Bahan percakapan semester ke-2, 2001
2001Çг⵵ Á¦2Çбâ 2Çгâȸȭ±³Àç
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ÀÏ»óÀδÏȸȭ²À¿Ü¿ì±â
kring .. kring weker nyaring berbunyi
adi dan nina bangun dari mimpi
rupanya hari sudah pagi 
membereskan tempat tidur sampai rapi  
Jam setengah enam, Adi dan Nina bangun pagi kemudian memperbaiki tempat tidur masing-masing hingga rapi
mandi pagi sungguh menyegarkan
menyikat gigi tak ketinggalan
segera mereka berganti pakaian
kebersihan pangkal kesehatan  
Jam enam kurang seperempat, mereka mandi dan menggosok gigi. 
pukul enam mereka telah siap
ayah ibu menanti untuk bersantap
nasi, ikan dan sayur sungguh sedap
sekeluarga makan dengan lahap
Jam enam mereka sekeluarga sarapan.
mobil jemputan telah tiba
adi dan nina pamit pada orang tuanya
berpakaian seragam ke sekolah bersama-sama
Jam setengah tujuh, adi dan nina berangkat ke sekolah.
lonceng sekolah telah berbunyi
tanda belajar segera dimulai
ibu guru siap menanti
para murid berbaris rapi 
Jam tujuh,  murid-murid berbaris masuk ke dalam kelas untuk belajar. 
soal matematika ditanyakan
siapa dapat menyelesaikan
lihat, adi siap memberi jawaban 
Jam delapan, adi belajar matematika. 
Waktu istirahat telah tiba.
Anak-anak bersorak gembira.
Bersuka ria bermain bersama
Dengan teman-teman sebaya 
Jam setengah sembilan, waktu istirahat dimulai, murid-murid bermain bersama.
jam sepuluh lonceng berbunyi
tanda sekolah telah usai
anak-anak berbenah diri
mobil jemputan telah menanti. 

Jam sepuluh, sekolah selesai. Adi dan nina pulang ke rumah naik mobil jemputan
tak lama mereka pun sampailah
disambut ibu di depan rumah
tak lupa menyimpan tas sekolah
mereka segera berganti pakaian rumah 
Jam setengah sebelas, mereka sampai di rumah dan langsung berganti pakaian
ibu memasak di dapur
membuat lauk dan sayur
adi dan nina ikut berbaur
bertiga sibuk di dapur 
Jam sebelas, adi dan nina membantu ibu di dapur. 
jam setengah satu ayah tiba
bergembira mereka makan sekeluarga
melahap masakan ibu tanpa tersisa 
Jam setengah satu, mereka makan siang bersama ibu dan ayah.  
lihat mereka bermain bersama
dengan teman-teman bergembira ria
membuat rumah dan gapura
adi membangun sebuah menara 
Jam satu, adi dan nina bermain bersama teman . 
saat tidur siang tiba
mereka merapikan mainannya
mengikuti nasihat orang tua
istirahat siang tak boleh lupa 
Jam setengah dua, mereka tidur siang. 
bangun tidur terasa nyaman
kembali bergabung dengan teman-teman
naik sepeda dan mobil-mobilan
bergembira di halaman depan 
Jam empat, adi dan nina bergabung kembali dengan teman-teman untuk bermain. 
jam setengah lima mereka mandi
membersihkan badan dari daki
menyabun tangan dan kaki
seluruh bandan, agar bersih dan wangi 
Jam setengah lima, adi dan nina mandi sore. 
pekerjaan rumah segera dibuat
dikerjakan dengan teliti dan cermat
adi dan nina belajar dengan giat 
Jam lima, mereka mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah.
selesai belajar, tiba saat santai
menonton televisi beramai-ramai
filmnya lucu, mereka tertawa berderai 
Jam setengah enam, adi dan nina menonton televisi dengan kawan.
pukul tujuh ibu memanggil mereka 
waktu makan malam telah tiba
lauk dan sayur telah tersedia di meja 
Jam tujuh, mereka makan malam sekeluarga. 
gosok gigi jangan lupa
bersihkan makanan yang tersisa
menjaga gigi sehat senantiasa
putih bersih, terawat selalu 
Jam setengah delapan, adi dan nina menggosok gigi. 
neng..neng.. lonceng berbunyi
satu, dua .. delapan kali
ayah ibu mengantar nina dan adi
masuk kamar, tidur nyenyak hingga pagi 
Jam delapan, adi dan nina pergi tidur. 

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Like all languages, the Indonesian language which is taught in the classroom is very different to that which is used on the streets!  This is one of the frustrating aspects of learning a language - Indonesians can understand what you say (although it is very formal) but you can't comprehend their ultra-fast conversations.  In fact, it seems that they are not speaking Indonesian at all!  Hopefully the following information will assist you when trying to use your skills on the street.

Pronounciation

Pronounciation of words changes markedly in day to day transactions:

/a/ = /e/ 
The sound /a/ in a closed syllable in the formal register becomes /e/ in the informal register 

benar = bener 
selamat = selamet 
malam = malem 
kental = kentel 

/ai/ = /e/ 
The dipthong /ai/ in the formal register becomes /e/ in the informal register 

santai = sante 
pakai = pake 
pantai = pante 
ramai = rame 

/au/ - /o/ 
The dipthong /au/ in the formal register becomes /o/ in the informal register 

danau =     dano 
kalau =     kalo 
lepau =     lepo 
pisau =     piso 

Abbreviating Words 

Some words in the formal register are abbreviated in the informal register:

bagaimana = gimana 
begini = gini 
ini = ni(h) 
itu = tu(h) 
memang = emang 
terima kasih = makasih 

Dropping of /s/ and /h/ 

The sounds /s/ and /h/ in some words in the formal register disappear in the informal register 

saja = aja 
sama = ama 
sudah = udah 
hitam = item 
pahit = pait 
tahun = taun 

Dropping of prefix ¡®ber¡¯ 

The sound /r/ in the prefix ¡®ber¡¯, or the prefix ¡®ber¡¯ itself in certain words in the formal register, disappear in the informal register 

berbelanja = bebelanja or belanja 
bercerai = becere or cere 
berjalan = bejalen or jalen 
bermain = bemain or main 
berteriak = beteriak or teriak 

Dropping of prefix ¡®me¡¯ 

The prefix ¡®me¡¯ in the formal register can completely disappear or be replaced with the morphophoneme ¡®nge¡¯, ¡®m¡¯ or ¡®n¡¯ 

membeli = beli, ngebeli or mbeli 
menjual = jual, ngejual or njual 
menulis = tulis, ngenulis or nulis 
melihat = liat, ngeliat 

Dropping of prefix ¡®ter¡¯ 

The accidental prefix ¡®ter¡¯ in the formal register becomes the accidental prefix ¡®ke¡¯ in the informal register 

termakan     =     kemakan 
terpotong     =     kepotong 
terserempet  =     keserempet 
tertabrak     =     ketabrak 

Changes in Vocabulary 

Some words in the formal register are replaced in the informal register 

saya = aku, gue 
dengan = sama, kepada, ama 
Anda = kamu, lu, elu 
kami = kita 
memberi/kan = kasih 
mengatakan/berkata = bilang 
sedang = lagi 
tidak = nggak, ndak 
untuk = buat
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mutiara kata      

Terdapat pelbagai jenis mutiara kata atau kata-kata hikmat yang boleh anda gunakan 
seharian atau sebagai panduan dalam kehidupan. Mutiara kata ini sama ada daripada
kata-kata pujangga dunia dan juga ciptaan sendiri.  

   

Jangan terlalu tinggi menulis, tetapi jangan pula terlalu rendah. Itulah karangan 
   yang agung. 


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Sejarah adalah politik masa lampau dan politik adalah sejarah sekarang. 


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Ilmu umpama air sungai yang mengalir dari pergunungan ke lautan. 


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Seseorang gadis apabila berada di sisi seorang jejaka mestilah bersikap seperti 
    bunga yang menginsafi keharumannya. 


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Jikalau melihat orang yang berjalan di hadapan tersandung lalu terjatuh, orang 
di belakang jangan mentertawakannya. 


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Sahabat yang sejati adalah orang-orang yang dapat berkata benar denganmu, 
    bukannya orang yang dapat membenarkan kata-katamu. 


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Betulkan yang biasa dan biasakanlah yang betul. 


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Lebih baik kurang makan daripada kurang berilmu. 


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Usia tidak diukur berdasarkan tahun demi tahun tetapi melalui jasa-jasa baik dan 
    kesihatan tubuh badan. 


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Empat perkara amalan budiman adalah menjauhkan cakap kosong, menjauhi 
      tangan daripada menganggu, cepat memberikan penghargaan dan lambat 
      menjatuhkan tuduhan. 


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Sahabat itu umpama bayang-bayang, apabila terang nampaklah ia dan 
apabila gelap hilanglah ia. 


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Aku tidak pernah bertanya bilakah aku akan mati, tetapi aku sering bertanya 
      apakah yang telah aku lakukan sepanjang hidup ini. 


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Jika kita tidak dapat memiliki apa yang kita suka, sukailah apa yang telah 
kita miliki. 


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Kehidupan merupakan suatu nostalgia perjalanan, kematian merupakan
kenyataan yang sebenarnya. 


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To be trusted is greater than to be loved. 


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Kematian bukanlah satu kehilangan besar dalam hidup kerana kehilangan 
yang paling besar sebenarnya ialah matinya apa yang ada dalam diri kita 
semasa kita masih hidup. 


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Kejayaan merupakan sebuah tangga, di mana anda tidak boleh mendakinya 
dengan tangan menyeluk saku. 


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Memburu cinta memang baik, tetapi cinta yang datang tanpa diburu seribu
lebih baik lagi. 


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Persahabatan adalah perisai bagi segala bencana dan segala peristiwa yang 
terjadi pada setiap zaman. 


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Berhati-hati memilih kawan, tetapi lebih berhati-hatilah lagi apabila 
bertukar pasangan. 


