation of industry and economy by government.
238. New Freedom: Wilson’s political plan. Called for a smaller federal government to use its limited powers to break up large concentrations and promote free competition.
239. Underwood Tariff: Reduced import taxes on most goods and levied a graduated income tax to replace the lost income.
240.Federal Reserve Act: Created the nation’s first centralized banking system since the 1830s. Reflected the progressive desire to regulate the economy by creating 12 regional banks to hold the cash reserves of the member banks throughout the nation.
241. Open Shop - Laws by which workers could choose not to join a local union.
Welfare Capitalism -Term applied to a broad range of programs designed to inspire worker loyalty and to promote efficency.
242. Jazz Age - An artistic explosion occurred within the African American community that produced a wealth of music, literature poetry, dance, social discourse and visual art. Jazz, a result of the Harlem Renaissance, originated from the musical minds of American Blacks. These include traits that survived from West African music black folk music forms developed in the New World
243. Consumerism -The middle of the twentieth century shift from heavy industry to consumer goods-automobiles, household appliances, radios and television sets, ready-made clothing, prepared foodwas unmistakable. At the height of the postwar boom, consumer debt (excluding real estate loans) increased from $27.4 billion to $41.7 billion (52 percent) in the four years from 1952 to 1956 alone. Half of the families in the middle-income range carried installment payments.
244. Movies
245. Charles Lindbergh (1902-1974) - Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic
solo flight.
246. Sigmund Freud - An Austrian physician with new ideas on the human mind. One of the founders of the modern science of psychiatry, discovered the subconscious. Believed that the mind is divided into 3 parts: id - primitive impulse; ego - reason which regulates between the id and reality; and superego – morals.
247. Margaret Sanger (1883-1966) - American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.
248. Modernism - A general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the literature (and other arts) of the early 20th century. Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions and of their consensus between author and reader: conventions of realism or traditional meter. Modernist writers tended to see themselves as an avant-garde disengaged from bourgeois values, and disturbed their readers by adopting complex and difficult new forms and styles. In fiction, the accepted continuity of chronological development was upset by Joseph Conrad, Marcel Proust, and William Faulkner, while James Joyce and Virginia Woolf attempted new ways of tracing the flow of characters' thoughts in their stream-of-consciousness styles. In poetry, Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot replaced the logical exposition of thoughts with collages of fragmentary images and complex allusions. Modernist writing is predominantly cosmopolitan, and often expresses a sense of urban cultural dislocation, along with an awareness of new anthropological and psychological theories. Its favoured techniques of juxtaposition and multiple point of view challenge the reader to reestablish a coherence of meaning from fragmentary forms.
249. Fundamentalism - Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.
250. Billy Sunday (1863-1935) - Revivalist. Baseball player and preacher, his baseball background helped him become the most popular evangelist minister of the time. Part of the Fundamentalist revival of the 1920's.
251. Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) - It was she who first coined the phrase “lost generation” for those post-World War I expatriates.
Stein's own innovative writing emphasizes the sounds and rhythms rather than the sense of words. By departing from conventional meaning, grammar, and syntax, she attempted to capture “moments of consciousness,” independent of time and memory. Her first published and work is Three Lives (1909), short stories in which she explored the mental processes of three women. But her most characteristic and probably most difficult narrative is The Making of Americans (1925).
252. Lost Generation - The years immediately after World War I brought a highly vocal rebellion against established social, sexual, and aesthetic conventions and a vigorous attempt to establish new values. Young artists flocked to Greenwich Village, Chicago, and San Francisco, determined to protest and intent on making a new art. Others went to Europe, living mostly in Paris as expatriates.
253. Sinclair Lewis - He gained international fame for his novels attacking the weakness in American society. The first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature, Main Street (1920) was a satire on the dullness and lack of culture in a typical American town. Babbit (1922) focuses on a typical small business person's futile attempts to break loose from the confinements in the life of an American citizen.
254. Ernest Hemingway - He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 and the Pulitzer Prize in 1952. A Farewell to Arms was written in 1929 and told the story of a love affair between an American ambulance driver and a British nurse in Italy during WW I.
255. Ezra Pound - An extremely important influence in the shaping of 20th-century poetry, he was one of the most famous and
controversial literary figures of this century praised as a subtle and complex modern poet, dismissed as a naive egotist and pedant, condemned as a traitor and reactionary.
