8th Grade General Music Unit One Objective: Exploring Musical Styles pgs. 1 to 36 Quarter Note - a symbol for a sound in music that is one fourth as long as the sound of a whole note. One beat of sound. Quarter Rest - a symbol for an interval of silence between tones lasting as long as a quarter note. One beat of silence. Repeat Signs - a symbol indicating that a musical portion should be played again. Half Note - a symbol for a sound in music that is one half as long as the sound of a whole note. Two beats of sound. Whole Note - a symbol that represents a sound that lasts for four beats in meter. Four beats of sound. Chord - three or more pitches sounding together. Reggae Style - popular music from the Caribbean Islands. Style - quality that is characteristic of a culture, individual, or historical period. Eighth Note - a symbol for a sound in music that is one eighth as long as the sound of a whole note. 1/2 a beat of sound. Tempo - the speed of the beat. Eighth Rest - a symbol for an interval of silence between tones lasting as long as an eighth note. 1/2 a beat of silence. Calypso Style - folk style music from the Caribbean Islands. Syncopation - rhythm pattern that has unexpected sounds and silences. Sound occurring off the beat. Tonic Chord - a chord built on the first tone or key tone of a scale. Key Tone - the focus or tonal center of a scale or system of notes. Dominant Chord - a chord built on the fifth tone of a scale. Root - the lowest pitch of each chord. Tone Color - the unique sound of each instrument or voice. Dynamics - levels of loudness and softness. Piano (p) - means soft. Forte (f) - means loud. Crescendo (cresc.) - gradually getting louder. Decrescendo (decresc.) - gradually getting softer. Renaissance Style - the common musical characteristics reflected by the music composed between 1450 and 1600. Both religious and secular music, predominantly vocal, instruments used in secular music. Baroque Style - the common musical characteristics reflected by the music composed between 1600 and 1750. Steady rhythm, organ used to accompany religious music, secular music written for small groups. Classical Style - the common musical characteristics reflected by the music composed between 1750 and 1830. Short, tuneful melodies, gradual dynamic changes, restrained expression of emotions. Romantic Style - the common musical characteristics reflected by the music composed between 1830 and 1900. Longer, often complex melodies, more open expression of emotions. Twentieth Century Style - the common musical characteristics reflected by the music composed since 1900. Unusual rhythms, emphasis on unusual tone colors, great emphasis on experimentation. Meters - the organization of beats into recurring sets. Duple Meter - beats grouped into sets of two. Triple Meter - beats grouped into sets of three. Measures - groups of beats. Bar Lines - lines separating measures. Ritardando - gradual slowing of the tempo. Coda - concluding section. Ternary Form (ABA) - a three part form in which there is repetition after contrast. ABA Form - a three part form in which an idea is presented, then a contrasting idea is presented, and finally the original idea is represented again. AB Form - the organization of a composition into two different sections. Suite - consist of several individual forms linked together. A musical composition consisting of a succession of short pieces. Natural - a symbol indicating that a sharp or a flat symbol should be canceled. Synth-Pop - popular music that uses synthesized tone colors. Synthesizers - an instrument for producing electronic music that combines sound generators and modifiers in a single control system. Matched Grip - a style in which Percussionists often hold their drumsticks. ********************************************************************************* 8th Grade General Music Unit Two Objective: Rhythm Plays A Role pgs. 38 to 56 Quadruple Meter - beats that are grouped into sets of four. Irregular Meter - a mixture of duple and triple meters in a repeating pattern. Program Music - a composition whose title or accompanying remarks link it with a story, idea, or emotion. Ostinato - continuous repeating of a passage. ********************************************************************************* 8th Grade General Music Unit Three Objective: Rhythm Sets the Beat pgs. 58 to 74 Dotted Quarter Note - the basic beat in compound meter. One and 1/2 beats of sound. Dotted Quarter Rest - a symbol for an interval of silence between tones lasting as long as a dotted quarter note. One and 1/2 beats of silence. Compound Meter - meter whose beat can be subdivided into three and/or sixes. Polyrhythm - a combination of two or more different rhythm patterns played at the same time. ********************************************************************************* 8th Grade General Music Unit Four Objective: Melody pgs. 76 to 94 Major Scale - eight notes organized according to a pattern that can be represented by the white keys of the keyboard from C to C. Home Tone - the focus or tonal center of a scale, or system of tones. Tone Center - the tone or pitch around which a musical composition or scale is centered. Tonal Music - music having a strong tonal center. Tonality - the relation of melodic and harmonic elements between the tones of any major or minor scale to the home tone. Harmony - a musical combination of tones or chords. Consonance - the sounding of a combination of tones that produces little tension. Canon - a form of music in which different vocal or instrumental