p> Biology 1-H Study Guide Chapter 2 Section 2.1 Can you tell the difference between living and non-living things? What are some characteristics which make things alive? Students work in groups to generate a list – come back together and put the list on the board. Students work at discrediting each other’s responses. Official List o Made of cells o Reproduce o Grow and develop o Obtain and use energy o Respond to the environment 1. Cells: self contained units holding the machinery of the cell which is needed for life. Unicellular: organisms made up of a single cell. Multicellular: organism made up of many cells. 2. Reproduction: necessary for survival Sexual: 2 cells from different organisms unite to reproduce. Asexual: single organism reproduces w/o the help of another – can simply divide in 2. 3. Growth and Development: a single cell or organism can change to grow or go through a series of changes which ultimately ends in death. 4. Obtain and Use Energy: all living things require energy to grow and develop. Anabolism: process of putting tings together or synthesizing complex substances. Think about anabolic steriods – building muscles. Catabolism: process of breaking down complex substances – releases energy. Photosynthesis: process in which plants make energy from the sun anabolism or catabolism? Anabolism Total sum of all the cellular mechanisms is metabolism. 5. Living Things Respond to their Environment: respond to stimulus Stimulus: something which causes an organism to respond. What are some stimuli? Light, temperature, sound, gravity and heat. Irritability: ability to react to stimuli. Usually respond to stimuli in a way which improves the chances for survival. Homeostasis: ability to maintain constant or stable internal conditions. Keep the body suitable for life. Section 2.2 · Biology: the study of life · Seeks to study, understand and explain the living world · Uses scientific method to study living things · Many branches of biology o Plants botanist o Genetics geneticist o Animals zoologist o Fish ichthyologist o Environment environmentalist Tools of the Biologist In the lab, a scientist uses many tools to complete their projects Scalpel, pipettes, Bunsen burners, beakers, etc. Very important piece of equipment used by professional scientists and by you: Compound Light Microscope · Used to study microscopic organisms and anything too small to see with the naked eye · Can study live or dead cells · Look at specimens with many different magnifications In lab this week, you will be doing a simple microscope lab in which you will learn the basics of the microscope, how to prepare a wet mount slide and how to view microscopic things under the microscope. Need to know the parts of the microscope, what they do and how to work them · Take the diagram and the list of the parts. Work in groups to determine which parts go where. Take 10 minutes - we will come back together to discuss the correct answers. A diagram similar to this will appear on the test. Magnification Ocular (eye piece) has a magnification and so does the objective. Multiply the 2 magnifications to get the final magnification. Ocular Objective Total 10 4 40 10 10 100 10 100 1000 Resolution: can only see certain details within a magnification. After the "limit of resolution" things get blurry again. You will be able to tell when you reach the limit. Biology 1-H Study Guide Chapter 3 3.1 – Nature of Matter Matter: anything with mass and takes up space (volume) o Remember that weight and mass are not the same thing Matter has physical properties which define it o Color, shape, texture, taste, hardness Physical properties: must be able to observe and measure without permanently changing the identity of the matter Chemical properties: describes the substance’s ability to change into another new substance as a result of a chemical change o Substance must be permanently changed o Can be irreversible o Learn about by experimenting with what sorts of chemical reactions a substance undergoes Phases of Matter Phases: different appearances and properties of the same substance o Ex: water, ice, water vapor Changing phases – physical change, not changing the chemical make-up of a substance 3.2 – Composition of Matter What is matter made of? 3000 years ago: Democritus proposed the idea of atoms by splitting salt into smaller and smaller pieces – his idea was basically right The Atom – basic unit of matter o Very small – 100 mil side by side only 1 cm wide Atomic structure o Nucleus – 99.9% of the atom o Protons – positive o Neutron – neutral o Electron – negative – 2000X less than a proton, found in the energy levels surrounding nucleus Atomic Number: # of protons o Identifies the atom – is unique o # on periodic chart o in most atoms, # P+ = # e- Mass Number: sum of the # P+ and # e- o Electrons do not weigh enough to add into the mass number Chemical elements: consist of only 1 type of atom o 112 elements o 92 naturally occurring o 22 man made Chemical symbols – letters representing English or Latin names o Most elements are solid, with a few in gas phases and only 2 in liquid form (Hg and Br) Isotopes o Same number of protons with a different number of neutrons o Mass number will change o Hydrogen can have 0, 1, 2 electrons o 0 No – hydrogen 1H o 1 No – deuterium 2H o 2 No – tritium 3H Radioactive Isotopes o Nuclei of atoms unstable and will break down releasing matter or energy (radiation) o All elements # 83 or higher have radioactive isotopes What do we use them for? o Tracers – inject/insert them and follow them due to their radioactivity o Common – 32P, 131I, 24Na, 59Fe, 60Co o Used to diagnose and treat diseases o 14C – carbon dating o when radioactive elements breakdown they turn into atoms of another element o 14C --- 14N Chemical Compounds o Elements combine to form substances consisting of 2 or more different atoms o Mixing atoms in a definite ratio o Use chemical symbols o Common – NaCl, HCl, H2O