256. T.S. Elliot - One of the most influential poets of the early 20th century, he had been born in St. Louis, Missouri, but moved to England after college and spent his adult life in Europe. The poem, written in 1922, contrasts the spiritual bankruptcy of modern Europe with the values and unity of the past. Displayed profound despair. Considered the foundation of modernist, 20th century poetry.
257. Frank Lloyd Wright - From the beginning Wright practiced radical innovation both as to structure and aesthetics, and many of
his methods have since become internationally current. At a time when poured reinforced concrete and steel cantilevers were generally confined to commercial structures, Wright did pioneer work in integrating machine methods and materials into a true architectural expression. He was the first architect in the United States to produce open planning in houses, in a break from the traditional closed volume, and to achieve a fluidity of interior space by his frequent elimination of confining walls between rooms.
258. Functionalism - in art and architecture, an aesthetic doctrine developed in the early 20th cent. out of Louis Henry Sullivan's aphorism that form ever follows function. Functionalist architects and artists design utilitarian structures in which the interior program dictates the outward form, without regard to such traditional devices as axial symmetry and classical proportions.
259. Edward Hopper (1882-1967) - American painter and engraver. He excelled in creating realistic pictures of clear-cut, sunlit streets and houses, often without figures. In his paintings there is a frequent atmosphere of loneliness, an almost menacing starkness, and a clear sense of time of day or night. His work in oil and watercolor is slowly and carefully painted, with light and shade used for pattern rather than for modeling. Hopper is represented in many leading American museums.
260. Georgia O’Keefe (1887-1986) - American painter. Her pristine abstract designs carry strong elements of sexual symbolism especially her flower paintings, her most personal works. Using a photographic close-up technique, she revealed the exquisite recesses of calla lilies, orchids, and hollyhocks. Her later works are more purely abstract.
261. Harlem Renaissance - Harlem was a center for black writers, musicians, and intellectuals.
262. Countee Cullen (1903-46) - American poet. A major writer of the Harlem Renaissancea flowering of black artistic and literary
talent in the 1920sCullen wrote poetry inspired by American black life. His technique was conventional, modeled on that of John Keats, and his mood passed from racial pride and optimism in the 1920s to sadness and disappointment in the 1930s.
263. Langston Hughes (1902-1967) - Hughes was a gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry.
264. James Weldon Johnson(1871-1938) - American author. Johnson was the first African American to be admitted to the Florida bar and later was American consul (1906-12), first in Venezuela and then in Nicaragua. He helped found and was secretary (1916-30) of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
265. Claude McKay (1890-1948) - American poet and novelist. A major figure of the Harlem Renaissance, McKay is best remembered for his poems treating racial themes. His works include the volumes of poetry Spring in New Hampshire (1920) and Harlem Shadows (1922); and the novels Home to Harlem (1927), Banjo (1929), and Banana Bottom (1933).
266. Duke Ellington (1899-1974) - American jazz musician and composer. Ellington made his first professional appearance as a jazz pianist in 1916. By 1918 he had formed a band, and after appearances in nightclubs in Harlem he became one of the most famous figures in American jazz.
267. Louis Armstrong (1901-1971) - American jazz trumpet virtuoso, singer, and bandleader. His early playing was noted for improvisation, and his reputation as trumpeter and as vocalist was quickly established. Armstrong was a major influence on the melodic development of jazz in the 1920s; because of him solo performance attained a position of great importance in jazz.
268. Bessie Smith (1894-1937) - American singer. She quickly became the favorite singer of the jazz public. The power and somber beauty of her voice, coupled with songs representing every variety of the blues, earned her the title “Empress of the Blues.”
269. Paul Robson
270. Marcus Garvey - (1887-1940) Universal Negro Improvement Association Black leader who advocated "black nationalism," and financial independence for Blacks, he started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed Blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations.
271. Scopes trial - 1925 - Prosecution of Dayton, Tennessee school teacher, John Scopes, for violation of the Butler Act, a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Former Democratic presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, prosecuted the case, and the famous criminal attorney, Clarence Darrow, defended Scopes. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism.