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Cara terbaik menghukum orang yang telah melakukan kesalahan terhadap
kita ialah dengan berbuat baik kepadanya. 


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Jangan menunggu sehingga hari esok apa yang dapat anda lakukan pada 
hari ini. 


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Ekonomi yang tidak stabil dalam sesebuah keluarga umpama perahu 
yang dipukul gelombang di tengah lautan. 


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Kecantikan wanita seperti kaca yang tidak bermakna tanpa dihiasi 
dengan jiwa yang tulus. 


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Seorang pengemis mungkin asalnya seorang jutawan dan seorang 
jutawan itu mungkin asalnya seorang kutu rayau. 


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Lebih baik menjadi pendengar yang bijak daripada menjadi 
pemerhati yang kaku dan tidak tahu apa-apa. 


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Manusia biasanya lebih menghargai sesuatu yang sukar diperoleh tetapi 
sering melupakan nikmat yang telah tersedia. 


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Nikmat serta kebahagian yang kita rasai pada hari ini adalah bukti kesungguhan 
usaha kita pada masa yang lalu. 


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Melakukan sesuatu perkara dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan ganjaran adalah
lambang manusia yang materialistik. 


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Jambatan menjadi penghubung antara dua buah kampung, perkahwinan 
menjadi penghubung antara dua insan dan anak menjadi penghubung 
antara ibu dan ayah. 


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Kita sering menyalahkan orang lain apabila menemui kegagalan tetapi jarang 
      sekali memuji orang lain apabila berjaya. 


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Seseorang yang bergelar pakar adalah seorang yang banyak pengetahuan 
tentang kekurangan bukannya banyak pengetahuan tentang kelebihan. 


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Pokok dikenali melalui buahnya dan manusia pula dikenali melalui 
namanya. 


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Laksanakanlah apa yang dicita-citakan dan sebaliknya padamkanlah 
apa sahaja yang diangan-angankan. 


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Jangan mengukur kebijaksanaan seseorang hanya kerana 
kepandaiannya berkata-kata tetapi juga perlu dinilai buah fikiran 
serta tingkah lakunya. 


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Kemarahan seorang lelaki adalah apabila kelakiannya tercabar,
manakala kemarahan seorang wanita adalah apabila janji-janji si lelaki 
padanya tidak tertunai. 


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Kebencian akan membawa dua sahabat menjadi musuh, dua pemimpin 
akan bertelingkah, dua negara akan bergolak dan dua benua
akan musnah. 


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Seluruh masa remaja adalah waktu belajar serta membentuk minda. 
Waktu yang berlalu akan berlalu buat selama-lamanya, 
tak akan kembali lagi.


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Setitik dakwat mampu membuat sejuta manusia  berfikir tentangnya. 


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Kehidupan ini diibaratkan sebuah pentas dan makhluk yang bergelar
manusia adalah pelakon utamanya. 


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Semua manusia tahu bagaimana hendak bercakap tetapi tidak semua 
orang tahu bila dia patut bercakap. 


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Kurang ilmu boleh ditambah, kurang pandai boleh belajar, tetapi kurang 
kejujuran, payah dan sukar menambah dan mempelajari kecuali dengan 
kemahuan dan kemampuan yang luar biasa. 


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Ada dua cara seseorang itu tidak boleh berjaya iaitu orang yang 
hanya mengerjakan apa yang disuruh dan orang yang tidak mahu 
mengerjakan apa yang disuruh. 


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Jangan disampaikan dan dipertaruhkan rahsia kepada orang yang 
belum dipercayai benar kerana mempertaruhkan rahsia kepada 
mereka bererti membuka rahsia itu. 


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Kepapaan membuat seseorang yang petah bercakap menjadi pendiam
dan menyebabkan seseorang yang bijak menjadi bodoh. 


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Tempat tidur merupakan penjara kepada orang-orang yang malas. 


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Apabila anda berada di puncak sebuah gunung jangan sesekali anda 
lupakan rumput di bawah yang pernah anda pijak. 


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Orang yang paling malang adalah anak yang ditindas oleh ibu 
bapanya sendiri. 


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Kebijaksanaan menjanjikan kejayaan dan kebahagiaan tetapi 
jika disalahgunakan akan mewujudkan penderitaan. 


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Keangkuhan telah menjadikan manusia tidak berpengetahuan dan 
bertindak sesuka hatinya.


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Kenangilah kesilapan pada masa lalu agar terbina sempadan
di masa akan datang. 


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Sesungguhnya apa yang kita lihat serupa sebenarnya tidak
semestinya sama. 


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Sesungguhnya seorang peminta sedekah tidak pernah kerugian 
tetapi bagi pengusaha adakalanya terpaksa menanggung 
kerugian. 


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Amat mudah untuk memadamkan api yang sedang marak, tetapi 
sukar untuk meredakan api kemarahan dalam diri. 


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Sesungguhnya untuk menilai kebaikan seseorang adalah amat 
sukar daripada mencari keburukannya. 


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Manusia dikurniakan akal untuk berfikir tetapi akal juga telah 
digunakan oleh manusia untuk memusnahkan antara satu 
sama lain. 


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Setiap peristiwa yang berlaku dalam hidup seseorang hanya 
menghasilkan dua kesudahan iaitu kegembiraan
dan kesusahan. 


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Madu itu sungguh manis tetapi sengatan lebah sungguh menyakitkan. 


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Sesungguhnya manusia yang melakukan kemusnahan tidak pernah 
mengenal erti penderitaan. 


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Pedang yang tajam boleh membunuh beribu manusia tetapi minda
yang tajam dapat menyelamatkan berjuta jiwa. 


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Adalah terlalu mudah untuk meminjam sesuatu tetapi
tersangatlah susah untuk memulangkannya semula. 


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Jangan sesekali merendah diri kita dengan mengukur kelebihan yang
ada pada  orang lain. 


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Sebenarnya orang yang sentiasa memuji kita adalah musuh 
yang paling berbahaya kepada kita. 


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Jika anda tidak melakukan yang terbaik hari ini, pasti anda 
akan melakukan perkara yang lebih teruk lagi pada hari esok. 


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Jagalah lidahmu sebelum ia melukakan hati orang lain dan 
jagalah tingkahlakumu sebelum ia membinasakan 
diri sendiri. 


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Jadilah cahaya suram yang kekal abadi sinarannya dan 
elakkan daripada menjadi cahaya terang yang bersifat 
seketika cuma. 


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Bukanlah senang hendak menjadi senang tetapi biasanya tidaklah
susah untuk menjadi susah. 


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Adalah tidak mustahil orang yang paling kita benci sekarang 
adalah kawan karib kita suatu waktu dahulu. 


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Rahsia kegembiraan bukanlah melakukan apa yang seseorang 
suka tetapi menyukai sesuatu yang dilakukan oleh 
orang lain. 


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Hidup itu "hidup". Untuk hidupkan "hidup", kita mesti "hidup" 
supaya kita hidup dengan "hidup" yang sebenarnya. 


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Mati ibarat taufan. Tiada yang boleh menghalang kedatangannya. 
Yang tinggal hanyalah kemusnahan. Kemusnahan itulah kematian. 


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Janganlah mengira anak ayam sebelum ia menetas. 


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Dompet yang penuh sebenarnya menyebabkan mulut sentiasa berair. 


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Sesungguhnya seseorang yang mempunyai musuh sebenarnya juga 
tidak mempunyai kawan. 


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Jangan lakukan semua yang anda ketahui, jangan berbelanja semua
yang anda miliki, jangan percaya semua yang anda dengar 
dan jangan memberitahu semua 
      yang anda dengar. 
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Terlalu ramai orang yang menyambut kemerdekaan tanpa mengenal 
erti kemerdekaan yang sebenarnya. 
     
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ENGLISH - INDONESIAN 
Sejak - atas - bagaimanapun - baru - bergerak - bicara - buruk - datang - hangat - ikut - kulit - mau - membedakan - mengerti - panjangnya - premi - pukul - roti - sedang - setrika -  


1. I cannot move my right arm. > Tangan kanan saya tidak bisa ________________.
2. I see! > Saya ________________.
3. a slice of bread > sepotong ________
4. I slipped on the banana peel. > Saya terpeleset karena __________ pisang.
5. Hands off! > Jangan ________ campur!
6. he is in a bad mood > Hatinya ____________ tidak enak
7. he is only seven > Dia ________ berusia tujuh tahun
8. We would like to call your attention to ... . > Kami mohon perhatian ____________.
9. We'll visit you tomorrow. > Besok kami ____________ (ke rumahmu).
10. Since when? > __________ kapan?
11. Please iron your shirt. > Silakan ______________ bajumu.
12. in no way > tidak dengan cara ________________________
13. to be two metres long > ____________________ dua meter
14. to make a distinction > ____________________
15. So much the worse! > Semakin __________.
16. to talk nonsense > ____________ tidak karuan
17. How much does a one-week insurance cost? > Berapa __________ asuransinya per minggu?
18. at 5 o'clock sharp > Tepat __________ lima.
19. it is getting warm > akan ____________
20. My car won't start. > Mobil saya nggak ______ jalan.
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http://webraft.its.unimelb.edu.au/110076/pub/mahasiswa.htm¿¡ ÀÖ´Â 6¸íÀÇ UnivMelb ÀδϾî°ú Çлýµé ȨÇǺ¸¸é¼­ ȸȭÇϱâ:


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Lelaki 1¸í,wanita 1¸í¾¿ partner¸¦ Á¤ÇÑ´Ù.

ambil,buat,bawa,ada,À» Áý¾î³Ö¾î ȸȭ¹®Àå ¸¸µç´Ù.
1.Ambil satu saja,dong!

³ìÈ­¸¦ ¶°¼­ °¡Á®¿Â´Ù.

