Part II

101. Ethnic neighborhoods – the best I can tell you is that ethnic groups cluster together and form their own neighborhoods; good examples are Chinatown in San Francisco, Little Havana in Miami, and the likes.

101. Tenements – urban housing for poor; subdivided homes housed up to 150 people; poor ventilation, no heat bathrooms, or kitchen

102. Suburbs – most of you westonites are very familiar with this; white middle class; easy access to business district (hah!) but safe distance from congestion, dirt, and crime of downtown; made single homes affordable; balloon-frame housing (even back then they all looked alike); led to widening physical and social gap between rich and poor; hardened racial divisions

103. Frederic Law Olmstead political machine – designer of NY’s Central Park; brought rural beauty to modern city, created psychological sense of freedom, provided moral uplift to urban life; no idea what his political machine was, some sneaky conspiracy theory, maybe he pumped extra oxygen into the park air to make the public more receptive to his plans (can you tell how late it is?)

104. Party boss – all that jazz about corruption in the cities and Democratic immigrant votes, think Gangs of New York, but if you didn’t see it, don’t bother

105. Henry George – Progress and Poverty –challenged governmental policy of giving away publicly owned natural resources to individuals or corporations seeking to enrich themselves

106. Edward Bellamy – Looking Backwards – utopian socialist society; government owns means of production, distributed wealth equally among all citizens, competition is irrelevant

107. Settlement houses – neighborhood center; first started by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr; Hull House; constructive outlet for humanitarian instincts; Toynbee House in London; workshop for urban progressivism

108. Jane Addams – founder of Hull House; progressive reformer

109. Social Gospel movement – main teachings of Christianity (social justice and sacrifice) should form the foundation of modern society; foundation of progressivism

110. Walter Rauschenbusch – Protestant theologian; leading proponent of the Social Gospel; encountered harsh realities of poverty and misery in Hell’s Kitchen; wrote Christianity and the Social Crisis and Christianity and the Social Order (original titles, aren’t they); all people should work toward creating the Kingdom of God on earth.

111. Dwight Moody – leader of highly publicized Protestant revivals; preached the 3 R’s of the gospel to middle-class followers; ruin by sin, redemption by Christ, regeneration by the Holy Ghost

112. Salvation Army – Protestant initiative which combined lively preaching with charity work; founded in England by William Booth

113. Mary Baker Eddy – haven’t the foggiest who she is

114. National American Women’s Suffrage Movement – the association of the same name; radical faction of Equal Rights Association; founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton; campaigned against ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment; employed racist and elitist arguments

115. Women’s Christian Temperance Union – organization in the 1870s of Protestant women; national crusade against alcohol

116. Frances E. Willard – couldn’t tell you for the life of me

117. Anti-Saloon League - organization in the 1870s of Protestant women; national crusade against alcohol

118. Carry A. Nation – again, don’t know

119. Anthony Comstock – Comstock Laws – law prohibiting any mail containing matter “designed to incite lust,” specifically ads for contraceptives

120. Charles E. Eliot – you’re asking me?

121. Johns Hopkins University – college founded by large donations from wealthy industrialists

122. Oliver Wendall Holmes – Supreme Court Justice; progressive legal thinker; justified Espionage Act in Schenck v. U.S., citing “clear and present danger”

123. Lester Ward – Brown University sociologist; human intelligence allowed people to plan and order their worlds as they saw fit; Dynamic Sociology; Social Darwinists had underestimated the capability of human intelligence to alter the environment and improve society

124. Clarence Darrow – famous attorney; defense attorney for John Scopes during anti-evolution law trial; anti-evolution laws violated freedom of religion by forcing the state to teach the biblical version of creation; “urban evil”

125. W.E.B. DuBois – Souls of Black Folk; attacked Atlanta Compromise’s accomodationist philosophy of Booker T. Washington; “Talented Tenth”; organized National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

126. Bret Hatre – the very last one, and I don’t know who he is. Sorry!

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127. William McKinley – US President from 1896 until assassination in 1901. Backed by American big business, McKinley championed high protective tariffs and opposed Free Silver. Under McKinley, the US engaged in a period of Imperialism, i.e. Spanish American War. Succeeded by Teddy Roosevelt.

128. Mark Hanna – conservative Republican Party boos who helped get McKinley elected, later US Senator from Ohio. Also settled coal strikes.

129. Dingely Tariff 1897 – tariff passed under McKinley which reduced items on the free from tariff list and increased rates of tariffs to highest in history.

130. William Seward – Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson, made sure Europe did not support confederacy and also orchestrated Alaskan purchase from Russia (Seward’s folly)

131. Alaska Purchase – American deal to buy Alaska from Russia called foolish until gold discovered

132. New imperialism – movement to expand Manifest Destiny to Pacific and Caribbean led to Spanish American War

133. International Darwinism – national application of social Darwinism that naturally stronger countries could control weak countries, an excuse for imperialism

134. Josiah Strong “Our Country” - In this book, Strong argued that the American country and people were superior because they were Anglo-Saxon.

