101. Texas War for Independence - After a few skirmishes with Mexican soldiers in 1835, Texas leaders met and organized a temporary government. Texas troops initially seized San Antonio, but lost it after the massacre of the outpost garrisoning the Alamo. In respone, Texas issued a Declaration of Independence. Santa Ana tried to swiftly put down the rebellion, but Texan soldiers surprised him and his troops on April 21, 1836. They crushed his forces and captured him in the Battle of San Jacinto, and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texan independence. U.S. lent no aid.
102. Stephen Austin (1793-1836) - In 1822, Austin founded the first settlement of Americans in Texas. In 1833 he was sent by the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican government for Texan indedendence and was imprisoned in Mexico until 1835, when he returned to Texas and became the commander of the settlers’ army in the Texas Revolution.
103. Sam Houston (1793-1863) - Former Governor of Tennessee and an adopted member of the Cherokee Indian tribe, Houston settled in Texas after being sent there by Pres. Jackson to negotiate with the local Indians. Appointed commander of the Texas army in 1835, he led them to victory at San Jacinto, where they were outnumbered 2 to 1. He was President of the Republic of Texas (1836-1838 & 1841-1845) and advocated Texas joining the Union in 1845. He later served as U.S. Senator and Governor of Texas, but was removed from the governorship in 1861 for refusing to ratify Texas joining the Confederacy.
104. Alamo - A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.
105. Annexation of Texas, Joint Resolution under President Tyler - U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, but he refused to sign the bill. Texas was annexed a few months later by newly-elected President Polk.
106. Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.
107. Oregon Territory - The territory comprised what arenow the states of Oregon and Washington, and portions of what became British Columbia, Canada. This land was claimed by both the U.S. and Britain and was held jointly under the Convention of 1818.
108. Rio Grande, Nueces River - Texas claimed its southern border was the Rio Grande; Mexico wanted the border drawn at the Nueces River, about 100 miles noth of the Rio Gannde. U.S. and Mexico agreed not to send troops into the disputed territory between the two rivers, but President Polk later reneged on the agreement.
109. Mexican War: causes, results - Causes: annexation of Texas, diplomatic ineptness of U.S./Mexican relations in the 1840's and particularly the provocation of U.S. troops on the Rio Grande. The first half of the war was fought in northern Mexico near the Texas border, with the U.S. Army led by Zachary Taylor. The second half of the war was fought in central Mexico after U.S. troops seized the port of Veracruz, with the Army being led by Winfield Scott. Results: U.S. captured Mexico City, Zachary Taylor was elected president, Santa Ana abdicated, and Mexico ceded large parts of the West, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S.
110. General Winfield Scott - Led the U.S. forces' march on Mexico City during the Mexican War. He took the city and ended the war.
111. John C. Fremont - Civil governor of California, led the Army exploration to help Kearny. Heard that a war with Mexico was coming, thought he could take California by himself before the war began and become a hero. He failed, so he joined forces with Kearny.
112. California applies for admission as a state - Californians were so eager to join the union that they created and ratified a constitution and elected a government before receiving approval from Congress. California was split down the middle by the Missouri Compromise line, so there was a conflict over whether it should be slave or free.
113. Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago provisions - This treaty required Mexico to cede the American Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S. U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like conquest.
114. Mexican Cession - Some of Mexico's territory was added to the U.S. after the Mexican War: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada & Colorado. (Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago)
115. The Grimke sisters
Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison
reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement.
116. Horace Greeley (1811-1873) - Founder and editor of the New York Tribune. He popularized the saying "Go west, young man." He said that people who were struggling
in the East could make the fortunes by going west.
117. Theodore Parker (1810-1860) A leading transcendentalist radical, he became known as "the keeper of the public's conscience". His advocation for social reform often put him in physical danger, though his causes later became popular.
118. Vietnam War - Starting in 1945, The United States showed an interest in a non-communist Vietnam. The area soon became a battleground in the U.S. effort to contain Communism. The United States encouraged and gave limited support to the French in their fight against the communist Viet Minh. When the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, their withdrawal was negotiated in the Geneva Accords and the nation was split into North and South. The United States secretly aided South Vietnam in a small way under Eisenhower. As war between the Communist North Vietnamese and their Viet Cong allies and the South Vietnamese intestified, the United States continued to expand its involvemnet to block Communism’s spread. The “Domino Theory” if one nation in Southeast Asia goes communist, the others will also- was followed in establishing U.S. Policy.