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http://boozers.fortunecity.com/glendower/228/dc001.htm
Forum for Indonesian Language Learners 
Language Corner A 
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DC-001: Contributed by Yelliza 
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Here are some very useful expressions which you may use in daily conversations.

(a) Saya tidak mengerti [maksud Anda].

(b) Tidak mengerti saya [maksud Anda]
 I don't understand [what you mean].
 
(a) Saya tidak tahu [itu].

(b) [Itu] saya tidak tahu.
 I don't know [it/that].
 
Maaf, [ya]. 
Mohon maaf, [ya].
 Pardon? [Excuse me!]
 
(a) Apa artinya 'kucing'? 

(b) 'Kucing' apa artinya?
 What's the meaning of 'kucing'?
 
(a) Bagaimana mengatakan 'pardon me' dalam Bahasa Indonesia?

(b) Mengatakan 'pardon me' dalam Bahasa Indonesia, bagaimana?
 How do you say 'pardon me' in Bahasa Indonesia?
 
Bagaimana [Anda] menuliskan kata 'mencari' dalam Bahasa Indonesia? 
Menuliskan kata 'mencari' dalam Bahasa Indonesia, bagaimana?
 How do [you] spell the word 'mencari' in Bahasa Indonesia?
 
Apa[kah] ini betul? 
Betulkah ini?
 Is this correct?
 
Apa batik ini baik? 
Baikkah batik ini?
 Is this batik good?
 
[Tolong] [ucapkan] sekali lagi. 
[Mohon] [ucapkan] sekali lagi.
 [Please][say it] once more.
 


Notes:

Words between [ ] are optional. Sentences (a) are of standard expressions but (b) are very common in informal talks. In Bahasa Indonesia, it's very common to show 'emphasis' by placing the emphasized word(s) at the beginning of a sentence. Use mohon to soften an imperative statement or to make it more polite. In many instances, the word tolong (which literally means 'please' or 'help') may function similarly. Please note that the word tolong is commonly used in imperative statements in the sense of 'please help me to ...', so that you may say tolong tutup pintu but not tolong maaf.


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http://boozers.fortunecity.com/glendower/228/ac002.htm
Forum for Indonesian Language Learners
Language Corner A
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AC-003-1 : Contributed by Jurlismen Radjab 
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  Most frequently used question words (1)

The followings are the most frequently used question words when you talk to somebody. Remember that the intonation of a question expression in Bahasa Indonesia is generally 'raising' at the end (just like some 'yes/no' questions in English). The parts in 'brackets' [ ] are optional.

 Apa? (What?)

This is a very useful word in dialogs. You may need to use it in many ways for different purposes. Let's see some:

Apa?
 What?
 With a raising intonation, 'apa' may indicate that you can't hear something clearly and want the speaker to repeat.
 
Apa itu? Apa ini?

Itu apa? Ini apa?
 What's that? What's this?

That is what? This is what?
 Use this question to ask about things when you want to know the names of. Just like in English, use 'itu' for things that are not within your reach. Putting 'itu' or 'ini' at the beginning of the expression may show emphasis [generally, this may apply to other expressions, too].
 
Apa maksudnya? Apa maksud Anda?

 

Apa arti [kata] "gawat" dalam Bahasa Indonesia?
 What do you mean [by saying that]? Literally: What's the meaning [of what you say]?

What's the meaning of [the word] "gawat" in Bahasa Indonesia?
 Use 'maksud' to ask about the meaning or purpose of what one says or does, but 'arti' to ask about the meaning of a word or an expression. The possessive 'nya' [literally means 'his'] attached to 'maksud' functions like 'the' in English. This applies to other nouns also. Thus, you may say 'Apa artinya [kata] "gawat" dalam Bahasa Indonesia' instead of the one given in the first column. 'Apa maksud Anda?' is more suitable for formal dialogs.
 


Sample dialogs:

Dialog One:

A: Buah apa itu? (What fruit is that?)
B: [Buah] itu [namanya] rambutan. (That [fruit] [its name] is 'rambutan')

Dialog Two:

A: Apa maksud Anda mengunjungi sekolah itu? (What is your purpose of visiting that school?
B: Saya ingin bertemu dengan kepala sekolahnya. (I want to meet the headmaster)

Dialog Three:

A: Apa artinya 'istirahat'? (What's the meaning of 'istirahat'?
B: Artinya '[to take] rest'. (The meaning [is] '[to take] rest')

Siapa? (Who?)

Siapa? Siapa itu?

Siapa di situ?
 Who? Who is that?

Who is there?
 Asking about a person. Notice that 'itu' is used for things or 'nouns' but 'situ' indicates place or location. Another common word for 'situ' is 'sana'. Both 'situ' and sana need a proposition 'di' when used. Use 'di sini' for 'here'. Just like in English 'siapa' may refer to one's name or occupation.
 
Siapa namanya?

 
 What's [your or his] name? 

 
 Here the use of 'nya' refers to possessive 'his or her' or 'your', depending on to whom you are speaking. Bahasa Indonesia does not distinguish 'his' to 'her' in which 'nya' will replace. [Generally, this may apply to other expressions, too].
 
Siapa Kepala Sekolah di sini?

 
 Who is the schoolmaster here?

 
 Here, again, you may add 'nya' to the phrase 'Kepala Sekolah', so that you have 'Siapa Kepala Sekolahnya di sini?' When speaking to a possible staff member of the school, you'd better use 'Anda'. See AC-001 for more information on terms of address.
 

  Sample dialogs:

Dialog One:

A: Siapa dia? (Who [is] he [she]?)
B: [Namanya] Fitri. ( [His or her name is] Fitri)

Dialog Two:

A: Siapa di sana? (Who is there?
B: [Itu] Pak Pos. ([That's a] postman)

Dialog Three:

A: Siapa Direktur Rumah Sakit Umum? (Who's the Director of the General Hospital?
B: Dokter Muhammad Ali. 

Di mana? (Where?)

Di mana Anda tinggal? Di mana tinggal[nya]? Tinggal[nya] di mana?

 
 Where do you live? Or Where does he [she] lives?

 
 Asking about a person's residence. Notice that 'nya' is used alternatively. When asking about third person [singular] 'nya' should be used. 'Dia' or 'ia' may replace 'nya' but the position is similar to 'Anda' in the examples.
 
Di mana Kantor Pos? Kantor pos dimana?

 
 Where is the post office? 

 
 Notice that emphasis may change the word arrangement as given in the examples
 
Di mana saya bisa beli perangko? 

Di mana perangko dijual?

 
 Where can I buy some stamps? Where are stamps sold? 

 
 Notice that the passive statement is also very common in questions.
 

  Sample dialogs:

Dialog One:

A: Di mana tinggal sekarang? (Where do you live nowadays?)
B: [Di] Jalan Sumatra nomor 11. ( [At] Jalan Sumatra 11)

Dialog Two:

A: Di mana Kantor Pos? (Where is the post office?
B: Di ujung jalan ini. (By the end of this street)

Dialog Three:

A: Di mana Anda bekerja? (Where do you work?
B: Di Universitas Indonesia. (At the University of Indonesia) 

================================================================================
http://www.transparent.com/LanguagePages/indonesian/FSIndonesian.htm
Basic phrases 
 
Ya.  Yes. 
 
Tidak. No. 
 
Silakan.  Please. 
 
Terima kasih.  Thank you. 
 
Terima kasih kemdali.  You're welcome. 
 
Maaf.  Excuse me. 
 
Maafkan saya.  I am sorry. 
 
Selamat pagi.  Good morning. 
 
Selamat siang.  Good afternoon. 
 
Selamat sore.  Good afternoon. 
 
Selamat malam.  Good evening. 
 
Selamat tinggal.  Good-bye. 
 
Selamat jalan.  Good night. 
 
Selamat tidur.  Good night. 
 
Phrases for Meeting and Greeting 
 
Apakah anda dapat berbahasa Inggris? Do you speak English? 
 
Ada yang dapat berbahasa Inggris di sini? Does anyone here speak English? 
 
Saya berbicara sedikit bahasa Indonesia. I only speak a little Indonesian. 
 
Siapa nama anda?  What is your name? 
 
Nama saya Fatima.  My name is Fatima. 
 
Apa kabar?  How are you? 
 
Saya baik-baik saja, terima kasih. I'm fine, thank you. 
 
Saya sangat senang berjumpa dengan anda. I am very glad to meet you. 
 
Saya tidak mengerti.  I don't understand. 
 
Apa yang anda katakan?  What did you say? 
 
Dapatkah anda berbicara agak pelan? Can you speak more slowly? 
 
Saya sangat memahami.  I understand perfectly.  
  
Dialog 
 
Mrs. Hendro: Selamat pagi.
Good morning.
Apakah anda berbahasa Inggris?
Do you speak English? 
Store Clerk: Maaf, saya tidak dapat berbahasa Inggris.
I'm sorry, I do not speak English. 
Mrs. Hendro: Sayang sekali, saya hanya sedikit mengerti bahasa Indonesia.
Unfortunately, I only speak a little Indonesian. 
Store Clerk: Ah, tidak apa-apa, Bu.
That's all right.
Saya memahami Ibu.
I understand you.  

===============================================================================



1.DI JALAN


Pejalan kaki:  Selamat sore, Pak! 
Pak Haji:        Selamat sore! 
Pejalan kaki:      Permisi Pak, bolehkah saya menanyakan sesuatu? 
Pak Haji:        Silahkan! 
Pejalan kaki:      Kalau hendak ke Jalan Surapati,   sebaiknya lewat  arah mana Pak? 
Pak Haji:           Oh,  sebaiknya Adik  mengambil arah timur ke Jalan   Merdeka.  Sekitar dua blok,  Adik belok ke kanan, di Jalan Bangau, lalu jalan terus hingga di lampu  merah. Belok kanan di persimpangan tersebut, adalah Jalan Surapati. 
Pejalan kaki:    Jadi Jalan Surapati itu  tak jauh dari sini ya Pak? 
Pak Haji            Iya Dik, sekitar lima belas menit dengan berjalan kaki dari sini. 
Pejalan kaki:      Terima kasih Pak!  Bapak telah sangat membantu. 
Pak Haji:           Terima kasih kembali Dik.   Hati-hati jika menyeberang jalan. 

