Pathophysiology
Introduction to Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology => The study of the biological basis for disease and its effect of the homeostasis of the normal body functions.
Molecular, cellular, organ and systemic levels
Include analysis of causative factors, clinical presentation, homeostatic effects and treatment methods.
Chronic vs. Infectious Disease
Benign vs. Malignant Cancer
Fluid Balance
Fluid Compartments
Extracellular (Interstitial)
Fluid Dynamics
Capillary/Interstitial fluid Dynamics
Diffusion
Capillary/Interstitial fluid Exchanges
Hydrostatic Pressure
Abnormal Capillary Dynamics
Changes in Hydrostatic pressure
Changes in Oncotic pressure
Edema
Pulmonary Edema
Interstitial Fluid/Cellular Dynamics
Cellular hydration
Effects of compartment imbalance
Type of fluid loss
Length of time
Amount of fluid loss
Areas affected
Fluid Balance Disorders
Thirst Center
Hypothalamus
Stimuli
Cellular dehydration
Loss of extracellular fluid
Prostaglandins
Renal control
Kidneys
Ion recycling
Water recycling
Blood cell production
Water Excess
Decrease output/increase input
Affect extracellular compartment first
CNS
ADH
Dehydration
Diabetes mellitus
Electrolyte Balance
Sodium Balance
Hypernatremia
Active Transport
Increases in extracellular sodium don’t change intracellular levels
Cell dehydration and increased extracellular volume
Brain cells - protective mechanism
Manifestations: neurological
Etiology
Treatment
Sodium Balance
Hyponatremia
Cellular hydration
Suppression of thirst and decreased ADH secretion
Manifestation: Neurological
Etiology
Treatment: Depend on severity, onset and cause
Potassium Balance
Hyperkalemia
Coordinated change between potassium and hydrogen ions
hyperkalemia causes acidosis
Manifestation: Neuromuscular
Etiology
Treatment
Potassium Balance
Hyperkalemia
Coordinated change between potassium and hydrogen ions
hypokalosis causes alkalosis
Manifestations: neuromuscular
Etiology:
Treatment
Calcium Balance
Calcium Homeostasis
Vitamin D
Calcium Balance
Hypercalcemia
Manifestations: Neuromuscular
Calcium Balance
Hypocalcemia
Manifestations
Calcium Balance
Osteoporosis
Gender-biased factors
- Non-Gender-biased factors
Practical Applications of Fluid and Electrolyte loss
Vomiting
Metabolic Alkalosis
Hypovalemia
Electrolyte imbalance
Urinary output
Treatment