119. Robert Kennedy - Born in Brookline, Mass., the son of Joseph P. Kennedy, he served in World WarII, earned a law degree (1951), and managed his brother John F. Kennedy's successful 1952 campaign for the U.S. Senate. He was chief counsel (1957-60) to the Senate committee investigating labor racketeering. He managed his brother's 1960 presidential campaign and was appointed U.S. attorney general (1961-64). He led a drive against organized crime that convicted Jimmy Hoffa. After his brother's assassination, he resigned his cabinet post and was elected to the Senate from New York (1965). He became a spokesman for liberal Democrats and a critic of Lyndon B. Johnson's Vietnam War policy. In 1968 he was campaigning for the Democratic presidential nomination in Los Angeles when he was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan, a Palestinian immigrant.
120. William Buckley - Born in New York City, he attended Yale University and in 1955 founded the journal National Review. As editor-in-chief he used the magazine as a forum for hisconservative views. His column "On the Right" was syndicated in 1962 and eventually appeared in over 200 newspapers. From 1966 he hosted Firing Line, a weekly television interview program in which he often employed his wit and debating talents against ideological opponents. His books include God and Man at Yale (1951), Rumbles Left and Right (1963), and a series of spy novels.
121. Milton Friedman - Born in Brooklyn, N.Y., he studied at Rutgers and Columbia before joining the faculty of the University of Chicago in 1946. There he became the leading U.S. advocate of monetarism. He oversaw the economic transition in Chile after the overthrow of Salvador Allende. In the 1980s his ideas were taken up by Pres. Ronald Reagan and Britain's Margaret Thatcher. His many books include A Theory of the Consumption Function (1957) and Capitalism and Freedom (1962), both with Rose Friedman, and A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960(1963) and Monetary Trends of the United States and the United Kingdom (1981), with Anna Schwartz. He received the Nobel Prize in 1976.
122. Ronald Reagan - He adopted supply-side economics to promote rapid economic growth and reduce the federal deficit. Congress approved most of his proposals (1981), which succeeded in lowering inflation but doubled the national debt by 1986. He began the largest peacetime military buildup in U.S. history and in 1983 proposed construction of the Strategic Defense Initiative. His foreign policy included the INF Treaty to restrict intermediate-range nuclear weapons and the invasion of Grenada. In 1984 he defeated Walter Mondale in a landslidefor reelection. Details of his administration's involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair emerged in 1986 and significantly weakened his popularity and authority.
123. Walter Mondale - born in Ceylon, Minn., he practiced law and became active in Minnesota's Farmer-Labor Party and worked for Hubert H. Humphrey's U.S. Senate campaigning 1948. He was Minnesota's attorney general 1960-64, and served in the U.S. Senate 1964-76 when he won election as vice president with Jimmy Carter. In 1984 he won the Democratic presidential nomination, but lost to Ronald Reagan. He resumed his law practice and later served as ambassador to Japan (1993-96).
124. Geraldine Ferraro - born in Newburgh, N.Y., she practiced law in New York (1961-74), served as assistant U.S. district attorney (1974-78), and served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1978-84). In 1984 she became the first woman nominated for vice president by a major political party when she was chosen for the Democratic ticket by Walter Mondale. Investigations of her husband's finances undermined the campaign. In 1992 and 1998 she ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate.
125. Iran-Contra Affair - in 1985 Robert McFarlane, head of the National Security Council, authorized sales of weapons to Iran in an attempt to secure release of U.S. hostages held in Lebanon by pro-Iranian terrorist groups. The deal contravened stated policy regarding both dealings with terrorists and military aid to Iran. Part of the $48 million paid by Iran for the arms was diverted to the Nicaraguan contras with the assistance of Rear Adm. John Poindexter and Oliver North, directly violating a 1984 law banning aid to the contras. A Senate investigation resulted in convictions for North and others (later overturned because of immunity agreements). The affair, which dominated news coverage for months, significantly damaged Ronald Reagan's administration.
126. Nicaragua/Sandinistas - the group was founded in 1962 to oppose the Somoza family's dictatorship and organized support among students, workers, and peasants. From bases in Honduras and Costa Rica, they attacked the Nicaraguan National Guard. They split into factions in the mid-1970s but reunited during the revolution of 1978-79 that finally succeeded in overthrowing Pres. Anastasio Somoza. A junta headed by Daniel Ortega led the Sandinista government (1979-90), which implemented literacy and community health programs. In an effort to topple the government, the U.S. imposed a trade embargo, pressured international lending institutions to withhold aid, and trained and supported the contras. The FSLN lost support over time and was voted out of power in 1990. See also Violeta Chamorro.
127. Political Action Committees PACS - PACs rose to prominence after the Federal Election Campaign Act (1971) limited the amount of money any corporation, union, or private individual could give to a candidate. By soliciting smaller contributions from a much larger number of individuals, PACs can circumvent these limits. By the end of the century, the vast amounts of money raised by PACs had greatly increased the cost of running for office and inspired debate about campaign finance reform.
