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  1. Review
    1. Blood
    1. Formed elements
    1. Plasma
    1. Hemopoiesis


Stem Cell

 

Stem Cell Stem Cell Stem Cell

Progenitor Cell Progenitor Cell Progenitor cell

Any RBC Any WBC Platelet


    1. Erythropoiesis

Vitamin B12 => RBC maturation


Stem Cell

Erythrocyte progenitor Cell

GF EPO

Reticulocyte

EPO

Erythrocyte


    1. Leukopoiesis


Stem Cell

GF

Granulocyte/Monocyte progenitor

Granulocyte progenitor Monocyte progenitor

GF

GF

Neutrophil Basophil Eosinophil Monocyte


    1. Thrombopoiesis


Stem Cell

 

Megakaryocyte progenitor cell

GF

Megakaryocyte

Thrombopoietin (IL-6)

Thrombocyte


    1. Coagulation


Prothrombin XIIi


Fibrinogen Thrombin

XIIa


Fibrin Crosslinked

fibrin mesh


  1. Bleeding Disorders
    1. Platelet Disorders
    1. Thrombocytopenia
    1. Decrease production
    1. radiation/chemotherapy
    2. tumor
    3. alcohol
    4. folic acid, Vitamin B12 deficiencies
    1. Increased clearance
    1. non-immune
    1. Clotting Factor Disorders
    1. vonWillebrand’s Disease
    1. Hemophilia
    1. Hemophilia A => defect of factor VIII
    2. Hemophilia B => defect of factor IX
    1. Impaired Hepatic Synthesis
  1. Erythrocyte Disorders
    1. Anemia


Hg

 

blood O2 transport capacity

arteriolar dilation cardiac output erythropoietin anaerobic metabolism

blood flow RBC production

 


    1. Impaired Erythrocyte Production : Marrow
    1. Pure Red Cell Aplasia
    1. Aplastic Anemia

 

    1. Impaired Erythrocyte Production : Deficiencies
    1. Iron Defieciency
    2. Vitamin B12 deficiency
    1. Folic acid deficiency
    1. Hemolytic Anemia : Intrinsic
    1. Sickle Cell
    1. Thalassemia
    1. Polycythemia
    1. Absolute Polycythemia

a) secondary polycythemia => due to response to EPO

1) Tumor

2) High Altitude exposure

3) Smoking

    1. primary polycythemia
    1. polycythemia vera
    1. Relative Polycythemia

IV) Leukocyte Disorders

(lymphocytes & their precursors)

    1. Leukopenia




Tumor Therapy Drug Immune Effects



Various Drugs Hypersplenism


Marrow Tumor Growth production clearance Autoimmune effects



B12/Folate


Neutropenia

    1. Leukocytosis

Polymorphonuclear leukocytosis Acute inflammations

Basophilic leukocytosis Lung Malignancies

Eosinophilic leukocytosis Allergic disorders, skin disorders

Parasite/Fungal infections

Monocytosis Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis

TB, Crohn’s disease

Lymphocytosis Acute viral infections, TB

C) Leukemia

    1. Pathogenesis



Neutropenia Infection



Disruption of normal Anemia Bleeding

marrow function


Thrombocytopenia Impaired

Hemostasis


Excessive leukocyte Local bone invasion Pain

precursor growth

Splenomegaly


Metastasis Hepatomegaly

Other systemic effects


    1. Classification


Leukemia

Acute Chronic

Myeloid Lymphocytic Myeloid Lymphocytic

(AML) (ALL) (CML) (CLL)


    1. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

 

 

    1. Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia

 

 

    1. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

 

 

    1. Chronic Myeloblastic Leukemia

 

 


Stem Cell

 

Stem Cell Stem Cell Stem Cell

Progenitor Cell Progenitor Cell Progenitor cell

Any RBC Any WBC Platelet



Stem Cell

Erythrocyte progenitor Cell

GF EPO

Reticulocyte

EPO

Erythrocyte


 


Stem Cell

GF

Granulocyte/Monocyte progenitor

Granulocyte progenitor Monocyte progenitor

GF

GF

Neutrophil Basophil Eosinophil Monocyte



Stem Cell

 

Megakaryocyte progenitor cell

GF

Megakaryocyte

Thrombopoietin (IL-6)


Thrombocyte


Prothrombin XIIi


Fibrinogen Thrombin

XIIa


Fibrin Crosslinked

fibrin mesh



Hg

 

blood O2 transport capacity

arteriolar dilation cardiac output erythropoietin anaerobic metabolism

blood flow RBC production

 





Tumor Therapy Drug Immune Effects



Various Drugs Hypersplenism


Marrow Tumor Growth production clearance Autoimmune effects



B12/Folate


Neutropenia

 



Neutropenia Infection



Disruption of normal Anemia Bleeding

marrow function


Thrombocytopenia Impaired

Hemostasis


Excessive leukocyte Local bone invasion Pain

precursor growth

Splenomegaly


Metastasis Hepatomegaly

Other systemic effects