2.Bank

Pegawai bank:     Selamat pagi Ibu! 
Nasabah:            Selamat pagi!  
Pegawai bank:    Ada yang bisa saya bantu? 
Nasabah:             Terima kasih Dik.  Saya ingin mengambil sedikit   uang tunai. 
Pegawai bank:    Apakah Ibu membawa buku tabungan? 
Nasabah:             Iya.  Ini dia buku tabungan saya. 
Pegawai bank:     Silakan tunggu Ibu. 
Nasabah:           Terima kasih. 

3.DI BIOSKOP

Penonton:                  Selamat malam Mas! 
Pegawai loket karcis :  Selamat malam. 
Penonton:                  Beri dua karcis untuk film Si Dul Anak Sekolahan.  Berapa harga karcisnya, Mas? 
Pegawai loket karcis:   Lima ribu rupiah,  mBak. 
Penonton:              Ini uangnya Mas,  Sepuluh ribu rupiah. 
Pegawai loket karcis :  Ini karcisnya mBak.  Selamat menonton. 
Penonton :     Terima kasih Mas. 
Pegawai loket karcis :  Kembali. 

 
4.DI MESJID

Pak Haji :        Assalamu Alaikum. 
Ani :            Waalaikum Mussalam, Pak Haji. 
Pak Haji :     Apakah kamu hendak melakukan Shalat Asar, Ani? 
Ani:            Iya Pak Haji. 
Pak Haji :       Apakah kamu sudah mengambil air wudhu? 
Ani :           Iya Pak Haji. 
Pak Haji :      Silahkan Ani.  Kerjakan shalatnya sebelum terlambat. 
Ani :             Terima kasih Pak Haji. 

5.  DI WARUNG

Pelayan :              Selamat siang! 
Koleksi photo Jim Henry  
Tamu :      Selamat siang! 
Pelayan :             Silakan duduk. 
Tamu :  Terima kasih. 
Pelayan :              Ibu mau memesan apa? 
Tamu :           Saya dengar warung anda punya masakan ikan bakar yang sangat lezat.  
Pelayan :             Terima kasih Bu. Warung   ini terkenal karena   masakan ikannya.  Jenis ikan apa yang Ibu  ingini? 
Tamu :           Bagaimana kalau Ikan Emas pepes dengan sambal pedas? 
Pelayan :           Akan saya siapkan Bu. 
Tamu :        Terima kasih. 
Pelayan: Kembali. 
================================================================================
http://www.bluep.com.au/~gerome/main.htm

1.Personal questions 

Ibu asal dari mana? - madam origin from where? - Where are you from?

If you want to be polite when asking questions put ma'af in front of your question:
Ma'af, ibu asal dari mana? - excuse madam origin from where? - Excuse we, where are you from?

Among young people use the informal:
Kamu dari mana? - you from where? - Where are you from?

It sounds a bit nicer if you avoid using kamu and use the person's name instead:
Tani dari mana? - Tani from where? - Where are you from, Tani?
Saya dari Bali - I from Bali - I am from Bali

Note
There are no data protection laws in Indonesia. I was once at the police station to get my driver's license when I noticed on the screen of the card printer the photograph of a very attractive girl, whose picture had been taken before. I jokingly asked the policeman: Cewek ini tinggal di mana? - Girl this stays where? - Where does this girl live? 
He turned the screen towards me and pressed a button on the computer to let me have a look at the page with her personal details 
 

Do not be surprised to be asked questions that we would consider a little personal. Perfectly normal is in Indonesia:
Berapa umur kamu? - How much age you? - How old are you?
Answer: Umur saya 23 - Age my 23 - My age is 23
or: Saya 23 tahun - I 23 years - I am 23 years old

The chapter dealing with numbers is here.

Note
In Indonesia it is OK to ask a woman for her age.
 

Another frequent question is:

Sudah mandi? - Already bath/shower? - Have you had a shower yet?

This question is as normal in Indonesia as a "nice day today"-type filler phrase in the anglophone world.
As Indonesians shower very frequently and consider anyone of less than 2 showers daily dirty, answer always:
Sudah - already - Yes already

Note
Many single foreigners living in Indonesia found it after a while easier to declare themselves married than to have to reject friendly-meant offers in that direction all the time.
 

Also not unusual to be asked is: Sudah kawin? - already married? - Are you already married?
the same meaning has: Sudah nikah?
Answer: sudah already - Yes, already
or: belum not yet - No, not yet

Indonesians never answer simply 'no' to this question. It is always belum - not yet. There is no doubt that one will get married one day.

Also, don't be too shy to ask straight forward if your new acquaintance has already a boyfriend or girlfriend.


Sudah punya pacar? - already own girlfriend/boyfriend - Do you already have a boyfriend/girlfriend?

A Twist
Kawin does not only mean to be married but also to have sex. So among young people you may try this answer to the question sudah kawin: Kawin sudah, tetapi nikah belum - married/having sex already but not yet married - Yes I have already done it but I am not yet married. 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fill in the right word


1. How do you say I am not married yet?   Saya  ????tidaksudahbelumnikah kawin     Result:    

2. Which word also means having sex?   ????kawinnikahtinggal     Result:    

3. How do you ask for somebody's age?   ????orang apaberapa umurdari mana kamu     Result: 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.Personal and too Personal Questions

New Words
 
bapak           father, sir  
berapa?           how much?  
cewek           girl (informal)  
dan           and  
ibu           mother, madam  
kawin           to be married, to marry, to have sex  
pacar           boyfriend or girlfriend  
nikah           to be married, to marry  
siapa?           who?  
sudah           already, yet  
tahun           year  
tetapi           but  
tinggal           to stay  
umur           age  

As a foreigner in Indonesia you better get used to all the attention you will get (especially from the opposite sex). Without much ado you will be asked all kinds of questions about yourself. Don't be irritated, ask back!

If you address somebody you should differentiate between formal and informal. If you want to say "you", use kamu among friends or with young people. Anda is more formal and should be used with anyone you don't know. There is also saudara, which is very formal and not used very often in everyday talk.

Another and very polite way of addressing people is by using bapak (father) for men and ibu (mother) for women.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ask for a Person's Name 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Informal: Nama anda siapa? - Name you (informal) who? - What is your name?
Formal to men: Nama bapak siapa? - Name father/sir who? - May I ask your name sir?
Formal to women: Nama ibu siapa? - Name madam who? - May I ask your name madam?
Very informal: Nama kamu siapa? - Name you (informal) who? - What is your name?

The answer: Nama saya Tani - Name my Tani - My name is Tani.

or: Nama saya Tani dan nama kamu siapa? - Name my Tani and name you? - My name is Tani and yours?

Note
If your name is Mark, you will experience that most people cannot pronounce it. It becomes inevitably "Marx" or "Max". Why that is I never found out.
 
Another note
If your name is Marc, you are even worse off. As the c is in Indonesian always pronounces like "ch" your esteemed name will become March.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Personal questions 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ibu asal dari mana? - madam origin from where? - Where are you from?

If you want to be polite when asking questions put ma'af in front of your question:
Ma'af, ibu asal dari mana? - excuse madam origin from where? - Excuse we, where are you from?

Among young people use the informal:
Kamu dari mana? - you from where? - Where are you from?

It sounds a bit nicer if you avoid using kamu and use the person's name instead:
Tani dari mana? - Tani from where? - Where are you from, Tani?
Saya dari Bali - I from Bali - I am from Bali

Note
There are no data protection laws in Indonesia. I was once at the police station to get my driver's license when I noticed on the screen of the card printer the photograph of a very attractive girl, whose picture had been taken before. I jokingly asked the policeman: Cewek ini tinggal di mana? - Girl this stays where? - Where does this girl live? 
He turned the screen towards me and pressed a button on the computer to let me have a look at the page with her personal details 
 

Do not be surprised to be asked questions that we would consider a little personal. Perfectly normal is in Indonesia:
Berapa umur kamu? - How much age you? - How old are you?
Answer: Umur saya 23 - Age my 23 - My age is 23
or: Saya 23 tahun - I 23 years - I am 23 years old

The chapter dealing with numbers is here.

Note
In Indonesia it is OK to ask a woman for her age.
 

Another frequent question is:

Sudah mandi? - Already bath/shower? - Have you had a shower yet?

This question is as normal in Indonesia as a "nice day today"-type filler phrase in the anglophone world.
As Indonesians shower very frequently and consider anyone of less than 2 showers daily dirty, answer always:
Sudah - already - Yes already

Note
Many single foreigners living in Indonesia found it after a while easier to declare themselves married than to have to reject friendly-meant offers in that direction all the time.
 

Also not unusual to be asked is: Sudah kawin? - already married? - Are you already married?
the same meaning has: Sudah nikah?
Answer: sudah already - Yes, already
or: belum not yet - No, not yet

Indonesians never answer simply 'no' to this question. It is always belum - not yet. There is no doubt that one will get married one day.

Also, don't be too shy to ask straight forward if your new acquaintance has already a boyfriend or girlfriend.


Sudah punya pacar? - already own girlfriend/boyfriend - Do you already have a boyfriend/girlfriend?

A Twist
Kawin does not only mean to be married but also to have sex. So among young people you may try this answer to the question sudah kawin: Kawin sudah, tetapi nikah belum - married/having sex already but not yet married - Yes I have already done it but I am not yet married. 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Fill in the right word


1. How do you say I am not married yet?   Saya  ????tidaksudahbelumnikah kawin     Result:    

2. Which word also means having sex?   ????kawinnikahtinggal     Result:    

3. How do you ask for somebody's age?   ????orang apaberapa umurdari mana kamu     Result:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Friendly Talk

New Words
 
bisa           to ba able to  
cinta           to love, love  
ganteng           handsome  
cantik           pretty  
jalan-jalan           walking around, having a walk  
jatuh           to fall  
kenapa?           why?  
lucu           funny, cute  
nakal           naughty  
pintar           intelligent  
sifat           character (of a person)  
suka           to like  
waktu           time  

In love affairs Indonesians use a charming mixture of direct and indirect language.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Be direct 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If somebody likes you he or she will directly let you know pretty soon. In general Indonesians seem to be a lot less complicated in this respect than people in western countries.