128. Thaddeus Stevens - A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.
129. Auburn System - penal method of the 19th century in which persons worked during the day and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times.
130. Dorothea Dix - (1802-1887) U.S. reformer for the welfare of the mentally ill.
131. Horace Mann - (1796-1859) U.S. educator, the first great American advocate of public education.
132. McGuffey Readers - Collections of didactic tales and excerpts from great books, they reflect McGuffey's view that the proper education of young people required their introduction to a wide variety of topics and practical matters. They became standard texts in nearly all states for the next 50 years and sold over 125 million copies.
133. Women’s Rights Movement - diverse social movement, largely based in the United States, seeking equal rights and opportunities for women in their economic activities, their personal lives, and politics. Focused on women's legal rights, such as the right to vote,
134. Gallaudet - was ordained to the diaconate June 16, 1850, and became an Episcopal priest in 1851. Among his achievements was the founding of St. Ann’s Church for Deaf Mutes in New York City in 1852, which in effect launched the Episcopalian mission to the deaf. He also founded the Gallaudet Home for Deaf-Mutes, near Poughkeepsie, in 1885
135. Samuel Gridley Howe - He had fought in the Greek War of Independence and had written of his experiences there. He had become the director of the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts. He was a radical Unitarian who had moved far from the Calvinism of New England, and Howe was part of the circle known as the Transcendentalist. He carried religious conviction in the value of the development of every individual into work with the blind, with the mentally ill, and with those in prison. He was also, out of that religious conviction, an opponent of slavery.
136. Penitentiary- a public institution in which offenders against the law are confined for detention or punishment;
137. Public School Movement - The common school, today’s public school, evolved as the result of a social and political movement between the early and mid-1800s. A number of important ideals and rationales infused the movement which, at its heart, believed a well-educated citizenry was essential to the survival of a new-found democracy.
138. Civil Rights Acts - 1866: moderates joined with radicals to override the presidential veto and enacted it. this act extended the authority of federal courts to protect blacks. during the administration of johnson 1875: guaranteed persons of every race "the full and equal treatment" of all public facilities 1964 guaranteed equal access to public accomodations, strengthened existing machineery for preventing employment discrimination by gov't contractors and empowered the gov't to file school desegretaion suits and gut off funds wherever racial discrimination was practiced in the application of federal programs
139. Reconstruction: after the civil war, the era in which president lincoln attempted to re-unite the us. with lincoln's assassination in 1865, the reconstruction changed directions. the era brought intense struggles between groups with competing notions of gov't power, individual rights, and race relations. prez johnson rigidly supported states' rights, leniency toward former rebels, and noninterference to protect the rights of the freed people. republican party gains control of the south
140. Fifteenth Ammendment: passes in 1866, giving black males the opportunity to vote. it is ratified in 1870. section one states that states are forbidden to deny their citizens the right to vote on the grounds of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." section two gave congress power to enforce the amendment by approriate legislation
141. Equal Protection: part of the thirteenth ammendment: all persons born or naturalized in the US were citizens of the US and of the state wherein they reside and were guaranteed *equal protection* and due process under law. it asserted that the national gov't played a role in guaranteeing individual rights, the ammendment established an important foundation for future challenges to the states' rights doctrine
142. Presidential Reconstruction - definition: reconstructionist policies enacted by Presidents Lincoln and Johnson following the Civil War. Significance (1) demonstrates difficulties in reshaping the South (2) lack of a united northern vision regarding the new South (3) disputes between Congress and Presidency over authority (4) unwillingness of whites to allow blacks power in the South (5) stalemate occurs over scope and progress of Reconstruction by 1866
143. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction - definition: proclamation issued by Lincoln in hopes of a quick restoration of the Union. Significance: (1) pardoned all partakers in the Rebellion if they took an oath to the Union EXCEPT “civil or diplomatic officers or agents of the so-called Confederate government”(2) accepted a southern state back into the Union once the number of its citizens that took the new oath to the Union reached 1/10 the number of that state’s voters that voted in the 1860 presidential election (3) allowed a reaccepted southern state to create its own constitution, provided that it provide for the freedom and education of the newly freed blacks
144. Congressional Reconstruction - definition: Congress’ attempt to embolden the terms of the Reconstruction through passage of the 14th Amendment and the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867. Significance: (1) guarantees greater place for blacks in South (2) establishes terms that will delay but not prevent return of white rule in South
145. Benjamin Wade - leading radical in the Senate during reconstruction (1) sponsored the Wade-Davis Bill (1864), an early attempt by Congress to wrest control over the Reconstruction process from the President (2) supported impeachment sentence for President Johnson
146. Letters on the condition of women - Sarah Grimke writes about the mistreatment of women in America and the rights that women should be given.
