First 400 terms from Jackie’s Group (I’ll post up the rest when she e mails me)
1. Great American Desert - land west of the Missouri River and east of the Rocky Mountains; no trees, little rainfall and tough prairie sod; early 19th century people believed it to be non-arable.
2. Mining frontier - government wanted to encourage western mining as a way to settle what was to become the Western U.S.A.; General Mining Act of 1872 essentially allowed those who find rock minerals in public territory to buy the land for $5.00 an acre; began in 1849 with the California gold rush
3. Comstock Lode - most influential silver mine in western Nevada: huge geological formation of ore, led to Virginia & Truckee Railroad, Nevada becoming the 13th state, and financed the Union Civil War effort
4. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 - "An Act to prohibit the coming of Chinese laborers into the United States" for 10 years. The first major restriction on immigration to the United States.
5. Cattle Drives - mass movements of cattle to towns or better grazing grounds; presented an unsettled West that would soon be filled with homesteaders, barbed wire protecting fields, and established communities
6. Cowboys/ vaqueros - skilled riders who worked with wild animals (cows and horses) and who regularly faced the many dangers of the frontier; symbol of the western frontier and American heritage in values of bravery and disregard of personal
danger, comradeship with peers, and loyalty to the hacienda and its brand
7. Barbed wire(sig) - Invented by Glidden when traditional fence materials (wooden rails and stone) became scarce and expensive, transformed the cattle industry, ending the open range to a large extent and making possible the introduction of blooded cattle.
8. Farming frontier - open, arable lands cultivated for large crop yields
9. Great Plains - extensive grassland region on the continental slope of central North America; the first westward_bound pioneers bypassed the Great Plains. Railroads were largely responsible for their development after the Civil War. An initial wave of settlement was followed by emigration in times of drought. By the mid_1930s, decades of overgrazing and poor soil management in many of the Plains states had resulted in dust storms and the devastation of crops
10. Oklahoma Territory - western Oklahoma state; became a territory in 1890; included the Panhandle, the narrow strip of territory taken from Texas by the Compromise of 1850 & became a no_man's_land where settlers came in undisturbed. In 1893 the Dawes Commission was appointed to implement a policy of dividing the tribal lands into individual holdings; the Native Americans resisted, but the policy was finally enforced in 1906. The wide lands of the Indian Territory were thus made available to whites. Known at various times and under various circumstances as Louisiana, Mandan Territory, the great American Desert, uninhabitable lands and the Indian Territory
11. Frederick Jackson Turner & Thesis - American historian best known for the “frontier thesis": the frontier shaped a new American lifestyle; cheap or free land provided a "safety valve" which protected the nation against uprisings of the poverty_striken and malcontent. The frontier molded an American national character that was individualistic and egalitarian.
12. Reservations - Designated plots of land unwanted by whites that Native Americans were forced to move to
13. Indian Wars - caused mostly by settlers’ slaughtering buffalo & taking Native lands; heaviest fighting was on the Great
Plains; Am. generals: George Crook and Nelson Miles; Opposition: four tribes: Sioux, Apache, Comanche, & Cheyenne. Not-so-effective opposition: Arapaho, Kiowa, Ute, Blackfoot, Shoshone, Nez Percé, & Bannock. Native leaders: Geronimo, Crazy Horse, Chief Joseph, Captain Jack, Red Cloud, and Mangas Coloradas
14. Sitting Bull - leader of Sioux warfare against whites forcing Native Americans to settle on reservations Victory on the Little Bighorn, where George Armstrong Custer and his men were defeated and killed; encouraged the Sioux to refuse to sell their lands; advocated the ghost dance religion
15. Crazy Horse - war chief of the Oglala Sioux: leader in the Sioux resistance to white encroachment in the mineral_rich Black Hills; victorious in that battle as well as one against Gen. George Crook on the Rosebud River; joined Sitting Bull and Gall in defeating George Armstrong Custer at the battle of the Little Bighorn. Gen. Nelson Miles attacked his camp, and Crazy Horse and his followers spent the rest of that winter in a state of near starvation; Surrendered at the Red Cloud agency in May.
