Tajikistan as sovereign state was set up in September
1991. Administratively it includes Leninobod and libation
regions, Badakhshone Koohiston Autonomous region, 13 districts
and 5 towns of republic submit.
Tajikistan
is situated in Central Asia far from seas and oceans between
36°40" and 41°05" of North latitude and 67°31"
and 75°14" Eastern longitude. It lies in the same latitudes
as Greece and South regions of Italy and Spain.
Isfara "Zumrad"
Tajikistan occupies an area of over 143,1 thousand square
kilometres, 93 percent of which is mountainous. It's
territory stretches 700 km from West to East and 350 km
from North to South. In the North and West Tajikistan
borders by Uzbekistan and Kirgizstan. In the South
Tajikistan borders by Afghanistan (1030 km) and China
(430 km).
The
climate is moderate, dry, continental.
Vakhsh river
Tajikistan takes the first place in growth of
population among the country's of CIS. Location and
compactness of population is characterized with big
inequality. The average compactness in flat countries
consist 100-150 people per 1 square kilometre and in
mountainous regions 1-5 people. People of many
nationalities inhabit Tajikistan. It's native population
are Tajiks – one of the ancient people of the world
concerning to Iranian group of Indo-European family.
The state symbols of Republic Tajikistan are emblem, flag and
hymn.
Thestate emblem of Tajikistan
represent the image of a crown and semicircle of seven
stars on it in the rays of sun rising from behind the
mountains, covered with snow framing with a wreath,
composed of wheat ears on the right and of cotton
blanches with opening boxes on the left. From above the
wreath is tied up with threecolored ribbon and in the
bottom sector there is an open book on the stand.
National Flag of Tajikistan represent a
right-angled colour-cloth consisting of three
horizontally located coloured stripes: the top stripe of
red colour and the same the lower stripe of green colour,
the middle white stripe component of one and halt width
of coloured stripes.
The crown stylised by gold and semicircle of seven
stars are painted on the white stripe on a halt length
distance of the width from the flagstaff. The ratio
between the total width of the flag to the length is 1 to
2. The crown and the stars are inscribed into the
rectangle which sides are 0.8 on the vertical line and
1.0 on the horizontal line of the width of the white
stripe. Five-pointed stars are inscribed into the
(circumference in the diameter 0.15, 0.5 and are situated
on the arc in the radius 0.5 of the white stripe.
State
hymn of Tajikistan was asserted in the 20-th session
of the Supreme Soviet (7.09.1994), which begins with such
verses (the author is Ę. Gulnazar, music by S. Judakov)
Our
dear country
Be proud with our happiness
Be always alive
My dear free country…
Panjakent citadel
According to academician N.P. Gorbunov “Tajikistan
is one of the ancient land-owning countries where very
early they began to grow important landing cultures...”
According to the historical Information still in the II
century B.C. in the territory of modern Tajikistan side
by side with agriculture and cattle breeding mining and
handicraft also was developed. Four thousand years ago in
Karamazar they got lead, gold was got in Darvaz, other
precious stones in Badakhshan (lal, lazurit). One can
find the ancient remainders of mining, which were found
in Isfara, Uroteppa, Koulob, Panjakent.
Mining had rapid growth in IX-XII centuries before
Mongolian Invasion. Coins were made of tin, which was
produced in Karamazar and sent to all countries of Arab
Khalifat. At the same time Tajiks used oil and coal. As
prof. N.G. Malitsky says: “coal in Isfara region was
used thousand years ago since Arab geographers days, when
nobody had any notion about the fuel property of this
rock in Europe”. They used oil for treatment for
various illnesses and as “burning arrows”.
Archaeology investigations give the information that side
by side with the mining affairs there were developed such
trade productions as pottery and jewellery affairs, fine
arts. For example, the weavers could make more than 15
sorts of clothes from cotton.
Panjakent citadel
The ceramics, wood and metal carping reached it's
high level at that period. The IX-X centuries were the
periods of flourishing in economic and culture in the
first Tajik state of Samanids, in which the process of
the formation of Tajik people was completed. It was the
period when local traditions, reading and writing, native
language and literature were developed. It was the period
of such outstanding poets of Tajik people as Rudaki,
Firdawsi, Dakiki encyclopaedia scientists Forobi, Abu-Ali
ibn Sine, Aburayhon Beruni and the founders of music arts
Abuhafsi Sughdi, Abusalik, Abulabbasi Bakhtijor and
others. The invasion of Mongols and then local feudal
wars led to disintegration of high culture of ancient
Tajiks.
The religious belief appeared in Tajikistan in epoch of stone
century. The religious ideas were changing with the change in
economic and in the social life. First they worshipped the, fire,
then they began to believe to Zaratushtra and then they came to
believe to Islam. Naturally , during these periods of development
of Tajik people not only the religious belief was changing but
also customs and ceremonies.
Avicenna
Tajiks have ancient and one of the richest cultures.