147. And Equality of the Sexes - Sarah Grimke writes about the equality of women and men and the lack of it in the 1800’s.
148. Antebellum Period - Time prior to the civil war
149. Second Great Awakening - A time when many protestant denominations either came about or older churches went through a kind of revival. The churches had a new focus and attracted many new people. Charles Grandison Finney led this movement by preaching to new waves of immigrants.
150. Timothy Dwight - Dwight was a man for all seasons: an ordained Congregational minister, grandson of preacher Jonathan Edwards, personal friend of American President George Washington, and Army chaplain. He began reading the Bible at age four, and secretly learned Latin despite his father’s prohibition. In 1785, he published the 11-volume Conquest of Canaan. In 1787, he received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Princeton University. In 1795, he became president of Yale University (where, like his grandfather Jonathan Edwards, he matriculated at age 13). He helped found Andover Theological Seminary—the first seminary in New England—in 1809. Dwight died of cancer after serving as president of Yale University for 22 years.
151. Revivalism- A late 1700’s movement where people were urged to find personal religious self- reliance and independence from established institutions. This movement led to the Second Great Awakening.
152. Millennialism- Today, whenever the word millennialism is used, it usually refers to the various doctrines of premillennialism, and more specifically to Dispensational Premillennialism. This thousand years, or chiliad, is then applied to the period of time mentioned in Rev. 20:1-7. Specifically it is used by premillennialist to refer to the millennial reign of Christ upon the earth after the Rapture of the saints. The word millennial does not appear in the scriptures, it is of Latin origin. The word found in Rev. 20:1-7 is from "chilioi," which means "a thousand." The concept of millennialism was originally known as Chiliasm, and when you search historical records, you will find the ancients speaking of the "chiliad" or the time mentioned in Rev. 20:1-7. The word for thousand appears in these verses six times, and from these verses whole systems of doctrines have arisen, which are known as Millennialism.
153. Mormons- Religious movement founded by Joseph Smith, who believed that he received the book of Mormon teachings from an angel, leading him to found the church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints. Mormons developed strong communal discipline. After Joseph Smith was imprisoned and killed for practicing polygamy, Brigham Young took over as the leader of the religion.
154. Joseph Smith/ Brigham Young- Leaders and founders of the Mormon faith. Because of the Mormon wealth and practices such as polygamy these men were chased around the country and kicked out of many areas in America.
155. New Zion- Something to do with Israel and Jerusalem (couldn’t find much)
156. Romantic Movement- Fundamental to romanticism is a new atitude towards the role of man in nature. Nature ceases to be an objective intellectual concept for the Romantics, as it was for the writers of the Enlightment period, and becomes instead an elusive metaphor. This period was marked by a rejection of the ideals and rules of classicism and neoclassicism and by an affirmation of the need for a freer, more subjective expression of passion, pathos and personal feelings.
157. Charles Fourier: Phalanxes- 1820-1850 French intellectual created Phalanxes, huge social complexes. Fourierism divided work tasks “rationally’ by age, gender, and personality. It rejected individualism and competition, substituting communal ownership.
158 George Caleb Bingham- A Missouri painter, His most famous painting, Order No. 11, portrayed General Thomas Ewing imposing Northern loyalty on Missouri residents in the Civil War.
159. William S. Mount- 1840’s Father of American genre painting, scenes of daily life. Most famous painting, At the Well, reminded urban Americans of rural life.
160. Thomas Cole- 1820-1550 Founded the Hudson River school of painting that romanticized the landscapes of the New York Catskill and Adirondack Mountains in nationalistic tones.
161. Frederick Church- 1850’s,1860’s Known for his “heart-shaking” landscape paintings of the Andes Mountains and Niagara Falls. Went to the Hudson River School.
162. Hudson River School- 1820-1850 Founded by Thomas Cole for landscape artists to depict a national identity, such as Frederick Church.
163. Washington Irving- 1820’s Stories of Rip Van Winkle and the Headless Horseman, characters set in rural simplicity.Expressed the frontier experience.
164. James Fennimore Copper- 1820’s Wrote the Leather Stocking Tales, about Natty Bumppo, modeled after the individualist, Daniel Boon. Drawn from frontier experiences. One epic, The Last of the Mohicans, portrays the tragedies of wiping out the Iroquois villages
165. Anaconda Plan - A plan developed by Winfield Scott that initiated the federal blockade of
southern ports. It called for the Union to surround Confederate ports in order to "squeeze" the
Confederacy into submission.
166. Robert E. Lee - The commanding general of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia,
which was the main rebel force in the East and the strongest fighting force in the war. Lee turned
down Lincoln's offer to command the U.S. armies, unwilling to fight against his beloved Virginia.
