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3. The transformation equations of the length and time

3.1 Length

Length of the abscissa breathing with space
l' = l (1)

l'··· the length of the abscissa breathing with space in the primed frame
l··· the length of the abscissa breathing with space in the unprimed frame
or, in general, lm = ln.
image (2)
{lm}n
stands for the length of the abscissa in a frame "m", measured by the ruler not breathing with the space and calibrated for the frame "n".
image
stands for the density of the space. This quantity is applied instead of the "space curvature",frequently used to indicate the spacetime change. It means the number of the spacetime cells, or the wave packets, divided by the volume, they occupy. When measured by the instruments breathing with the space, the density would stay the same, and it is image. We can take this densityimage. For our considerations the third root of the ratio of the "m" to "n" systems space densities is used, when measured by the instruments not breathing with the space and calibrated for "n" system , designated as image.
Remark: The other relevant explanation of the space density or space curvature would not abolish the equation (2).

3.2 Time

Time events breathing with spacetime

t' = t (3)

The equation (3) says that flow of time is the same in different spacetime structures when measured by instruments breathing with spacetime structures.In other words, any physical quantity in course of the same physical phenomenon, taking place in different spacetime structures, reaches the same value at the same time, measured by the instrument breathing with spacetime structure. However when time is measured by instrument not breathing with spacetime, the time intervals at which the physical quantity mentioned reaches the same values, are different (are not contemporary).
t'··· time in the primed frame
t'··· time in the unprimed frame
or, in general, tm = tn.
image (4)
{tm}n
··· time elapsed in the frame "m", measured by the clock not breathing with the time (or spacetime) and calibrated for the "n" frame.
image
··· the time density. It means the number of the spacetime oscillations in the frame "m" within the time unit that has elapsed in the frame "n", divided by number of the spacetime oscillations fixed to define the time unit.
Remark: The other relevant explanation of the time density would not abolish the equation (4).

Taking the time unit equal to one oscillation , we have :
image when time (number of oscillations) is measured by the clock breathing with time,
image does not equal 1 in general, when detecting the number of the spacetime oscillations in frame "m" within the time unit measured by the clock not breathing with time and calibrated for "n" frame time unit.
For our considerations the ratio of the "m" to "n" systems time densities is used, when measured by the instruments not breathing with time and calibrated for "n" system , designated as image.

3.3 Motion of one object in two reference frames

It seems, the space and time in two of more spacetime structures occurring in the same place, appear to be not breathing with the other spacetime structures, in a similar way as an abscissa not breathing with space is defined in paragraphs 2.1 and 2.2. The following illustration shows that the length of abscissa lm of the system M , not breathing with the space of the system N can be measured as the length Lnm in the system N (by the instrument from system N, breathing with space), and that similarly the abscissa ln can be measured as Lmn in the system M. In the same way the time intervals Tnm and Tmn can be determined.
image
To discuss more thoroughly the con-spacetime events, imagine the motion of the objects in two the following reference frame systems (see Fig2 ) : Let the object M move in M-frame at a speed vm = 0,5 m/s. The motion covers the distance lm = 2m at time interval 4s. The same distance ln might be travelled at time interval tn = 4s by another object, N, moving in N-frame at the same speed vn = 0,5 m/s. The two object mentioned however are not found on the same place at the same time, because
image
image
and therefore, looking from frame N, we can find : Looking for the object M in N-frame, we have to take into consideration that
  1. at time interval tm = 4s in M-frame, the time interval only
    image
    has elapsed in N-frame , and therefore
    image (5a)

    where
    Tnm (Tmn) is the time interval in frame N (M) , corresponding to time interval in frame M (N).
  2. and, that the distance lm =2m in M-frame is detected as

    Fig 2 Motion of one object in two reference frames
    image
    image
    in N-frame, and
    image (5b)

    where
    Lnm (Lmn) is the distance in frame N (M), corresponding to the distance in frame M (N).
Now , starting from time interval Tmn = 4s in M-frame we can see that object has travelled the distance
image
in M-frame, and the same object is found in frame N : Taking:
image
where image means speed in frame N, corresponding to the speed image in frame M(it may be used in frame N for superposition, as a galileian increment) we have
image
and, in general,
image (5c)

The equations (5a), (5b) and (5c) represent the transformation equations between M and N reference frames. The frame N, moving at the same speed with frame M, but having the same spacetime density as the unprimed frame, is imaginary only. But it will become real, if we put it into unprimed system, and take quantities Lnm, Tnm, and image as suitable for galileian transformation in N-frame.
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