135. Alfred Mayer” Influence of Sea Power on Naval History” - He was a proponent of building a large navy. He said that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade America depended on.

136. Pan American Conference – Blaine called in 1889 to discuss creation of international American market economy, fell short achieved Pan American Highway system

137. Richard Olney – US Attorney General who vehemently opposed railroad strike of 1893 pressured Cleveland to send troops to stop

138. Venezuela Boundary Dispute - 1902 - England, Germany and Italy had blockaded Venezuelan ports because Latin American countries failed to make payments on debts owed to foreign banks. U.S. invoked the Monroe Doctrine and pressured the European powers to back off.

139. Cuba – island, which became American sphere of influence after Spanish American War, Plat amendment expanded America’s role in

140. Jingoism – excessive nationalism that often leads to war mongering

141. Valeriano Weyeler – Spanish General who led US Army ground invasion of Cuba, so fat he had to be carried around, also called the Butcher

142. Yellow Journalism - Term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the time. They were written on cheap yellow paper. The most famous yellow journalist was William Randolf Hearst. Yellow journalism was considered tainted journalism - omissions and half-truths.

143. Spanish American War – war between the two over Cuba and other Spanish territories. US claimed fought over mysterious bombing of the “Maine”

144. Splendid little war – term given by Hay to describe the joy after the short and victorious Spanish American War

145. De Lome letter - Written by the Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lôme, it was stolen from the mail and delivered to Hearst. He had called McKinley weak and bitter. It was played up by the yellow journalists.

 146. Maine - February 15, 1898 - An explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havanna crippled the warship Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain.

147. Teller Amendment - April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but the Teller Amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba.

148. Philippines – acquired by America from Spanish American War. Some Filipinos tried to revolt, got crushed final achieved self rule in 1946

149. George Dewey – Navy commodore who commanded US surprise attack on Spanish fleet at Battle of Manila

150. Theodore Roosevelt – US president, VP, New York governor, undersecretary of navy, Rough Rider, engaged government in trust busting and greater involvement in international affairs

151. Rough Riders - Theodore Roosevelt formed these volunteers to fight in the Spanish- American War in Cuba. They charged up San Juan Hill during the battle of Santiago. It made Roosevelt popular.

152. Hawaii Annexation - By the late 1800s, U.S. had exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In July 1898, Congress made Hawaii a U.S. territory, for the use of the islands as naval ports. Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani

153. Puerto Rico Guam and Philippines - The U.S. acquired these territories from Spain through the Treaty of Paris (1898), which ended the Spanish-American War.

154. Emilio Aguinaldo - (1869-1964) led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence.

155. Anti Imperialist League - A league containing anti-imperialist groups Mark Twain William James; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists protested territories

156. Insular cases – series of Supreme Court cases in 1901 in which Court ruled that the Constitution and US laws did not all necessarily apply to colonies. Instead, Congress would decide where laws applied and who attained citizenship

157. Patt Amendment - A rider to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901, it specified the conditions under which the U.S. could intervene in Cuba's internal affairs, and provided that Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. Its provisions where later incorporated into the Cuban Constitution.

158. John Hay – Secretary of State under McKinley wrote Open Door Notes for China. Helped negotiate acquisition of Panama Canal Zone.

159. Spheres of Influence - Region in which political and economic control is exerted by western nation to the exclusion of all others. Spheres of influence appeared primarily in the East, and also in Africa.

160. Open Door Policy – agreement among imperialist nations that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.

161. Xenophobia – fear of foreigners that swept thorugh nation after immigration boom

162. Boxer Rebellion - 1900 - a secret Chinese society called the Boxers because their symbol was a fist revolted against foreigners in their midst and laid siege to foreign legislations in Beijing.

163. Big-stick Policy - Roosevelt said, "walk softly and carry a big stick." In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin America.

164. Hay-Puanceforte Treaty - 1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.

165. Panama Canal - Built by US to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster. Had to make diplomatic/military maneuvers to acquire land great engineering accomplishment

166. George Goethals – Army engineer who oversaw completion of Panama Canal, overcame many obstacles to finish project ahead of schedule. First governor of canal zone

167. William Gorgas – American sanitary officer helped made Panama Canal possible by destroying mosquitoes later became surgeon general

168. Roosevelt Corollary - U.S. would act as international policemen, particularly Latin America. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.

169. Santo Domingo – Grant tried to annex for $1.5 million it failed in the Senate and caused public protest

170. Russo-Japanese War - Japan had attacked the Russian Pacific fleet over Russia's refusal to withdraw its troops from Mancharia after the Boxer Rebellion (1904-1905) War fought mainly in Korea. Japan victorious

171. Treaty of Portsmouth - the U.S. mediated the end of the Russo-Japanese War. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation. Japan won, but did not receive everything it conquered

172. Gentleman’s Agreement - In 1907 Theodore Roosevelt arranged with Japan that Japan would voluntarily restrict the immigration of its nationals to the U.S.