16. George Custer - lieutenant in 1868_Battle of the Washita, surprise attack on Cheyenne village, killed leader (Black Kettle) of Cheyenne, most famous for: colonel who attacked assumed small Indian encampment, actually Sioux warrior force, slaughtered in greatest Native American victory in Plains Wars (Little Big Horn, 1876)
17. Little Big Horn - encampment of Sioux warriors on Little Big Horn River, assembled by Sitting Bull, defeated Custer and
his men, resulted in creation of “Custer’s Avengers” who defeated Sioux
18. Chief Joseph - chief of Nez Perce land Indians, peacefully resisted in a legal treaty to cede his land, 1877_people finally captured and forced onto reservation
19. Helen Hunt Jackson - Century of Dishonor (1881), exposed American duplicity and corruption in dealing with Indians, inspired Indian reformers
20. Assimilationists - Indian reformers, attempted to “civilize” Indians through schooling, converting to individual land_owners, and holding ceremonies (e.g. Last Arrow Pageants)
21. Dawes Severalty Act (a.k.a. Dawes General Allotment Act) - provided land to head of Indian families, sold surplus land to white homesteaders
22. Ghost Dance Movement - late 1888, Wovoka (Paiute Indian)_taught Indians to dance in large circle to make white man vanish and regain old world
23. Wounded Knee - battle at frozen creek (Wounded Knee, South Dakota), over 150 Sioux killed who had fled there after Sitting Bull’s murder
24. Indian Reorganization Act (a.k.a. Indian New Deal) - 1934, passed by John Collier, restore land to tribal ownership, protected Native American religious practices and tribal culture, provided for Indian self_government of reservations, new loans for economic development, expanded educational and medical services
25. New South - end of Reconstruction, wanted South to abandon old agrarian ways, transform itself into bustling center of commerce and industry, despite development of few factories and rise of few large cities, southern society, steeped in white supremacy, remained economically dependent on cheap labor and King Cotton
26. Crop Lien System - South’s main form of agricultural credit, forced farmers into growing cash crops (make most money, e.g. cotton), dependence on single crop made South less self_sufficient and inhibited economic growth throughout the region
27. George Washington Carver - created 325 products from peanuts and 100 from sweet potatoes plus other uses for different plants, contributed to rural economic improvement
28. Tuskegee Institute - organized by Booker T. Washington, state vocational institute for blacks
Farmers’ Southern Alliance - part of Alliance Movement of 1880s, white only, established elaborate system for reaching farmers in isolated areas
29. Colored Farmers’ Alliance - counterpart of Farmers’ Southern Alliance for black farmers
30. Segregation laws/Jim Crowe _ named after minstrel song from 1830’s that dubbed blacks inferior, made it impossible for whites and blacks to mix. Began with railcars, but was soon extended to include all public areas and private business widely in public use such as restaurants.
31. Civil Rights Cases 1883 _ United States v Harris, argued that the lynching of four black prisoners didn’t constitute an infringement of their 14th amendment rights. In an earlier related case, United States v Cruikskank, the court decided that mob attacks on blacks attempting to vote did not infringe on the blacks 14th amendment rights.
32. Plessy v Ferguson _ 1896, The Court upheld 7 to 1 a Louisiana law that required separate but equal accommodations on railroads.
33. Grandfather Clause _ Limited franchise to those who had a grandfather voting in the 1867 election. The measure effectively barred blacks from voting.
34. Poll Tax/Literacy tests _ Mississippi Constitution of 1860 began pattern by requiring 2 dollars from voters at registration. Literacy tests were biased in application and the interpretive questions asked about the Constitution were used in the favor of poor whites over blacks literate or not.
35. Ida B. Wells: Memphis free speech - Ida B Wells published her newspaper Free Speech. Office of the paper was destroyed by white vandals, and Wells began a massive antilynching campaign. She moved to north and continued her black activism.
36. Booker T. Washington - Born to a slave woman and her white master, Washington organized the Tuskegee Institute, a state vocational school for blacks. He advocated a cautious approach to equality.
37. National Negro Business League - Founded by Booker T. Washington in 1900, the National Negro Business League sought to promote the "commercial, agricultural, educational, and industrial advancement" of African Americans.
38. Commercial Farming - Movement of corporations to buy out old “Mom and Pop” farms and create a profitable business from farming.
39. Crop-price Deflation - Caused by overproduction and flooding the market with surplus. Government attempted to stem by legislation numerous times.
40. National Grange Movement - Formed by Oliver Hudson Kelley in 1867, by 1875 had 800,000 members in 20,000 locals across Mid West South and South West. Grange members moved for legislation for price regulation on grain elevators and railroads and attempted to sell goods without the middlemen, by negotiating with the manufacturers.