Saya suka kamu - I like you - I like you

You could answer:
Terima kasih. Kenapa? - Thank you. Why?

Guys may be told:
Kamu ganteng - you handsome - You are handsome

Girls will hear:
Kamu cantik - you pretty - You are pretty

Here are some more nice things you could say:
Saya suka sifat kamu - I like character you - I like the way you are
Saya suka mata kamu - I like eye you - I like your eyes
Kamu lucu - you cute - You are sweet
Kamu pintar - you intelligent - You are intelligent
Saya jatuh cinta sama kamu - I fall love togehter you - I fell in love with you

Note
Indonesian girls can be quite coquettish especially with westerners. Most of it is however only curiosity and however daring some remarks may seem, most girls would never think of having an affair before getting married. 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Be indirect 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You may be direct in showing your affection, but for anything else be as indirect as possible. By doing so you are not too pushy and on the other hand you leave every possibility open.

Mau jalan-jalan sama saya? - want walking walking with me? - Let's have walk together

This can mean literally having a walk, but could also include going out for dinner or to the cinema and could also imply much more.

Mau main sama saya? - want play with me? - Do want to do something together with me?

Main normally means to play or to hang out or just to have a chat with somebody. It can also mean having sex. Mau main sama saya? is a perfectly harmless question but it leaves a trace of a suggestion to spend the night together in the air.

If he or she does agree to these suggestions then this does not necessarily mean that they are after the same thing as you. In most cases main and jalan-jalan will mean just that: having a walk or a chat together.

Nakal means cheeky and is often used for cheeky kids. But it can also mean being a bastard or an easy girl.

Cewek nakal covers everything from cheeky girl to prostitute.

Mau nakal sama saya? - Want cheeky with me? - Let's be naughty together

This question says rather clearly what you want, but as it is still a little ambiguous it is not considered coarse. Don't be any more direct than that.

Rejections must always be indirect to save the other's face. If you don't want something say for example:
Tidak bisa - not can - I can't
Tidak ada waktu - not available time - I don't have time

Note
Beauty standards are different in Indonesia. Many Indonesian men like tall women (preferably taller than themselves) with light complexion, and a long nose. Consequently many girls, however pretty they may be, are considered and find themselves ugly just because they are not tall, have a short nose and dark complexion. Western men find this rather convenient. 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fill in the right word
1. How do you tell a boy that he is handsome?   Kamu  ????cantiklucugentengnikah     Result:    

2. How do you tell a girl that she is pretty?  Kamu  ????cantikgentenglucu     Result:    

3. How do you tell somebody that he/she is cute?  Kamu  ????lucucantiknakal     Result:    

3. What is the best (i.e. indirect) way of asking a girl or a boy if he/she wants to sleep with you?
Mau  ????nakalmaincinta sama saya?     Result:    
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.Arranging Dates

You will be surprised how quickly you can fix a date with somebody. Going out and meeting people is a favourite past time for young Indonesians.

Cari cewek - looking for girls and cari cowok - looking for boys is the name of the game. In fact most young people hanging out in shopping centres are not after shopping at all.


Music cafés and discotheques are also popular hang outs, especially for the cewek nakal and cowok nakal


New Words
 
berangkat           depart  
besok           tomorrow  
boleh           to be allowed to, OK  
cowok           boy, bloke, lad, guy  
di           in  
di mana           where  
ikut           to come along  
jam           hour  
kapan?           when?  
karet?           rubber  
kurang           less  
lewat           past  
menit           minute  
nanti           later (future-indicator)  
pergi           to go (away)  
sama           same, together, together with  
sibuk           busy  
tanggal           date  



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Call me 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


You will find that young Indonesians give out their phone numbers easily, especially mobile phone numbers. Going out with friends and fixing dates on the phone is the normal evening programme for many.

Nomor telepon kamu berapa? - number telephone you how much? - What is your telephone number?
Nomor telepon saya 38222000 - number telephone I is 38222000 - My telephone number is 38222000

Please refer also to the chapter Numbers

Nanti kamu telepon saya, ya? - later you telephone me, yes? - Call me



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Come and see me 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


In Indonesia meeting a boy or a girl does not always mean having a date as a westerner would understand it. A man or a woman who is not used to western live-styles is likely to show up for a date with an entourage of friends and relatives.

On the other side a date with a more experienced person will most likely take a promising turn surprisingly soon...

Nanti sore mau ketemu saya? - later evening want meet me? - Shall we meet this evening?
Mau ketemu di mana? - want meet where? - Where do you want to meet?
Di rumah saya? - in house my? - At my place?
Boleh - may - Alright

A rather direct request is, when brought forward at the end of an evening:
Mau ikut sama saya? - want come with me? - Do you want to come with me?

If you get a boleh as an answer to this question make sure you have read the chapter very friendly talk before. 



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time and date 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


The word jam followed by the number of hours indicates a time.
jam dua - hour two - two o'clock

Indonesia like most countries uses the 24 hour time format (from 0:00 to 23:59) but in day-to-day conversation the 12 hour format is more common.
Jam berapa sekarang? - hour what now? - What time is it?
Jam dua puluh - hour twenty - Twenty hundred
Jam dua puluh, itu jam delapan malam tidak? - hour twenty, this hour eight night no? - Twenty hundred, that is eight o'clock p.m. isn't it?

A time past the hour is expressed by lewat - past; for times before the hour use kurang - less
jam tiga lewat sepuluh menit - hour three past ten minute - ten past three
jam empat kurang tiga belas menit - hour four minus thirteen minutes - thirteen to four

Setengah - half- is used to describe a half hour before the hour:
jam setengah tujuh - hour half seven - half past six

A Twist
If something is not on time, people say it follows jam karet - rubber time. Bis ini berangkat jam karet - bus this depart hour rubber - This bus departs whenever. 
 

Besok kita ketemu kapan? - tomorrow we meet when? - When do we meet tomorrow?
Jam sembilan malam, bisah? - hour nine night, can? - At nine p.m. is that OK?
Tidak bisa, saya sibuk jam sembilan - not can, I busy hour nine - I can't, I'll be busy at nine
Bagaimana jam sepuluh? - how hour ten? - How about ten o'clock?
Bisa - can - OK

To tell a date of the month use tanggal in front of the date:


Saya pergi ke Inggeris tanggal enam belas - I go to England date 16 - I'll go to Enlgland on the 16th
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.Very Friendly Talk

New Words
 
badan           body  
baju           clothes  
baik           good  
buka           open, to open, to take off  
cium           to kiss, to sniff, to smell (transitive)  
cinta           to love, love  
duduk           to sit  
hamil           pregnant  
kondom           condom  
lampu           lamp  
jadi           to become, to turn into  
lebih           more (also used for comparative)  
malu           shy, embarrassed  
matikan           to switch off  
minum           to drink  
persediaan           preparation (protection)  
tidur           to sleep  

In this lesson you will learn some useful terms for those cases where your flirting has been successful
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Making yourself comfortable 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Most Indonesians will gladly accept an invitation to come to your place. Just for a cup of tea, that is in most cases. But you will also meet people (most likely in places like in music cafés or discotheques), who will have the same notion of "coming up for a coffee" as people in the west have.

Being indirect is also here a trusty strategy, as you will find that often Indonesians, men and women alike, tend to be shyer in such situations than westerners. Here are some phrases that may become handy.

Mau duduk di sini? - want sit here? - Do you want have a seat here?
Mau minum apa? - want drink what? - Do you want something to drink?
Bisa matikan lampu? - can switch off lamp? - Can you switch the light off?
Saya cinta kamu - I love you
Saya suka cium kamu - I like kiss you - I like kissing you
Saya suka badan kamu - I like body you - I like your body
Saya mau tidur sama kamu - I want sleep with me - I would like to sleep with you
Boleh buka baju kamu? - may open clothes you? - May I take your clothes off?
Saya malu - I shy/embarrassed - I am shy
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Practicalities 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Many young Indonesians have a rather relaxed view on protection and birth control. There are effective government-sponsored birth control programs, but they are mainly targeted at married people (as unmarried people are not supposed to play around anyway). This means you need to take the initiative here.

Lebih baik pakai kondom - more good using condom - It is better to use a condom
As a nice alternative for condom you could use: persediaan - preparation.

Saya tidak mau kamu hamil - I not want you pregnant - I don't want you to get pregnant
Saya tidak mau jadi hamil - I not want become pregnant - I don't want to get pregnant

Note
It is not only macho talk from western men: Most condoms on sale in Indonesia are in fact not up to western standards (regarding both, quality and size).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.Numbers

Knowing numbers can be extremely helpful. If you know the numbers you can ask for prices, a person's age or telephone number. 

New Words
 
daerah           area  
ditulis           written  
tinggi           high, tall  
kecil           small, in conjunction with numbers: low  
negara           country  
telepon           telephone  
kosong           0, empty  
nol           0  
satu           1  
dua           2  
tiga           3  
empat           4  
lima           5  
enam           6  
tujuh           7  
delapan           8  
sembilan           9  
sepuluh           10  
sebelas           11  
duabelas           12  
tigabelas           13  
empatbelas           14  
limabelas           15  
enambelas           16  
duapuluh           20  
duapuluh satu           21  
tigapuluh           30  
seratus           100  
dua ratus           200  
tiga ratus delapan puluh lima           385  
seribu           1000  
sembilan ribu delapan ratus tujuh           9807  
tiga ratus duabelas ribu           312000  
satu juta           1000 000  

As you can see although satu means one you don't say "satu ratus" but seratus for one hundred. The same applies for seribu, but both satu juta and sejuta is correct.