He was a brilliant strategist, an excellent commander, and a brave fighter. Many historians believe
that the Confederacy held out for as long as it did because of Lee's skill and the fierce loyalty he
earned from his troops.
167. Shiloh David Farragut-an union admiral who led a fleet of 24 union ships to New Orleans,
which was the souths largest city and port. He sank 6 of the 8 Confederate ships that met them
there, and as a result the Confederates surrendered the city without a fight.
168. Vicksburg - A Mississippi city set high on the bluffs banking the Mississippi River, and the
site of U.S. Grant's biggest victory in the West. Grant spent more than eight months attempting to
take this final stronghold on the Mississippi, and finally cracked its defenses with a six-week siege
that began on May 19, 1863. The Confederates, led by General John Pemberton, surrendered on
Independence Day. The victory opened the Mississippi to the Union and helped raise northern
morale.
169. Sherman's March- the campaign of the Union Army under General William Tecumseh
Sherman to march to Altlanta,Ga. on sept.16, 1864 with 62,000 men against General John Bell
Hood. he successfully seized the land and granted it to Lincoln as a Christmas present.
170. Pacific Railway Act-Passed by Congress in 1862 and provided for the development of a
transcontinental railroad. The Central Pacific built tracks eastward from San Francisco and the
Union Pacific built tracks westward from Nebraska.
Second Great Revolution
171. Millard Fillmore- In the 1850s nativists formed secret anti-catholic societies and a new political party, The American Party or Know nothing Party. The Know Nothings called for stricter citizenship laws and wanted to ban foreign born citizens from holding office. Millard Fillmore was their presidential candidate but he lost to James Buchanan. He also passed the compromise of 1850 during his presidency 1850-1853 which stated that California would be admitted as a free state, New Mexico would have no restrictions on slavery, The border dispute between new Mexico and Texas wiuld end in favor of new Mexico, the slave trade but not slavery would end and a stronger fugitive slave law would be passed.
172. Franklin Pierce- A new Hampshire democrat who supported the fugitive slave law was elected president in 1853 He called back the Missouri compromise and had states vote on slavery through popular sovereignty This was called the Kansas Nebraska act
173. Abraham Lincoln- He was a republic candidate for president he saw slavery as morally wrong but didn't know how to end. Lincoln and Douglass debates. Lincoln pressed Douglass on his views on popular sovereignty and the Freeport doctrine why Douglass challenged Lincoln on slavery. He was president during he civil war and supported the northern effort and passed the emancipation proclamation and the 13th amendment which ended slavery
174. Election of 1860- Democrats met in Charleston o pick a presidential candidate northerners supported Douglass but the southerners wanted a prez that would promise to protect slavery so many walked out. The democrats met again in Baltimore. Anti Douglas southerners walked out again so the party loyalist chose Douglas and popular sovereignty. The southerners elected John Breckenridge to ensure slavery. The leading republican candidates were Seward and Lincoln. Lincoln was chosen b/c of his more moderate views. A new party the constitutional union party chose john bell to run for them . Many southerners were afraid of a republican victory b/c it would encourage abolitionists radicals. Lincoln was elected president b/c he won the majority of the northern votes while Breckenridge gained southern votes. The north outvoted the south and Lincoln was elected prez.
175. Executive Power- The power to pass laws..it is the powers of the government including the prez and V prez. The articles of the constituion established the executive branch to carry out the laws and policies. The president and vice president were to be elected by the Electoral College.
176. Confederate Power- Powers of the people during the civil war the south was known as the confederate powers and fought to keep slavery. Davis led the confederate army during the war .The confederates were alos known as the rebels and wanted restricted governemtn and power to the people. They wanted states governments rather than a national one and left the union after Lincolns election. They were afraid of abolition of slavery which ranthe southern economy
177. Thomas Stonewall Jackson- Confederate general at the battle of bull run who could not be
brought down by the north that how he got his name stonewall The union army retreated and the
confeds won the battle More than half of the union soldiers who dies died during the battle at bull
run
178. Henry David Thoreau: 1817-1865. Transcendentalist. Believed in self-reliance,
creativity, spirituality and individuality. Nature should be used as a model. Early pioneer of ecology and conservation movement. Lived the life of a hermit at Walden Pond, Massachusetts. Abolitionist and supporter of John Brown. Objected to rising taxes that supported Mexican-American war and served jail time. Wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience.
179. Walden, Life in the Woods: Written by Thoreau. Rebuked the “get ahead generation” who sought lives of rank materialism and ended up leading “lives of quiet desperation.”
180. Civil Disobedience: anonymously published by Thoreau. Advocated individual
resistance to government wrongs and professed his belief in a moral law higher than man-made statutes. Wrote while in jail for serving time for refusing to pay taxes that supported Mexican-American war. Inspired Martin Luther King, Jr.