272. Clarence Darrow (1857-1938) - American lawyer. Darrow was himself tried for allegedly bribing a juror in the trial, but he was acquitted. In the Chicago “thrill” murder trial (1924) of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb he saved the defendants from execution by a plea of temporary insanity. Long an agnostic, Darrow fought fundamentalist religious tenets in the Scopes evolution case. Pitted against William Jennings Bryan , he defended without success a schoolteacher charged with violating a Tennessee statute prohibiting teaching that man descended from other forms of life. Many felt, nevertheless, that Darrow's examination of Bryan on the witness stand did much to discredit fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible.
273. Prohibition/ Volstead Act Prohibition - 1919: the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Volstead Act - 1919: Defined what drinks constituted "intoxicating liquors" under the 18th Amendment, and set penalties for violations of prohibition. Al Capone: In Chicago, he was one of the most famous leaders of organized crime of the era.
274. Organized Crime The organized-crime syndicate in the United States is a product of the prohibition era of the early 20th cent. The efforts of federal officials to enforce the unpopular Volstead Act of 1920 generated the growth of highly organized bootlegging rings with nationwide and international contacts.
275. Immigration quota laws 1921 - First legislation passed which restricted the number of immigrants. Quota was 357,800, which let in only 2% of the number of people of that nationality that were allowed in in 1890. 1924 - Limited the number of immigrants to 150,000 per year.
276. 1921/1924 (what about these years? Am I supposed to say everything that happened those years. lol)
277. Sacco and Vanzetti - Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.
278. Ku Klux Klan - Based on the post-Civil War terrorist organization, the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was founded in Georgia in 1915 by William Simmons to fight the growing "influence" of blacks, Jews and Catholics in US society. It experienced phenomenal growth in the 1920's, especially in the Midwest and Ohio Valley states. It's peak membership came in 1924 at 3 million members, but its reputation for violence led to rapid decline by 1929.
279. Disarmament - Meeting for the discussion of general disarmament. The first systematic efforts to limit armaments on an international scale, in either a quantitative or a qualitative sense, occurred at the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907. Although those efforts were unsuccessful, the Allied Powers (with the exception of the United States) after World War I committed themselves to disarmament in the Treaty of Versailles and in the Covenant of the League of Nations. The United States participated in the limitation of naval armaments by the Washington Conference (1921-22) and the London Naval Conference (1930).
280. Washington Conference (1921-1922) - The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies.
281. Kellogg-Briand Pact - "Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.
282. War Debts - As early as 1914 the United States began to extend credits for the purchase of American goods to the European Allies, and in 1915 the first of many long-term war loans was made to the Allied powers. In addition to loans made during the war itself, loans and credits were extended for several years after the armistice, both to allied and former enemy nations. All the debtor nations except Russia (where the USSR had replaced the Russian Empire) recognized their obligations. In 1922 the World War Foreign Debt Commission of the United States negotiated with 15 European countries and set the funded indebtedness, based on capacity to pay, at slightly more than $11.5 billion. A 62-year period of repayment was arranged for, and thus principal and interest charges would have amounted to more than $22 billion. The United States refused to reduce the debt further, but the serious European financial situation caused U.S. agreement on some reductions in 1925-26. Payments were made until 1931, largely out of the reparations that the Allies received from Germany. In the Lausanne Pact of 1932 the debtors greatly reduced German reparations in the hope that the United States would release all claims. The United States refused. Six countries made token payments in 1933, but in 1934 all the debtors formally defaulted except Hungary, which paid interest until 1939, and Finland, which continued to pay in full.
283. Reparations - As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.
284. Dawes Plan - Post-WW I depression in Germany left it unable to pay reparation and Germany defaulted on its payments in 1923. In 1924, U.S. Vice President Charles Dawes formulated a plan to allow Germany to make its reparation payments in annual installments. This plan was renegotiated and modified in 1929 by U.S. financier Owen Young.
285. Great Depression - The severe economic crisis supposedly precipitated by the U.S. stock-market crash of 1929. Although it shared the basic characteristics of other such crises the Great Depression was unprecedented in its length and in the wholesale poverty and tragedy it inflicted on society. The American depression produced severe effects abroad, especially in Europe, where many countries had not fully recovered from the aftermath of World War I; in Germany, the economic disaster and resulting social dislocation contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler. In the United States, at the depth (1932-33) of the depression, there were 16 million unemployedabout one third of the available labor force. The gross national product declined from the 1929 figure of $103,828,000,000 to $55,760,000,000 in 1933.