173. Great White fleet - 1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

174. Root Takahira Agreement (1908) - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

175. Algericas Conference – settled fist Moroccan Crisis by giving it to France, eventually caused Second Moroccan Crisis and World War I

176. William Howard Taft - 27th President (1908-1912), he was the only man to serve as both President of the U.S. and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Overweight, he was the only president to get stuck in the White House bathtub. Roosevelt supported he in 1908, but later ran against him.

177. Dollar Diplomacy - Taft and Knox cam up with it to further foreign policy in the U.S. in 1909-1913 under the Roosevelt Corollary. It was meant to avoid military intervention by giving foreign countries monetary aid.

178. Nicaragua – 1926, when US interests threatened Coolidge sent Marines to restore order, later US controlled elections held

179. Henry Cabot Lodge – Republican Senator from Massachusetts who opposed League of Nations and worked to insure its defeat in Congress. Supporter of Spanish American War

180. Lodge Corollary – addition to Monroe Doctrine that no non American corporation could obtain strategic areas in Western Hemisphere

181.Woodrow Wilson – US President former governor and Princeton president stressed New Freedom, Self Determination, Moral Diplomacy, and League of Nations, along with the rest of the Fourteen Points

182. New Freedom - Wilson believed that monopolies had to be broken up and that the government must regulate business. He believed in competition, and called his economic plan "New Freedom."

183. Moral Diplomacy – idealistic goal of Wilson that America would think of its principles instead of its wallet, valuing democracy and self determination

184. Jones Act: 1916. Stated that the U.S. intended to grant Philippine independence “as soon as a stable government was established.” Remained the basic legislation for the administration of the Philippines until 1934.

185. Mexican Civil War: General Huerta seizes power from Francisco Madero, an idealistic reformer. Not really necessary to know as this is US history. Just know that Wilson fails badly in foreign policy towards Mexico with his moral diplomacy.

186. Victoriano Huerta: Gains control of Mexican government by murdering Francisco Madero. Following his moral diplomacy policy, Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta.

187. Tampico Incident: During Mexican Civil War, a German ship would be bringing arms to Veracruz to aid Huerta, so Huerta had all port cities under martial law. When seven sailors from a U.S. ship docked at Tampico to get supplies, soldiers arrested them. Mexico

released the sailors, but the U.S. Admiral demanded a twenty-one gun salute be given and the soldiers punished. Wilson issued his own ultimatum, saying the sailors must be given a 21-gun salute to the Navy would blockade Veracruz. The Navy seizes Veracruz in a fight. War over this silly incident diverted when other Latin American countries mediate the dispute.

188. ABC Powers: Argentina, Brazil, Chile

189. Pancho Villa: Anti-Carranza rebel who after being defeated by Carranza and abandoned by Wilson, turned to terrorizing Americans. Chased by Gen. Pershing.

190. Venustiano Carranza: Leader of “constitutionalist” faction in Mexico. Seizes power from Huerta. Wilson reluctantly recognizes Carranza’s government three years after he takes power.

191. Mexico/Pershing: Pershing and army of 11,600 sent by Wilson on punitive expedition into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa. Pershing moves more than 300 miles into central Mexico in vain effort. Carranza demands troops leave, forces clash, war narrowly averted as Pershing retreats, Wilson officially recognizes Carranza’s government.

192. Progressive Movement: The collective effort of various reformers (labor, business, females, temperance) to tame the consequences of industrialism and urbanization. Believed government could be used as a powerful tool for social betterment; expand government; people essentially rational and could demand government to make changes; hoped to purge society of its individualistic excesses by stressing cooperation and emphasizing social responsibility; passion for efficiency; alter social conditions and improve society.

193. Pragmatism: Modern society must rely less on guidance on old ideals and moral principles and more on the test of scientific inquiry. James: “Pragmatism is willing to follow either the logic or the senses, and to count the humblest and most personal experiences.”

194. William James: Psychologist who laid groundwork for most Progressive thought in his seminal book, Principles of Psychology. Argued humans could control own evolution. Philosophy of pragmatism.

195. John Dewey: Philosopher-educator. Rejected tradition of rote memorization. Emphasized creative, flexible education that enabled students to acquire practical knowledge.

196. Frederick Taylor: Engineer. Pioneered scientific management by doing time-motion studies on worker’s operations. Determined the simplest, cheapest way of performing each job.

197. Scientific management: Subdivided manufacturing into small tasks, thus imposing a new level of regimentation on factory life. Resulted in standardization of work procedures.

198. Muckrakers: Name given by Theodore Roosevelt to journalists who combined factual reporting with heavy moralizing to expose dishonesty, greed, and corruption in America and to arouse the indignation of middle-class readers.

199. Henry D. Lloyd: Chicago lawyer, journalist, author. A critic of trusts, complaining they destroyed competition, undermined free enterprise, and stifled individual opportunity.

200. Standard Oil Company: Owned by John D. Rockefeller and one of country’s largest corporations. A trust busted by T. Roosevelt with Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Standard Oil became many smaller oil companies, like Chevron and Texaco.