181. Brook Farm: 1841-1849. Established by George Ripley. Utopian experiment in Massachusetts. Allowed temperance, women’s rights, educational and antislavery reformers to talk and write. Sustained themselves with farm work. Went into debt and had a fire which ended it.
182. Utopian Communities: New England intellectual elite. Margaret Fueller, Thoreau, Parker, Emerson, Hawthorne. Believed transcendentalists could live together. Included Brook Farm, the Shakers and Amana (Germans) in Iowa, New Harmony Society, and Oneida.
183. Robert Owen: (Welsh ) Intellecutal industrialist. Created New Harmony Society in Indiana in 1825. Believed industrialized society alienated individuals and created a socialist society where everything was shared. Private property was the root of unemployment and poverty. Failed due to internal and financial problems including overcrowding and negligent of agricultural issues.
184. John Humphrey Noyes: Created Oneida, NY in 1848. One family in “complex marriage” in which any “saved” man or woman could have intercourse with any other, but which only certain males were selected to father children, who were raised communally. Shocked outsiders who thought they were sinful. Survived for years first producing animal traps and then silverware.
185. Civil Rights Acts:
of 1866: moderates joined with radicals to override the presidential veto and enacted it. this act extended the authority of federal courts to protect blacks. during the administration of johnson
of 1875: guaranteed persons of every race "the full and equal treatment" of all public facilities
of 1964 guaranteed equal access to public accomodations, strengthened existing machineery for preventing employment discrimination by gov't contractors and empowered the gov't to file school desegretaion suits and gut off funds wherever racial discrimination was practiced in the application of federal programs
186. Reconstruction: after the civil war, the era in which president lincoln attempted to re-unite the us. with lincoln's assassination in 1865, the reconstruction changed directions. the era brought intense struggles between groups with competing notions of gov't power, individual rights, and race relations. prez johnson rigidly supported states' rights, leniency toward former rebels, and noninterference to protect the rights of the freed people. republican party gains control of the south
187. Fifteenth Ammendment: passes in 1866, giving black males the opportunity to vote. it is ratified in 1870. section one states that states are forbidden to deny their citizens the right to vote on the grounds of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." section two gave congress power to enforce the amendment by approriate legislation
188. Equal Protection: part of the thirteenth ammendment: all persons born or naturalized in the US were citizens of the US and of the state wherein they reside and were guaranteed *equal protection* and due process under law. it asserted that the national gov't played a role in guaranteeing individual rights, the ammendment established an important foundation for future challenges to the states' rights doctrine
189. Presidential Reconstruction
- definition: reconstructionist policies enacted by Presidents Lincoln and Johnson following the Civil War
- significance:
o demonstrates difficulties in reshaping the South
lack of a united northern vision regarding the new South
disputes between Congress and Presidency over authority
unwillingness of whites to allow blacks power in the South
o stalemate occurs over scope and progress of Reconstruction by 1866
190. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
- definition: proclamation issued by Lincoln in hopes of a quick restoration of the Union
- significance:
o pardoned all partakers in the Rebellion if they took an oath to the Union EXCEPT “civil or diplomatic officers or agents of the so-called Confederate government”
o accepted a southern state back into the Union once the number of its citizens that took the new oath to the Union reached 1/10 the number of that state’s voters that voted in the 1860 presidential election
o allowed a reaccepted southern state to create its own constitution, provided that it provide for the freedom and education of the newly freed blacks
200. Congressional Reconstruction
- definition: Congress’ attempt to embolden the terms of the Reconstruction through passage of the 14th Amendment and the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
- significance:
o guarantees greater place for blacks in South
o establishes terms that will delay but not prevent return of white rule in South
- leading radical in the Senate during reconstruction
- sponsored the Wade-Davis Bill (1864), an early attempt by Congress to wrest control over the Reconstruction process from the President
- supported impeachment sentence for President Johnson
202. Overland Trails: any of several trails of westward migration in the United States. The term
is sometimes used to mean all the trails westward from the Missouri to the Pacific and sometimes
for the central trails only. Particularly, the term has been applied to a southern alternate route of
the Oregon Trail. It branched from the parent trail at the junction of the North Platte and South
Platte rivers and followed the South Platte to present Julesburg, where it left the river and went
overland to the North Platte, rejoining the parent trail east of Fort Laramie. The term is also
particularly applied to a route to California that went west from Fort Bridger to the Great Salt
Lake (thus duplicating in part the Mormon Trail), then on to Sutter’s Fort in California; it was
much used by California-bound immigrants.
203. Mining Frontier: Like the better-known Homestead Act, which offered free land to anyone
willing to farm it, the mining law was intended as an incentive to those willing to push West and
settle the frontier.