Ini nomor besar - number big - this is a high number
Nomor kecil - number small - this is a low number
Nomor ganjil odd number
Nomor genap even number

As in any language understanding numbers is very difficult in the beginning. You will have to ask people to write the number down:

Tolong ditulis! - please, written - please write it down

Note
The Rupiah has gone through some inflation in its life.
US$1 = Rp8500.00 (September 2000). You need to know
the high numbers to understand prices 
 
Fractions
 
setengah           1/2  
sepertiga           1/3  
seperempat           1/4  
tigaperempat           3/4  

Who knows the numbers will have no problems with ordinal numbers. For all numbers except 1 simply add the prefix ke to the number:

Ordinal numbers
 
pertama           1st  
kedua           2nd  
ketiga           3rd  
keseratus           100th  

Double and triples
 
dobel           double  
tiga kali           triple  
empat kali           four times  

Harga hotel ini empat kali harga hotel itu. - price hotel this four times price hotel that. - The price of this hotel is four times the price of that hotel. 

A Twist
A couple, one tall and slim, 
the other short and fat is called
nomor sepuluh 
 



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Telephone numbers 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


After getting a belum for the question sudah nikah it may be time to ask:
Q: Nomor telepon kamu berapa? - number telephone you how much? - What is your telephone number?
A: Nomor telepon saya dua tiga empat nol nol lima satu - number telephone my 2340051 - My telephone number is 2340051

To ask for country and area code:
Q:kode daerah berapa? - code area how much? - What is the area code?
A: Dua satu. Itu Jakarta. - Two one. That Jakarta. - Two one. That is Jakarta
Q: Kode negara berapa? - code country how much? - What is the country code?
A: Kode negara enam dua. - country code six two - Country code is six two.

Nomor telepon saya ada delapan angka. - number telephone my has eight digits - My telephone number has eight digits.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.Asking and Answering Questions

New Words
 
alamat           address  
arah           direction  
atau           or  
bagaimana?           how?  
bantu           to help, to assist  
baru           new  
belok           to turn  
berhenti           to stop  
bisa           to be able to, to know (a language)  
boleh           to be allowed  
bon           bill (in a restaurant)  
buku           book  
dan           and  
dong / donk           intensifier to stress a statement or sentence (informal)  
harga           price  
jawab           to answer  
jawaban           the answer  
kanan           right (right-hand)  
karena           because  
kiri           left  
lewat           (to go) past  
lurus           straight (ahead)  
Mengapa           why (formal)  
menolong           help  
minta           to ask for, to beg  
naik           to mount or to get onto (a horse, bus, bicycle, car), to climb  
nanti           later  
nya           suffix to indicate a possession in the third person  
permisi           excuse me, may I?  
pertanyaan           question  
sekarang           now  
tahu           to know  
tanya           to ask  
tolong           please help, help, help!  

Getting around in Indonesia means almost constantly asking what's going on. The good thing is that people are always happy to answer, especially if you speak the language a little. The bad thing is that often nobody knows what is going on anyway. 



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Simple yes/no question 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Indicative sentences can be transformed into questions by simply changing the intonation of the sentence.
David orang Australia. - David person Australia - David is Australian.
David orang Australia? - David person Australia? - Is David Australian?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Questions with ada 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Ada orang? - There is people? - Is there anybody there?
Tani ada di rumah? -Tani is in house? - Is Tani at home?

Another way to indicate a question is to use the word apa or apakah at the beginning:
Q: Apa Lisa ada di rumah? What Lisa is present at house - Is Lisa at home?
A: Ada - is - yes she is

Atau means or and is placed at the same position in a sentence as in English.
Q: Kamu ada di Jakarta atau di Bandung? - You are in Jakarta or in Bandung? - Are you in Jakarta or in Bandung?
A: Di Bandung - In Bandung - In Bandung


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Positive answer: Answering yes without saying yes 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


ya means 'yes' but is not very often used. Let's take the question:
Q: Mau ke rumah? - Want to house? - Do you want to go home?

Don't answer a single ya. You would be understood, but a better way to answer is to repeat the sentence's predicate:
A: Mau - want 
or: Ya, mau

Another example:
Q: Sudah ada bis ke Jakarta? - already available bus to Jakarta? - Is there already a bus to Jakarta?
A: Sudah ada - already available - Yes, there already is.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Use apa to ask for a specific object or subject: 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Put apa behind the object that you are asking to be specified.
Kamu orang apa? - you person what? - What nationality are you? or What kind of person are you?
Itu mobil apa? - this car what? - What kind of car is this? 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Who and how much: Questions with berapa, siapa: 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Like with apa, you can place these interrogatives after the object to question it or at the beginning of the sentence.
Q: Umur kamu berapa? - age you how much? - How old are you?
Q: Berapa umur kamu? - how much age you? - How old are you?
A: saya dua puluh tiga - I twenty-three - I am twenty-three

Q: Berapa harganya? how much price of it? - How much does this cost?
A: Harga ini dua ratus lima puluh ribu lima ratus rupiah - price this 250500 Rupiah - This costs 250500 Rupiah

Q: Itu mobil siapa? - this car who? - Whose car is this?
A: Itu mobil kamu - this car you - This is your car.

Q: Siapa orang itu? - who person that? - Who is that person?
A: Itu Nita, teman saya - this Nita, friend my - This is Nita, my friend

Q: Nama anda siapa? name you (formal) who? - What is your name?
A: Nama saya Peter, dan nama Anda siapa? - name my Peter, and name you (formal) who? - My name is Peter, and what is your name?

As a general rule remember: If siapa stands after the sentence's object it is asking for the proprietor of that object (exception nama siapa, meaning what name).
Example: Ini rumah siapa? - this house who? - Whose house is this?

If siapa leads a sentence then it means who.
Example: Siapa ada di rumah? - who is in house? - Who is in the house?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Why-questions 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To form a why-question put kenapa or the more formal megnapa in front of an indicative sentence:
Q:Kenapa suka saya? - why like me? - Why do you like me?
A:Karena kamu pintar - because you intelligent - Because you are intelligent 

Q: Mengapa harga ini dua puluh satu ribu? - why price this 21000? - Why does this cost 21000?
A: Karena baru - because new - Because it is new.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
When-question 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q: Kapan mau ke hotel? - when want to hotel? - When do you want to go to the hotel?
You may also say: Mau ke hotel kapan?
A: Saya mau sekarang - I want now - I want to go now.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bagaimana: Asking how things are 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q: Bagaimana buku itu? - how book this? - How is this book?
A: Buku ini bagus - book this good - This book is good

Bagaimana alone often means how are you?
Q: Bagaimana? - how? - How do you do?
A: Baik - Good

If you don't know what's going on or you don't know what to do next, you can also simply say: bagaimana? - how - Now what next? or: How do I get out of this?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asking for locations and directions 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mana means where. In conjunction with di it means where something presently is: Kamu di mana? - you in where? - Where are you?

Together with ke, mana asks for a destination: Mobil ke mana? - car to where? - Where is the car going to?

Other examples:
Q: Mau ke mana? - want to where? - Where do you want to go?
A: Mau ke rumah - want to house - I want to go home
Q: Teman saya ada di mana? - friend my is in where? - Where is my friend?
A: Teman kamu di bis - friend your in bus - Your friend is in the bus.

Q: Di mana ada mobil saya? - where is car my? - Where is my car?
A: Mobil kamu di sana - car you there - Your car is there.

A Note
Even in big cities almost nobody uses a map. Consequently people are not used to using them. Don't waste time asking somebody to show you a place on your map. 
 

For most towns and cities you won't be able to buy a map. Asking for directions is therefore important to know.

Q: Dimana ada hotel Manise? - where is hotel Manise? - Where is the Manise Hotel?
A: Ada di Jalan Setiabudi - is in street Setiabudi - It is in the Setiabudi Street
Q: Jalan Setiabudi arah ke mana? - street Setiabudi direction to where? - Which way is the Setiabudi Street?
A: Di sini lurus, nanti belok kiri dan nanti kanan - in here straight ahead, later turn left then later right - Go straight first, then turn left and then right
Q: Alamatnya di mana? - address in where? - Which address is it?
A: Alamatnya Jalan Setiabudi nomor 30 - its address Street Setiabudi number 30 - The address is 30 Setiabudi Street


To ask a taxi to stop here: Berhenti di sini - stop here


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asking for something 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

If you want to ask for a certain item simply put minta in front of it. Compared to our 'excuse me, could I have..' this may appear a little short and rude, but it is perfectly acceptable.

Minta alamatmu - demand address-yours - Can I have your address?

Minta is slightly formal. A less formal way to ask for something is by using boleh:
Boleh tahu alamatmu? - may know address-yours - May I know your address?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asking for permission 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q: Boleh tanya berapa umur Anda? - may ask how much age you (formal)? - May I ask how old are you?
A: Boleh. Tetapi saya tidak mau bilang - may. But I not want tell - You may. But I don't want to tell you

Q: Boleh lewat? - may past? - May I go past?
A: Boleh - may - You may
Note that the positive answer here is not a simple ya, but the repetition of the predicate.

Q: Boleh ikut? - may come along? - May I come with you?
A: Tidak bisa - not can - Sorry you can't

Q: Boleh juga? - may also? - May I also (have somehting)?
A: Boleh - may - You may

If you want to go past somebody say permisi.

A Note
Walking between two people who are talking to each other is always a bit rude in Indonesia. If you can't avoid it bow your body slightly, hold your right hand in front of you, go past and say permisi
 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asking and offering help 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tolong bantu saya - please help me - Please help me

Bisa bantu? - can help? - Can you help me?

Bisa saya bantu? - can I help? - Can I help you?