286. Stock Market Crash of 1929 - Overnight, individuals and companies were ruined. It was estimated that Canadian stocks lost a total value of $5 billion on paper in 1929. By mid-1930, the value of stocks for the 50 leading Canadian companies had fallen by over 50% from their peaks in 1929.The stock market collapse affected all investors—individuals who had been persuaded to buy shares as well as speculators looking to make a fast dollar. Despite the market crash, 1929 was a good year for banks, mines, manufacturing and construction in Canada. All reported record profits at year-end.
287. Black Tuesday Tuesday, October 29. Panicked investors sold more than 16.4 million shares—a record that would stand until 1968. By the end of the day, the market lost $32 billion.
288. Dow Jones Index - Indicators used to measure and report value changes in representative stock groupings on the New York stock exchange. There are four different averages industrial stocks, transportation stocks, utility stocks, and a composite average of all three. The index was started in 1884 by Charles Dow (1851-1902) and Edward Davis Jones (1856-1920) as an average consisting mostly of railroad stocks.
289. Income Distribution - The first step toward building government revenues and redistributing wealth, a tax that was levied on annual income over a specific amount and with certain legally permitted deductions.
290. Buying on Margin - Part of a security's price that a buyer must pay for in cash. The balance of the price is met by the broker, who, in effect, is supplying a client with a loan. The smaller the margin, the greater the inducement to speculation. Low margin requirements were considered an important cause of the 1929 collapse of the American stock market. In 1934, the Securities Exchange Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the power to regulate margin requirements. The amount has been reset at various times, but in recent years, the Federal Reserve has instituted a 50% margin requirement with a $2,000 minimum.
291. Gross National Product - In economics, a quantitative measure of a nation's total economic activity, generally assessed yearly or quarterly.
292. Herbert Hoover (1874-1964) - 31st President of the United States (1929-33). Immigration Act, Stock Market Crash of 1929, Causes of Depression, Hawley- Smoot Tariff-1930, and Reconstruction Finance Act.
293. Hawley-Smoot Tariff - 1930 Congressional compromise serving special interest, it raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It may have contributed to the spread of the international depression.
294. Debt Moratorium - Acting on President Hoover's advice, the Allies suspended Germany's reparation payments for one year.
295. Reconstruction Finance Corporation - agency of the United States government, created during the economic depression, which lent money to financial institutions, as an attempt to revive the economy after the Great Depression.
Bonus March march by World War I veterans on Washington, D.C., in 1932. In May 1932 Walter V. Waters and other veterans in Portland, Oregon, formed the Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF), known as the Bonus Army. They demanded payment of a bonus promised to them in 1924 but not available until 1945. The veterans were suffering through the Great Depression and needed the bonus immediately.
296. Franklin Delano Roosevelt - 32nd President who held office during two of the greatest crises ever faced by the United States: the Great Depression of the 1930s, followed by World War II. His domestic program, known as the New Deal, introduced far-reaching reforms within the free enterprise system and prepared the way for what is often called the welfare state. His leadership of the Democratic Party transformed it into a political vehicle for American liberalism
297. Eleanor Roosevelt - social activist, author, lecturer, and United States representative to the United Nations. She was the wife of United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
298. Twentieth Amendment - advanced the assumption of office by the president, vice president, and members of Congress from March to January following their elections
299. Lame Duck President A president who had not sought reelection came to be known as “lame ducks” because they continued to exercise the prerogatives of office despite the crippling of their authority as a result of their imminent retirement
300. First New Deal – 1st Hundred Days in what was known as the first Hundred Days, Roosevelt and the Democratic Congress enacted a slew of measures to combat the depression and prevent its recurrence. The measures of 1933 included: the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which paid farmers to curtail their production (later upset by the Supreme Court); the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), which established codes of fair competition to regulate industry and guaranteed labor's right to collective bargaining (again, the law was overturned in 1935); and the Public Works Administration, which constructed roads, dams, and public buildings. Other acts of the first Hundred Days created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured deposits in banks in case banks failed, and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which provided electric power to areas of the southeast. The government also set up work camps for the unemployed, refinanced mortgages, provided emergency relief, and regulated the stock market through the Securities and Exchange Commission.