204. Gold Rush: influx of prospectors, merchants, adventurers, and others to newly discovered
gold fields. One of the most famous of these stampedes in pursuit of riches was the California
gold rush. The discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill early in 1848 brought more than 40,000
prospectors to
California within two years. Although few of them struck it rich, their presence was an important
stimulus to economic growth. Agriculture, commerce, transportation, and industry grew rapidly
to meet the needs of the settlers; mining, too, soon became big business as corporations replaced
the individual prospector.
205. Farming Frontier: The settling of the Great Plains from ca. 1861-1890 marks a defining
point in the history of both the Western frontier and American farming. It brings an end to the
West as a farming frontier, first of all, and with it diminishing opportunities for all farmers.
Secondly, it brings
an increase in the commercialization of farming at a time when economic globalization is rapidly
spreading, leaving farmers on the Plains (and elsewhere in the U.S.) much more vulnerable to
external market forces.
206. Industrial Technology: Since 1790 the United States Patent Office has granted more than 6
million patents. The number of patents issued increased dramatically during the 19th century,
stimulated by the American industrial revolution and further fueling it. The middle and late 19th
century was a golden age for American invention. The technology envisioned by American
inventors has improved our standard of living and linked us across physical and cultural divides.
207. Railroads-Federal and Grant: Donation land claims resulted from an act of the 1850
Congress under which citizens of the United States, or those who filed a declaration of intention
prior to December 1, 1850 and had resided upon or cultivated the land for four consecutive years,
were granted a specified amount of acreage in the Oregon Territory. Donation land claims were
unique in that acreage granted to married couples was divided evenly. Half of the acreage was
placed in the husband's name while the other half was placed in the wife's name. Records include
plats, indexes, and survey notes. Information includes township, range, and section numbers,
names of
donation land claim holders and claim numbers, claim dates, acreage, and descriptions of surveys.
208. Under the Homestead Act of 1862, settlers were given 160 acres of land in the public
domain if they built a home on the land, resided there for five years, and cultivated the land. A
complete homestead entry file includes such documents as the homestead application, homestead
proof, and final certificate authorizing the claimant to obtain a landpatent.
209. Panic of 1857-Free Soil Movement: Another crisis in 1857 was caused in part by massive
European speculation in American railroads. Thus, when the panic struck it affected both Europe
and the United States. Free-Soil Party, a third party influential in the United States from1848 to
1854. Its main objective was to prevent the extension of slavery into the new territories acquired
from Mexico. The party evolved from antislavery and otherwise discontented elements in the
DEMOCRATIC and WHIG parties. It was eclipsed in the early 1850's by the new
REPUBLICAN PARTY, which incorporated free soil goals.
210. Conscience Whig: The party began to split into the "conscience" (antislavery) and "cotton"
(proslavery) Whigs and was further divided by the Compromise of 1850.
211. Barnburners - radical element of the Democratic party in New York state from 1842 to 1848, opposed to the conservative The name derives from the fabled Dutchman who burned his barn to rid it of rats; by implication, the Barnburners would destroy corporations and public works to do away with the abuses they foster.
212. New Zion - is a southern Scott county village on Newtown Pike that extends into Fayette county. It originated as the community of Briar Hill in 1872 when Calvin Hamilton and Primus Keene, two former slaves, purchased 23 acres.
213. Lucretia Mott (1803-1880) - An early feminist, she worked constantly with her
husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her
home was a station on the underground railroad. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she
helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.
214. Elizabeth Cady Stanton - A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she
helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.
She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870.
215. Seneca Falls July, 1848 - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At
the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many
discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for
women's suffrage.
216. Dorothea Dix, treatment of the insane - A reformer and pioneer in the movement
to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for
improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and
Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the
care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army
during the Civil War.
217. Susan B. Anthony - (1820-1906) An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to
vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth
Cady Stnaton in 1869.
218. Transcendentalists - Believed in Transcendentalism, they included Emerson
(who pioneered the movement) and Thoreau. Many of them formed cooperative
communities such as Brook Farm and Fruitlands, in which they lived and farmed
together with the philosophy as their guide. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and
freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions "They sympathize with each
other in the hope that the future will not always be as the past." It was more literary
than practical - Brook Farm lasted only from 1841 to 1847.
219. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) - Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist,
emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays which still make him a force today. He
had an international reputation as a first-rate poet. He spoke and wrote many works on
the behalf of the Abolitionists.
220. David Ruggles- joined the anti-slavery movement and in 1833 began working for
the journal, Emancipator and Public Morals. The following year he became America's
first Afro-African bookseller. He also wrote several anti-slavery pamphlets and
campaigned for the desegregation of private transportation. Ruggles worked as a
conductor on the Underground Railroad (1835-38) and was one of those who helped
Frederick Douglass
221. American Colonization Society- 1816 by Robert Finley- supported by mostly
white-upper class males (Francis Scott Key, Daniel Webster, Andrew Jackson).