Minta bantuan - ask for help - Please help me

Among friends you can also use:
Bantu dong! - Help - So please, help me!
Dong is a very popular intensifier put at the end of indicative sentences:
Mau dong! - Want! - I want this!
Use this sentence only if you are a spoiled child or among good friends.

If you want to ask very politely for information do it like this: 
Maaf tanya, ini bis ke Ubud? - excuse me ask, this bus to Ubud? - Excuse me, is this the bus to Ubud?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.Describing Things

New Words
 
bagus nice, good 
baik good, decent, intact, functional 
ber prefix to indicate a relation between nouns 
bodoh dumb 
cemburu jealous 
cepat quick, fast 
cuek indifferent, couldn't care less 
cukup enough, rather 
dia he, she, it 
gemuk fat, grease 
langsing slim, slender 
masih still 
kurang less, not enough 
kurus slim, skinny 
masih still 
murah inexpensive, cheap 
mutu quality 
pintar intelligent, smart, clever 
ransel backpack 
rusak broken 
tas bag 
terlalu too (for comparatives) 
warna colour 
yang 'which is', 'who is' 
Colours
 
Black hitam 
Blue biru 
Gold emas 
Green hijau 
Red merah 
Silver perak 
White putih 
Yellow kuning 



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adjectives attributes and adverbs 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


With cantik and ganteng two of the most important adjectives have already been introduced in the chapter friendly talk.

You will need to know more about adjectives to describe things and people around you.

Adjectives stand at the same position in a sentence as in English, only that the Indonesian sentence does not always have a predicate:
Saya gemuk - I fat - I am fat
Lisa cemburu - Lisa jealous - Lisa is jealous
Ransel saya sudah rusak - backpack my already broken - My backpack is already broken

An auxiliary verb like to be in English (I am fat) is not used.
Sepeda saya baru - bicycle my new - My bicycle is new
Tas saya hitam - bag my black - My bag is black

Q: Bis ini bis cepat atau tidak? - coach this coach fast or not? - Is this a fast coach or not?
A: Dia tidak terlalu cepat - it is not too fast - It is not too fast

To create an attribute place the adjective right behind the object:
Pacar saya orang baik - boyfriend/girlfriend my person good - My boyfriend/girlfriend is a good person
Bis hitam itu ke Surabaya - bus black that to Surabaya - That black bus goes to Surabaya

Adverbs unlike in English are the same words as the adjectives
Dia pergi cepat ke rumah - he/she go quick to house - He/she goes quickly home
Herman jalan cepat - Herman go quick - Herman walks fast



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Which is, that is 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Yang creates a relation between object and adjective:
Saya suka cewek yang pintar dan cantik - I like girl that/which intelligent and pretty- I like girls who are intelligent and pretty
Dia orang yang cemburu sekali - he/she person which is jealous very - He/she is a very jealous person
The last sentence does not really need the yang, but it is still often used to emphasise the adjective.

Use yang also to ask for a characteristic.
Ini hotel yang mana? Yang murah atau yang mahal? - this hotel which one? which cheap or which expensive? - This is which hotel? The cheap one or the expensive one?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Quality issues 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


On many issues Indonesians are less demanding than westerners. As a consequence quality of everything starts at rather low levels. For seasoned backpackers this is seldom a problem, but sometimes you may want to treat yourself.

Saya mau hotel yang bagus - I want hotel which is good - I want a good hotel

Ini bis bagus, mau? - this bus good, want? -This is a good bus, do you want it?

Mutu means quality. It is often prefixed by ber. Bermutu indicates that something is of a certain quality.
Bahan ini bermutu tinggi? - material this of quality high? - Is this material of high quality?
Mutu ini bagaimana? - quality this how? - What quality is this?

If you find something not good enough, it would be correct to say:
Ini tidak bagus - this not good - This isn¡¯t good.
Or even:
Ini jelek - this bad - This is bad


But saying directly that something is bad is often considered impolite. Indonesians are careful not to hurt anybody¡¯s feelings. A far better statement would be:
Ini kurang bagus - this less good - This is less good, or: This is not good enough.

Baik has a similar meaning to bagus, but while bagus goes more into the direction of nice, baik comprises good, functional, alright, decent and OK.
Ini orang baik - this person good - This is a good person

Q: Mau ikut sama saya? - want come along together me? - Do you want to come with me?
A: Baik - OK

Q: Mobil kamu masih rusak? - car you still broken? - Is your car still broken?
A: Tidak, sudah baik lagi - No, already good again - No it is already working again.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lah 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Lah is probably the world¡¯s most favourite suffix. Put it after adjectives to stress them. It can also add a certain casualty to what you say. It can also have the meaning of the German "doch" or the French "sí"

Bolehlah - yes of course you may

Kita jalan-jalan? - we walk walk? - Shall we go for a walk? 
Baiklah - OK

Hotel itu tidak bagus - hotel this not good - This hotel is not good
Baguslah! - Yes it is

A twist
There was once an Australian living in Ujung Pandang on Sulawesi. He created T-shirt designs. His best selling shirt was one that had only one word printed in large letters on it: Cueklah! 
 

Some westerners in Indonesia and Malaysia, where lah is also heavily used, have adopted it for their English. Sounds pretty funny lah!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9.
Nightlife and the girls and boys

New Words
 
dosa            sin  
keluar            exit, to go out  
keluar malam            to go out at night  

Indonesia is one of the most ethnically diverse nations. I have worked everywhere from Sabang (the island most to the west) to Irian Jaya (on the eastern end) and found that between islands people can be so different that one can not very well apply characteristics to all of them in general.

This chapter is therefore based on the main Islands (like Sumatra, Java, Bali, Kalimantan and Sulawesi) only. It is only there where western-style nightlife can be found and where the less-traditional environment allows a certain generalisation.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indonesian girls 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Not many single men come back from Indonesia with the same maritial status. (Not only single men by the way).

A scientific research on the matter would probably come up with an academic answer, but it may be as simple as that: Many Indonesian women like western men and western men like Indonesian girls.

Indonesian women can be unusually attractive. In addition to beauty you'll find many of them also smart, witty and of a never-known-before charm. At university I knew a student from Jakarta who wasn't only the prettiest girl in class, she could also juggle with Laplace transformations and Maxwell's equations better than most of us.

Dating an Indonesian girl can be very uncomplicated and easy or extremely difficult, depending on what type you are approaching.

The big misunderstanding 

Many Indonesian girls love to flirt with western men. Newcomers to the country often mistakenly think, they can have a date (or more) with them easily. One should however never forget that Indonesian customs are very strict on such things and in fact most girls, flirtatious or not, do not intend to play around before getting married.

Itu dosa - that sin - That is a sin

Cewek nakal 

There are fortunately also many young women who like partying just like western girls. And in the same way Europeans have phased out the strict moral guidelines of past centuries, many young people in Indonesia have evolved their culture towards a more natural relationship between boys and girls.

In places like Bandung's North Sea or Fame Station, in Jakarta's Hard Rock Cafe, the Santa Fe or the (slightly notorious) Tanamur Discotheque you will find a vivid night life that leaves most western cities behind.

Combine attractive girls and a rousing nightlife with Indonesia's uncomplicated inter-personal directness and you have a place where you probably won't go home alone tonight. 

Stingy? 

It should be noted that some of the girls you meet in cafes and discotheques have a bit of a materialistic streak. As a supposedly wealthy foreigner you may be expected to make presents. Many girls do not earn much in their jobs and many have found out that a pretty face and one or two foreign lovers do reduce the need to have a job dramatically (for those who don't get it: you may be their job).

This should not make you jump to the conclusion that most women in Indonesia are after your money, you will find that most are not.

Saya suka keluar malam - I like go out night - I like to go out at night
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.
When Things go Wrong

New Words
 
benci            hate  
hati            heart  
lain            other, different  
masih            still  
muda            young  
permisi            excuse me (please allow)  
sakit            hurt, ill  
sombong            conceited  
teman            friend  
tunggu            to wait  
untuk            for  



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Target overshoot 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


This is a real danger in Indonesia and it pays to be prepared as it can happen sooner than feared. Here are some answers to the question:
Mau nikah sama saya? - want marry together with me? - Do you want to marry me?

Kita masih muda untuk nikah - we still young for marry - We are still very young to get married
Saya mau tunggu dulu - I want wait first - I want to wait a little longer
Saya belum mau nikah - I not yet want marry - I don't want to marry yet
Saya sudah nikah - I already marry - I am already married



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You blew it, mate
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

Saya suka kamu untuk teman saja - I like you for friend only - I only want you as a friend
Saya suka orang lain - I like person different - I like somebody else
Saya benci kamu - I hate you
Saya sakit hati - I hurt heart - I am heart-broken 



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pitfalls
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

There are some pitfalls of Indonesian etiquette that you must know. Here is a ranking of sometimes seemingly normal things, but they can make yourself unpopular: 

Point your foot deliberately at a person
 Extremely rude. The feet are the lowest (also figuratively) parts of the body.
 
Blowing your nose at the table while or after having a meal
 Disgusting
 
Passing food to somebody with your left hand
 Dirty
 
Eating food with your left hand
 Dirty. Use your right hand or a fork and spoon.
 
Giving something with your left hand
 Impolite
 
Padding somebody¡¯s head
 Disrespectful. The head is the ¡®highest¡¯ part of the body.
 
Pointing your finger at somebody
 Disrespectful. Use the whole hand or your thumb.
 
Passing between people that are talking to each other.
 Impolite. Bow your body, hold your right hand in front of you and say permisi while you pass.
 
Exposing your sole at somebody while sitting
 Impolite. Try to keep your feed on the ground or tuck them away.
 
Flagging a taxi or bus with your left hand.
 Impolite in some areas. Use your right hand.
 
