He was a patriot, physician, and man of letters whose life served as the inspiration of the Philippine nationalist movement. He wrote two novels, "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo", exposing the arrogance and despotism of the Spanish rulers of colonial Philippines. His exposures of the injustices committed by the civil and clerical authorities provoked the ire of the authorities. His courage and determination to uplift the welfare of the people were feared by the Spaniards. He was arrested, held in Fort Santiago, and after a mock trial was convicted of rebellion and sedition and sentenced to death. On the eve of his execution, he wrote an untitled poem, later to be known as "Ultimo Adios" a poetic masterpiece, written in 19th century Spanish. At daybreak of December 30, 1896, he was executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan field.

His death heightened the fervor of nationalism throughout the islands and a nation wide revolt soon followed his execution. This revolt resulted in the Philippines breaking away from Spain.