Transported shiploads of mainly free-born blacks, denied American citizenship, as well
as freed slaves, to the present-day Liberia of Africa.
222. American Antislavery Society- (1833-70), promoter, with its state and local
auxiliaries, of the cause of immediate abolition of slavery in the United States. The
society was founded in 1833 under William Lloyd Garrison.. The societies sponsored
meetings, adopted resolutions, signed antislavery petitions to be sent to Congress,
published journals and enlisted subscriptions, printed and distributed propaganda in
vast quantities, and sent out agents and lecturers to carry the impassioned antislavery
message to Northern audiences. Dissolved in 1870.
223. William Still: The “Father” of the Underground Railroad. He later published a book of letters written by by fugitive slaves and the Underground Railroad conductors called “The Underground Railroad”.
224. Henry Highland Garnet: And Anti-slavery activist, he joined the Anti-Slavery Society. He called upon slaves to murder their masters and was disowned by the Society. During the Civil War, he demanded that Abraham Lincoln permit the enlistment of African American soldiers. He also worked for the Freedmen’s Bureau and helped develop programs to help former slaves. He was appointed as the minister to Liberia.
225. American Peace Society: Founded in 1828 by William Laddit. It formally condemned all wars, though it supported the U.S. government during the Civil War, WWI and WWII. It was dissolved after the United Nations was formed in 1945.
226. Amelia Bloomer: Wanted to change the way women dressed. She advocated the abandonment of restrictive clothing in favor of shorter skirts and knee length undergarments that came to be known as Bloomers.
227. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: As the dictator of Mexico, he led the attack on the Alamo in 1836. He was later defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto.
228. Aristook War: Maine lumberjacks camped along the Aristook River in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster-Ashburn Treaty was signed. This took place in disputed territory.
229. Fifty-Four, Forty, or Fight!: An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk’s slogan-the Democrats wanted the U.S. border to be drawn at the Fifty-Four degrees Forty minutes latitude. Polk settled for the Forty-Nine degree latitude in 1846.
230. James K. Polk: The Democratic candidate in the 1844 election. He won against Henry Clay. He was a “dark horse” candidate, and an ardent expansionist. His campaign slogan was “Fifty-four, Forty or Fight”.
231. Stephen Kearney: American army officer in the Mexican War. In 1846, he led 1700 tropps over the Santa Fe Trail to Santa Fe. He conquered New Mexico and moved his troops over to Los Angeles. He was defeated by the Mexicans at San Pascual in 1846. He was arrested for refusing to carry out orders and sent into Mexico, where he died in 1848.
232. Franklin Pierce: The 14th President of the United States. In his campaign he pledge a vigorous foreign policy and promised to respect the rights of the states. He was also an expansionist.
233. Nathaniel Hawthorne: Nathaniel Hawthorne was a nineteenth century writer who
wrote many fascinating and poignant stories about the Puritans.
234. Temperance: In it most basic form, temperance means self-restraint.
However, the Temperance Movement in the 19th and early 20th centuries
became synonymous with abstinence in imbibing alcoholic beverages.
235. American Temperance Society: (1826) organized group that promoted the
temperance movement
236. Asylum Movement: Political Idealism. headed by Dorothea Dix. democratic
reformers believed the condition of insanity to be temporary and therapeutically treatable.
237. Walker Expedition: Group of 70 Mountain men Headed by Joseph Walker.
Walker's orders were to find a way to the Pacific through the "unknown country to the west."
238. Clayton Bulwer Treaty: Its most important article provided “that neither … will
ever obtain or maintain for itself any exclusive control over the said ship canal … that
neither will ever erect or maintain any fortifications commanding the same … or occupy,
or fortify, or colonize or assume, or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
the Mosquito coast [in present-day Honduras and Nicaragua], or any part of
Central America.”
239. Mountain Men: 1810-1860 trappers, explorers, and traders. pathfinders
of the west
240. Far Quest: journey to discover the west.
241. Hiram Bruce: In 1870, Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first African
American senator. Five years later, Blanche K. Bruce of Missisppi took the oath of office.
242. Spoilsman: men of the political party in power who were appointed offices. 1829
under Jackson
243. Credit Mobilier: The Crédit Mobilier was a construction company founded
in 1864 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. The ownership of the
Crédit Mobilier was identical with that of the railroad, but railroad
officials let contracts to the construction company at inflated prices,
paid for from Congressional subsidies to the Union Pacific. The Crédit
Mobilier episode came to symbolize the lax ethical standards of the
post-Civil War era.
244. Redeemer: southern politicians who took political control of the south
after the reconstruction, and restored the old social order