Standing with your hands on your hips
 Rude and conceited (sombong)
 
Crossing your arm in front of your chest
 Sombong

http://www.bluep.com.au/~gerome/main.htm
================================================================================
ÀδϾîȸȭ½ÎÀÌÆ®
1.Bahasa Indonesia in 7 Days (M. Bordt and L. Seram) 
2.Australia Language Foundation -IALF
3.UsefulIndonSites
4.¾öû³­ÀδϾîȸȭ+¹®¹ý½ÎÀÌÆ® 
5.Indonesian Language Resources
6.Bahtera MailingList 
================================================================================
http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/5580/cts2.htm
 Kelompok Lain-lain 
KOMPUTER DAN KESEMUTAN
 
 DARYO SOEMITRO Dr.Sp.BS.
Bagian Bedah Saraf - FKUI / RSCM  
 

" Eh ....... John, asyik juga main program yang saya kopi dari kamu tempo hari "
" Sekarang coba deh kamu ganti mouse-nya sama joy-stick, pasti lebih asyik lagi dan kamu bakalan lupa waktu ".

Percakapan seperti ini dikalangan penggemar komputer sudah lazim terdengar. Bagi orang-orang yang mempunyai hobi di bidang ini, akan menyadari bahwa perkembangan perangkat keras maupun lunak terjadi demikian pesatnya, sehingga belum cukup kita menguasai kecanggihan alat maupun program mutahir yang baru dimiliki, sudah beredar lagi versi yang lebih baru. Akibatnya, waktu terasa sempit, karena ambisi untuk berkembang terus terpacu.

Mouse maupun joy-stick sebagai salah satu alat penunjang yang dipergunakan untuk menjalankan berbagai macam program, merupakan alat yang penggunaannya memerlukan ketrampilan gerakan tangan dan jari. Dan kemudian ............, kalau kebetulan program yang digemari adalah program untuk melukis (graphic) atau program mainan (game), maka ketergantungan pada alat ini akan lebih menonjol dan biasanya orang akan menjadi asyik memandang layar kaca sampai lupa bahwa posisi tangan ketika menggerakkan mouse sudah tidak fisiologis lagi.

Nah, disinilah salah satu efek samping komputer mulai mengintai. Kalau dahulu ada satu jenis penyakit yang sering menyerang wanita-wanita dari daerah Sumatra Barat, karena mereka banyak menggiling cabe pakai tangan, sekarang ibu-ibu ini boleh bergembira karena temannya bertambah, sehingga penyakit ini sudah bukan monopoli mereka lagi. 
 
  " Pak dokter, saya kalau sudah main game di komputer, ibu jari, jari telunjuk, jari tengah dan sebagian jari manis terasa baal-baal. Sebelumnya malah sering terasa sakit sekali dan sekarang ibu jari saya susah digerakkan ke arah dalam, rasanya kaku ". 

" Wah dik......., ini yang namanya CARPAL TUNNEL Syndrome. Mudah-mudahan masih bisa diobati dengan obat-obatan, kalau tidak, maka harus dipotong ".
 
 " Apa dok, tangan saya harus dipotong !! ........... waduh, amit-amit jabang bayi dok !"

" Eh maaf, maksud saya operasi. Yang dipotong itu ligamentum karpi transversumnya, bukan amit-amit jabang bayinya ".

Carpal tunnel adalah terowongan sempit di daerah pergelangan tangan yang dibentuk di sebelah dasarnya oleh tulang-tulang karpal dengan jaringan ikat (ligamen) intrinsik dan ekstrinsik yang membungkusnya, sedangkan atap terowongan dibentuk oleh jaringan ikat kuat yang dikenal sebagai ligamentum karpi transversum (Gambar No.2). Terowongan ini dilalui oleh saraf (nervus) medianus (Gambar No.1), serta beberapa urat (tendo) dari otot-otot lengan bawah yang menuju ke tangan. Urat-urat ini dikenal sebagai tendo fleksor polisis longus (1 buah), tendo fleksor digitorum superfisialis (4 buah) dan tendo fleksor digitorum profundus (4 buah). Nervus medianus dalam terowongan terletak superfisial atau lebih dipermukaan dari pada tendo dari otot-otot. Dengan demikian, nervus medianus akan terletak langsung di bawah ligamentum karpi transversum.

Terjadinya sindrom ini bertumpu pada perubahan patologis yang diakibatkan oleh adanya iritasi secara terus menerus pada nervus medianus di daerah pergelangan tangan. Banyak faktor yang dapat mengawali timbulnya sindrom ini, baik sistemik maupun lokal, namun khusus bagi para pemakai komputer, faktor iritasi lokal terhadap nervus medianus inilah yang tampaknya perlu mendapat perhatian lebih banyak. 

Bila kedudukan antara telapak tangan terhadap lengan bawah bertahan secara tidak fisiologis untuk waktu yang cukup lama, maka gerakan-gerakan tangan akan mengakibatkan tepi ligamentum karpi transversum bersentuhan dengan saraf medianus secara berlebihan. Hal lain yang dapat terjadi, ada bagian persendian tangan yang mengalami tekanan atau regangan yang berlebih dan sebagai mekanisme kompensasi, tubuh berusaha memperkuat bagian yang mendapat beban tidak fisiologis ini antara lain dengan mempertebal ligamentum karpi transversum. Penebalan ini akan mempersempit terowongan tempat lalunya saraf dan urat, dan lebih berat lagi akan menjepit saraf.

Pada operasi, tak jarang dijumpai perubahan struktur pada nervus medianus di daerah proximal dari tepi atas ligamentum karpi ransversum, tanpa diikuti oleh penebalan ligamentumnya. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kedua penyebab di atas dapat berjalan secara terpisah ataupun bersamaan.

Nervus medianus sendiri mulai dari daerah pergelangan tangan, 94% merupakan serabut perasa / sensoris, sedangkan 6% merupakan serabut motoris yang ke arah ibu jari. Dengan demikian, pada awalnya gejala lebih banyak ditandai dengan keluhan parestesia (seperti kesemutan, rasa terbakar, dlsb), sampai ke hip-/an- estesia (baal-baal sampai hilangnya rasa raba). Bila sudah ada gejala motorik (otot pangkal ibu jari tangan mulai mengecil, kekuatan berkurang), maka iritasi kemungkinan sudah berlangsung sejak lama.

" Dok, betul juga. Saya sudah lama sekali sering merasa kesemutan, terutama sehabis main komputer. Ahir-ahir ini rasa sakit bukan setelah main komputer saja, tetapi terasa terutama pada pagi hari dan berkurang pada siang hari. Pernah saya malam-malam terbangun karena tangan saya teras sangat sakit, berkurang sesudah pergelangan tangan saya urut-urut sedikit. 
Kalau begini jadinya, lebih baik komputer saya singkirkan saja, ..... ya dok ?"

" Wah, tidak perlu begitu, kamu kan bukan ekstrimis ! Apa kalau kamu tidak lulus ujian, lalu kamu mau bakar kampus ?! Yang penting, perhatikan kondisi tempat kerja dan posisi tubuh waktu bekerja "

Nah, kalau gejala-gejala seperti tersebut di atas sudah mulai ada, perhatikan kira-kira pada fase mana anda berada. Apakah masih terbatas pada parestesia, atau sudah ada hipestesia. Kalau baru fase permulaan, coba diperhatikan pada posisi duduk dan posisi tangan yang bagaimanakah gejala itu muncul. Walaupun yang ideal untuk bekerja dengan mouse apabila lengan bawah dan tangan bertumpu pada meja yang diberi alas lunak, dan hanya jari-jari tangan dan pergelangan tangan saja yang bergerak, namun posisi tangan saat kita mengetik juga dapat menjadi penyebab iritasi pada nervus medianus. Yang paling mengenal diri anda adalah anda sendiri. Kondisi tubuh, bentuk tubuh, bentuk meja dan kursi, letak / ketinggian komputer dan key-board, cara kita mengetik maupun ketika bekerja dengan mouse; adalah beberapa contoh kondisi yang perlu diperhatikan dalam upaya mencegah maupun mencari penyebab iritasi yang mengakibatkan timbulnya gejala Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Disamping itu dapat dicoba melakukan beberapa " latihan khusus."



Ahirnya, bila gejala sudah jelas dan tidak berkurang dengan segala upaya perubahan kebiasaan berkerja, sebaiknya segera berkonsultasi dengan dokter ahli. Mudah-mudahan pengobatan masih dapat dilakukan secara konservatif, yaitu dengan menggunakan obat-obatan atau cara baru yang masih dalam penelitian antara lain " laser acupuncture"

Pada stadium awal, kelainan patologis masih terbatas pada bengkak / edema dari sarafnya, dan kelainan ini masih reversibel. Mungkin dengan obat-obatan masih dapat ditanggulangi. Namun, bila kompresi terus berlangsung, jaringan fibroblas akan mulai tumbuh dalam jaringan edema dan hal ini akan mengakibatkan serabut saraf terjirat. Proses destruksi mulai berlangsung dan lebih lanjut akan terjadi obliterasi dari pembuluh darahnya, kemudian disusul atropi dari serabut saraf; saraf akan tampak mengecil. Keadaan ini umumnya sudah ireversibel, walaupun dekompresi dilakukan melalui tindakan operasi. Yang masih mungkin dilakukan untuk memulihkan fungsi saraf ahirnya adalah tandur alih saraf (nerve grafting).

" Dik, kamu sudah lihat hasil pemeriksaan Elektromiografi (EMG) positif. Obat anti inflamasi, diuretika dan vitamin B6 sudah saya beri. Kamu tidak punya penyakit hipotiroidisme maupun kencing manis. Namun keluhan dan gejala kamu masih ada, jadi .......................... bagaimana ?"

"Baiklah dok, saya menyerah untuk dioperasi. Ahirnya toch harus jual komputer untuk biaya operasi "

" Yah dik, itu namanya musibah ! ............... Innaa lillaahi wa innaa ilaihi raaji'uun "

Ref : 1. Szabo RM : Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, in : Nerve Compression Syndromes. Diagnosis and Treatment. Slack Inc. 101-120, 1989. 2. Benzel ED. : Practical Approach to Peripheral Nerve Surgery, AANS 1992

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