41. Cooperatives - Groups of farmers bound together for the purpose of attempting to bring about price control.
42. Granger Laws - set or authorized maximum railroad rates and establishing state railroad commissions for administering the new legislation.
43. Munn v. Illinois (1876) - established as constitutional the principle of public regulation of private utilities devoted to public use.
44. Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois - The decision narrowed earlier ones favorable to state regulation of those phases of interstate commerce upon which Congress itself had not acted. The court declared invalid an I
45. Illinois law prohibiting long - and short-haul clauses in transportation contracts as an infringement on the exclusive powers of Congress granted by the commerce clause of the Constitution. The result of the case was denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads, and the decision led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
46. Interstate Commerce Act - 1887, five man commission empowered to use federal courts to enforce decisions, attacked monopolistic and competitive evils connected with railroads, declared that rates must be reasonable
47. Farmers’ Alliance - powerful new movement in West and South in 1880s, developed national program seeking new forms of federal intervention for farmers’ needs, formed Populist Party in 1892
48. National Alliance -
49. Ocala Platform - Populist Revolt in 1890, demanding 13 articles including direct election of U.S. Senators and abolition of national banks
50. Cornelius Vanderbilt - broke steamboat monopoly of Fulton and Livingston for waters around New York City, built New York Central Railroad, when died was richest man in America ($105 million)
51. New York Central Railroad - built by Vanderbilt, high quality quadrupled track railroad that played a key role in the development of the Midwestern United States, virtually replaced Erie Canal
52. Trunk line - The main line of a communications or transportation system.
53. Federal land Grants - 130 million acres of public land to railroad expansion, 1865_1889
54. Transcontinental railroad - formed by Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, connection of Central Pacific from San Francisco and Union Pacific from Omaha, Nebraska, met at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869
55. Union and Central Pacific - Union Pacific_engine #119, Central Pacific_Jupiter, met to form transcontinental railroad
56. Jay Gould – made fortune in Civil War; took lead in reshaping postwar economy; “captain of industry”; “spoilsman” during Reconstruction who joined with President Grant’s brother-in-law in an effort to corner the gold market
57. Watered stock – my best guess is that this pertains to inflation and speculation in the stock market. That’s just a guess, though.
58. Pools Rebate Panic of 1893 – well, there was a depression in 1893 caused by the failure of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. The usual in depressions: all the railroads went under, banks folded, Black Friday, etc. High unemployment, little relief efforts.
59. Pool Rebate part – something to do w/ railroad rebates maybe?
60. J. Pierpont Morgan - made fortune in Civil War; took lead in reshaping postwar economy; “captain of industry”; industrial experimenter who devised new methods for managing industrial order; praised competition as bringing the fittest to the fore, but efforts to control prices and corral competition raised questions about role of government in regulating industry; most famous investment banker of his age; channeled European capital into the U.S., facilitating the union between finance and industry; successfully managed reorganization of several railroads; raised necessary money for creation of U.S. Steel; provided backing for government bonds under Cleveland; Northern Securities Company prosecuted by Theodore Roosevelt under Sherman