Works of ancestor of Tajik literature Rudaki, great
Avicenna's works, names of Firdavsi, Omar Khayam, Rumi,
Saadi, Hafiz, Jami and many others tajik-persian classics
sparkle with bright stars on the sky of the world
civilisation. However works of these classics were
amounted by only a few copies and only very rare of them
reached us. In republic have grown poets, prosaics and
dramatists such as S. Ayni, M. Tursunzoda, M. Mirshakar,
B. Rahimzoda, Jalol Ikromi, Moumin Kanoat, Loiq Sherali
and others, whose works are known far beyond the borders
of republic. From the ancient times Tajik people used
Sogdian script and then Arabic script, but from 1940
written language is engaged on the base of Russian
script. In present times there are more than 5 thousand
schools in which study more than 700 thousand pupils in
republic. There are more than 100 thousand students in
scores of institutions of higher education and four
scores of technical secondary schools.
Tajikistan has a considerable science-technical
potential. In science organisations and in institutions
of higher education work more than 7.6 thousand
scientists and teachers of high schools which 3.3
thousand of them have scientific degrees. There are the
Academy of Sciences and scientific Institutions, which
research, the fundamental branches of science, which are
of great importance for Tajikistan. The main problems in
the fields of physics, chemistry, seismology, biology,
economy, geography, history, philology, philosophy,
archaeology, and ethnography are explored in the
Institutes of Academy of Sciences. For example the
scientists of the Institute of seismology and
seismic-resist building conduct the wide exploration of
seismic regime not only in the territory of Tajikistan
but also in the neighbour territories. The Institution is
the local centre of Central Asia and Kazakhstan on the
forecast of earthquakes. In the Institution of Geology
the exploration of processes of metalogenue and ore –
creation that are closely linked with the solving of
problems of extension of mineral and raw materials base
of republic are conducted. The Institute of
gastroenterology is the first in former USSR Institution
of science-clinical profile on the research of the
problems of pathology of stomach and liver. Lately the
researches in the fields of economics, rational using of
natural resources and protecting the environment got the
wide scales. Though the medicine in Tajikistan appeared
in ancient times, but first city’s, town’s and local
ambulances appeared only after the Tajik Autonomous
Soviet Socialist Republic was established. At present the
net of medical Institutions consists of 293 hospitals and
518 clinical Institutions which held
medico-ambulance-help, 5 republican and district's 29
city's 32 specialized hospitals, 48 central and numbered
country hospitals.
The development of national architecture of
Tajikistan was closely connected with the historical
situation of living of its ancestors on the wide
territory of Sogdiana, Haftrood district, Maverenahr and
Southern Kazakhstan. The architecture of Tajiks of the
most ancient tribes of Central Asia who had built the
base and stories of rich classic inherit age has history
of 5000 years. This inherits age bases on multi-centuries
history and presents us a very interesting picture. In
IV-III thousand years B.C. the Neolithic Hissor culture
was developed and it's tracks were found in places of
ancient towns Toutkavul and Sayod not far from Norak. The
period of IV century B.C. and IV century A.D.,
characterized by the building great amount of cities,
palaces and temples. An extraordinary example of them is
the temple in the place of ancient city Takhti-Sangin or
Takhti-Kubod, which was built in IV-II century B.C.
During the excavations of this church a lot of
masterpieces-sculptures were found, also stone
sculptures, jewellers, and pieces of international arts.
The multiform of culture and architecture in particular
is linked with that form, that the peoples of Central
Asia till the arabian conquest had different religious:
Zoroastrism, Buddhism, Christianity and others. For
example the famous monument Agina-teppa that in the South
of Tajikistan is the Buddhist church. According to
archaeology excavations in the period of Greek-Macedonian
and Greek-Bactrian conquests on the territory of
Tajikistan there was further development of city-building
when in architectural and building can be distinctly seen
the feature of mutual influence of antique and local
cultures. The objects of culture were concentrated in
cities where trade, palaces and temples were decorated by
the sculptures and paintings. The city's walls were built
with the numerous of towers (Kalai-Mir, Kaikubod-Shah,
Kofirkala).
The architectural monuments of Sogda (V-VIII cc.) are
masterpieces, which define the role and place of arts of
Tajiks in the system of common cultural reaching of the
peoples of East. Panjakent was one of the most developed
cities in the "ancient Central Asia. The
architectural composition of palaces and temples,
according to the explorer's opinion is unique and has
nothing like this neither in Central Asia, nor in other
countries of East.
After Arabian conquest of Central Asia Islam
gradually changes local cultures. New types in buildings
(mosques) formed with development of Muslim.
During the ruling of dynasty of Somonid (IX-X cc.)
while development of cities in the building were widely
used the burned brick and middle ages architecture of
this period there were a lot of new in the architecture
of building and in the planning of cities. One of the
well-kept monuments of Somonid's dynasty is mausoleum of
Ismoil Somoni. Extraordinary interest of the period of
ruling of Somonid's dynasty presents Hulbuk-city the
capital of the country Khuttal and building art of
Khuttal's architects is incarnated in the architecture of
the palace of gubernatorial. Not far from the town of
Tursunsoda there were built two mausoleums of Khoja
Nakhshron in XI-XII centuries. They are notable with
variety of decorative laying, harmony and clearness of
fulfilment. The mausoleums of Khoja Nakhshron are the
masterpieces of the architectural-decorative arts. The
Mongol invasion of XIII century led to the vast
destruction of monuments of material culture. Renascence
of architecture began during the governing of Timurid
dynasty (XIV-XV centuries).
