The movement of holocaust denial has been present since the Holocaust began with the Nazis attempt to disguise the Final Solution. But a wave of revisionism, through organized propaganda, has been in effect since the 1970’s and many have joined this group of holocaust deniers with specific claims as to why the Holocaust did not occur. The following books, web sites, and video show the many claims believed by deniers, the deniers themselves and their backgrounds as to why they support revisionist ideas, and the different organizations that promote holocaust denial, as well as defining the movement of historical revisionism.  (LB)

2. Vidal-Naquet, Pierre.  Assassins of Memory.  New York:  Columbia University Press,  1992.
In chapter four, Theses on Revisionism, the author gives an overview of revisionism.  First, the author examines the history of revisionism, its earliest roots in France, and later the transformation into today’s meaning with its negative connotation.  Next, documents and intercepted radio transmissions are debated in regards to what certain terms, such as “special treatment” really meant.  Then there is an examination of where revisionism is currently taking place and how certain revisionist claim that it was Jewish kapos and partisans that killed the Germans and Jews.  The last section of this chapter is devoted to how historians have biased interpretations of the Holocaust and also the effect that the Holocaust has had in history.  (JM)

3. Shermer, Michael, and Alex Grobman.  Denying History.  Los Angeles:  University  of California Press, 2000.
Chapter three, Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened?, begins with a brief description of a column by Pat Buchanan who denys the holocaust and the use of gas chambers.  Then the two main arguments against German involvement are examined.  Next the three pillars (no gas chambers, 6 million were NOT murdered, & no master plan) of Holocaust Denial were investigated.  Moving from there the Institute for Historical Review (IHR) and its founder Willis Carto, who was later expelled from the group, are discussed.  The rest of the chapter is an examination of the following deniers/revisionists: Mark Weber, David Irving, Robert “Pope of Revisionism” Faurisson, Bradley Smith, Ernst Zundel, and David Cole who later recanted his denial of the Holocaust.  (JM)

4. Stern, Kenneth S.  Holocaust Denial.  New York:  The American Jewish Committee,  1993.
Chapter three, Refuting Holocaust Deniers, is an examination of how deniers “revise” history and the tactics they incorporate.  This includes how deniers try to repaint the whole picture of the war, instead of just dealing with the extermination of Jews.  Also, how they frequently misquote scholars who denounce their works, changing words of condemnation into words of praise.  Then, there is a brief examination on how dealing with deniers is tricky, because scholars don’t want to publicize the erroneous beliefs of the deniers.  Finally, the chapter goes on to examine claims that deniers make.  The claims are written out, the deniers’ thoughts and reasons for backing them are stated, and then evidence is given to refute them as being biased and lacking credible evidence.  (JM)

5. Lipstadt, Deborah E.  Denying the Holocaust.  New York:  The Free Press, 1993.
Chapter 2, The Antecedents, begins with how revisionism started and how it came to be in American and other countries.  Part of this history is an examination of anti-Semitism before WWI & II in America.  Then, it looks at the claims of deniers and how they came to be acceptable to be believed by the general public.  The chapter focuses next on individuals, such as Charles C. Tansill, a professor of American diplomatic history at Georgetown, and how he and others contributed to post WWII anti-Semitism and revisionism.  The book then expounds on denier ideology, that Americans and Roosevelt were the true aggressors against the Germans, and other perversions of historical fact.  (JM)

1. Holocaust on Trial. Nova 2002. Video.
This movie is a reenactment of the trial of David Irving, a historian and holocaust denier, who defends the acts of the Nazis and tries to explain why the Holocaust isn’t possible. This trial is a libel suit, which was brought against Irving by American scholar Deborah Lipstadt. The movie also shows actual footage of the horrors of the Holocaust and eventually shows David Irving losing the case against him.  (LB)

1.  Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic
Propaganda. 20 November 2002 <http://www.adl.org/holocaust/response.asp>.
This site is another branch of the www.adl.org site and deals with the major claims used by deniers about the holocaust and gives reasons why these claims are   preposterous. These are broken down and elaborated on, showing the deniers beliefs that there is a lack of documentation of a “master plan” for the extermination of the Jews, there weren’t any gas chambers at Auschwitz-this section also deals with the other means of extermination used by the Nazis such as mass shootings and mobile gassing vans. There is also the claim that survivor testimony used by scholars is not objective and is biased, as well as the claim that there was no net loss of Jewish lives between 1941 and 1945. And the final claim used by deniers that the Nuremberg trials were staged to benefit the Jews.  (LB)

2.  Colette, Lin. Encountering Holocaust Denial. 20 November 2002
 <http://www.publiceye.org/magazine.v08n3/holodeni.html>.
This site breaks down the meaning of “revisionism” and shows the bigotry towards Jews in the practice of holocaust denial and the attempt to rewrite history, which is present in the United States as well as other countries around the world. This site also talks about many holocaust deniers and their backgrounds as well as The Institute for Historical Review, and other organizations that promote holocaust denial. The reasons for holocaust denial, with revisionists wanting to talk about both sides of the story, and the fact that many historians refuse to debate this issue with deniers for fear of making the deniers claims legitimacy is also discussed in this site.  (LB)

3.  McFee, Gord. Why “Revisionism” Isn’t. 20 November 2002
 <http:/www.holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt>.
This site is an essay that was written to show the “flaws” in the revisionist approach and explains that revisionism is an attempt to rewrite history to fulfill a “preconceived result”. It shows the difference between legitimate revisionism and the conspiracy theory that the Holocaust did not occur.  (LB)

4. Holocaust Denial. 20 November 2002 <http://www.us- israel.org/jsource/Holocaust.denial.html>.
This site answers all the basic questions around Holocaust denial, by defining holocaust denial, stating who began to movement, and the use of revisionist propaganda on the World Wide Web. This site also outlines the specific claims that the holocaust didn’t happen used by deniers.  (LB)

5. Korn, Joseph.  Remember.  20 November 2002  <http://www.remember.org/History.root.rev.html>.
This site is part of a larger site, remember.org.  This page of the site is a list of arguments and assertions that are commonly used by holocaust deniers.  Along with listing the arguments, there are rebuttals backed by scientific fact and other kinds of evidence.  This site is good for anyone who would like to learn some basic denier arguments and at the same time get a factual rebuttal.  (JM)

6. Holocaust Denial:  An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic  Propaganda.  20 November 2002 <http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp>.
This site gives an introduction of “revisionism” or holocaust denial and how it originated.  It gives an explanation of deniers’ motives and how they operate.  The site gives explains how certain tactics are used by the deniers and how they try to use them in places such as America, siting specific arguments that the deniers propagate.  There were also links on the side bar of the site, which lead to responses to holocaust deniers, and also pages directed solely towards individual deniers.  (JM)

1. Smith, Bradley.  Holocaust Revisionism by CODOH.  CODOH.  20 November 2002  <http://www.codoh.com/revision.html>.
This site is a real example of what revisionists believe.  The site was created by a revisionist, Bradley Smith, and has information on other revisionist.  It also has information on the CODOH, Committee for Open Debate of the Holocaust, the group who sponsors this site.  The site mostly organizes the beliefs of revisionist and gives link to their pages, along with information on individual revisionists.  It is a very good example of what holocaust revisionist believe and preach.  (JM)