61. Anti-Trust Act (enough info for ya?)
62. William Vanderbilt – eastern investor in Old West cattle ranching
63. Second Industrial Revolution – wow, well, the entirety of chapter 18 is about the industrial revolution. This might take awhile, so you’re gonna get a REALLY edited version. Economic experimentation in the last half of the nineteenth century; rise of big business, emergence of a national economy, changing nature of work; beginning of business regulation and labor organization; continuing tensions of race, class and gender
64. Bessemer process- steel production method; revolutionized production; stimulated phenomenal expansion; led to rapid railroad expansion
65. Andrew Carnegie - made fortune in Civil War; took lead in reshaping postwar economy; “captain of industry”; industrial experimenter who devised new methods for managing industrial order; praised competition as bringing the fittest to the fore, but efforts to control prices and corral competition raised questions about role of government in regulating industry; author of
“Gospel of Wealth”; celebrated benefits of better goods and lower prices resulting from competition; concentration of wealth in the hands of a few leading industrialists; order and efficiency out of chaos of rapid industrialization; rich are obligated to spend wealth to benefit poor; applied vertical integration to steel industry; born in Scotland to impoverished parents; emigrated to U.S.; climbed American industrial pyramid starting as messenger boy in Pittsburgh telegraph office; built J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works; Puritan doctrin of stewardship; Social Darwinist; ruthless business practices; drove competitors out of business with low prices; acquired sources of iron ore, coke and coal, steamships, and a railroad to guarantee pig iron for steel production; proof of the American Dream of success; member of the anti-Imperialist League
66. Vertical integration – method of controlling industry employed by Carnegie in steel industry; control of all parts of production from beginning to end
67. U.S. Steel – financed by J.P. Morgan; dominated steel industry; profited greatly from World War I; early recognizer of CIO; prosecuted by Taft under Sherman Anti-Trust Act after acquisition of Tennessee Coal and Iron Company; cause of final split between Taft and Roosevelt
68. John D. Rockefeller - made fortune in Civil War; took lead in reshaping postwar economy; “captain of industry”; industrial experimenter who devised new methods for managing industrial order; praised competition as bringing the fittest to the fore, but efforts to control prices and corral competition raised questions about role of government in regulating industry; used horizontal integration to build Standard Oil Company; invested in oil refineries during Civil War; consolidated control over industry; reduced cost and drove competition out of business by keeping wages low, paying meticulous attention to detail, and negotiating secret deals with railroads; formed secret pool called South Improvement Company which negotiated railroad rebates; practiced vertical integration; created the trust, which allowed company stockholders to exchange stock for trust certificates, allowing Rockefeller to exert greater control over business, centralize management and decision-making processes, and adjust quickly to changing circumstances; Standard Oil Trust; invented holding company, large-scale mergers which bought stock of member companies, establishing direct, formal control over their operations; revived University of Chicago with financial donations; intended victim of May Day bombing during Red Scare
69. Standard Oil Trust – owned by Rockefeller; horizontally and vertically integrated; donated heavily to President McKinley’s election campaign in 1896; unfair business practices exposed in McClure’s by Ida Tarbell; driven out of Manchuria by Japan in 1905
70. Horizontal integration – method of controlling industry used by Rockefeller in Standard Oil; expands an industry to swallow all competition
71. Sherman Antitrust Act – declared trusts illegal; did not affect consolidation; poorly drafted, reflecting divided loyalties of lawmakers; turned enforcement over to courts; established important precedent for federal regulation of industry; first attempt to regulate big business; used frequently by Presidents Roosevelt and Taft
72. United States v. E.C. Knight – hmmmmm. I have absolutely no idea. From the rest of the terms, I assume it’s something about business and corporations, and I vaguely remember the name, but I can’t find it.
73. Laissez-faire capitalism – fathered by Adam Smith; Wealth of Nations; free market, guided by self-correcting “Invisible Hand”, unencumbered by government regulation, guarantees economic growth; self-interest prime motivation for human behavior; public interest served through widespread private pursuit of self-interest
74. Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations – doctrine of laissez-faire capitalism
75. Columbia Expositio – Chicago’s World Fair – hmmmm, this was something about a showing of industrial developments for the public, yadda yadda yadda
76. “old” immigrants – again, making this up. I think they were the first wave of immigrants, Germans and a couple other nationalities, Scots maybe
77. “new” immigrants – duh. The ones that weren’t old. Don’t know which those were, though. They were the second major wave of immigrants, after the first.
78. Statue of Liberty – its in NY Harbor. Poetry by Emma Lazarus. Donated by the French as a gesture of peace or friendship or something.
79. Ellis Island – island off the coast of New York where most immigrants went through customs during the nineteenth century
80. Contract labor law – haven’t the slightest idea what this might be
90. American Protection Association – yay! This one’s actually in the book! Secret organization which led the anti-immigrant campaign; attracted support from workers threatened by competition from Irish laborers and native-born Americans worried about Catholic conspiracies; intimidated Catholic political candidates with hints of violence
91. Urbanization – ummmm, tendency towards cities and industrialization?
92. Streetcar cities – well, streetcars showed up in cities during the Industrial Revolution. That’s about all I can tell you. Unless of course she means streetcar cities, in which case the textbook mentions Pittsburgh, Brooklyn, Boston, Philadelphia, Kansas City, and Chicago
93. Mass transportation – allowed for expansion of cities; horse-drawn omnibus; steam-powered commuter railroads, horse railway, cable car, trolleys; suburbia (sadly); made single homes affordable
100. Skyscrapers – I hope you know what these are. Popped up in the 1850s with the development of the elevator and use of iron for structural support.
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