parts take up the melody, successively creating harmony. Texture - the character of the different layers of sound in music. Monophonic - music having a single melodic line with no accompaniment. Homophonic - music having one melodic line with the other parts providing harmony. Polyphonic - music having two or more independent melodic parts sounding together. Oratorio - a dramatic musical composition usually set to a religious text and performed by solo voices, chorus, and orchestra, without action, special costumes, or scenery. Retrograde - a melody that is performed backwards. Twelve Tone (Serial Music) - atonal music written using a technique based on the successive repetition of all twelve tones of the chromatic scale in a fixed order. Tone Row - a type of pitch organization made up of all twelve tones of the chromatic scale that has no tonal center and in which all pitches are equal. Atonal Music - music characterized by the absence of a tonal center and equal emphasis on all twelve tones of the chromatic scale. Expressionism - a movement in the arts characterized by the artistÕs concern with the expression of feelings about an object or event rather than realistically depicting the object or event itself. ********************************************************************************* 8th Grade General Music Unit Five Objective: Harmony pgs. 96 to 116 Gospel Music - a type of religious music that originated in the South. Key - a scale or system of tones in which all the notes have a definite relationship to, and are based on, the tonal center or keynote. Modulation - transition from a section of music based on one key to a section based on a different key. Register - the range of a voice or instrument. Blues - a melancholy style of American music characterized by flatted notes and a syncopated, often slow jazz rhythm. Twelve Bar Blues - chord pattern often used in blues music based on the I, IV, and V chords. Subdominant (IV) Chord - chord based on the fourth tone of the scale. Pizzicato - music played by plucking the strings of a stringed instrument with the finger instead of bowing the strings. Dissonant/Dissonance - the sounding of a combination of pitches that create harmonic tension and sound incomplete. Bitonal/Bitonality - harmony created by playing two different tonalities at the same time. Art Song - music written for solo voice and instrumental accompaniment, usually keyboard. ********************************************************************************* 8th Grade General Music Unit Six Objective: Form and Style pgs. 118 to 136 Phrase - the building blocks of form. Harmonic Phrase - a four measure chord pattern that repeats throughout a song. Motive - a short musical unit that keeps its basic identity through many repetitions. Minimalism - a twentieth century style, its method was to emphasize one aspect of an art to create the greatest possible effect with the least possible means. Ballad - a song that tells a story. Strophic Form - a form in which the music is repeated with each new verse or stanza of text. ********************************************************************************* 8th Grade General Music Unit Seven Objective: Elements of Form pgs. 138 to 160 Legato - music that sounds smooth and connected. Staccato - music that sounds crisp and detached. Development - the expanded treatment of a musical idea. Rhythmic Motive - a short two measure rhythm pattern that repeats itself many times throughout a song. Melodic Motive - a short two measure melody pattern that repeats itself many times throughout a song. Symphony - a long orchestral work organized into three to five movements. Sonata Allegro Form - a musical form that uses the overall design of exposition, development, and recapitulation. Exposition - ideas stated, themes A and B introduced. Development - ideas transformed, themes A and B developed. Recapitulation - ideas restated, themes A and B restated. Neoclassical - a type of music in which styles of music from the past are used in modern ways. Absolute Music - a musical work that does not tell a story, describe an action or event, paint a picture, or create an impression. Music for musicÕs own sake. Free Form - a composition that changes from one performance to the next. ********************************************************************************* 8th Grade General Music Unit Eight Objective:Tone Color in Different Style pgs. 162 to 184 Pipe Organ - keyboard instrument whose sound is produced by wind moving through pipes. Played with hands on several keyboards and feet on pedals. Sounds produced by air through pipes. Sounds limited by nature of pipes. Pull Knobs or Stops to change sound. Most varied of traditional instruments. Very large. Allows control of dynamics and tone color. Synthesizer - an instrument for producing electronic music that combines sound generators and modifiers in a single control system. Usually played with hands on one or more keyboards. Sounds produced by electronic components. Sounds limited only by composerÕs imagination. Buttons and Knobs change sounds. Most flexible of nontraditional instruments. Generally small and compact. Allows almost total control of tone color, pitch, rhythm, and dynamics. Prepared Piano - a piano that has been altered by items of wood, metal, rubber, etc.; which are placed between the strings of the piano. Found Objects - sources of tone color that are ordinary items that wouldnÕt usually be thought of as musical instruments. Steel Drums - homemade percussion instruments found in the West Indies.