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Ancient Greek/Roman & Creatures A-E

Greek Name Roman Name Occupation
Aether   God of Light
Aphrodite Venus The goddess of love, desire and beauty. In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her. There are two accounts of her birth. One says she is the daughter of Zeus and Dione. The other goes back to when Cronus castrated Uranus and tossed his severed genitals into the sea. Aphrodite then arose from the sea foam on a giant scallop and walked to shore in Cyprus.

Zeus and Hera arranged for their son, Hephaestus to marry her. Although Hephaestus was deformed and ugly, she did not mind marrying him. She thought that he would give her the freedom she needed, instead of controlling her as the other gods had tried. However, Aphrodite loved being independent and glamorous more than anything, and soon grew tired of her marriage. At this point, she had an affair with Ares. Hephaestus caught the two together, but Aphrodite showed no shame or remorse for her actions. She felt that this was acceptable behavior as the goddess of love. Aphrodite is attributed with the dolphin, the dove, the swan, the pomegranate, and the myrtle and lime are her trees. The dove, the swan, and the sparrow her birds.

Apollo Apollo/Phoebus According to myth, Apollo was the son of Leto and Zeus and the twin brother of the goddess Artemis. He was born on Delos, the site of his most important cult festival and because of this he is often called Delian Apollo. The other principal site of Apollonian worship was Delphi. His grandmother was the Titan Phoebus ("Brilliant"). Later he came to be associated with light and the sun.

Apollo had one of the widest ranges of divine attributes. He was mainly represented as a beautiful young male. The patron of archery and bows, his arrows brought plague and sickness to humans, and paradoxically Apollo was also the patron of medicine; he was father of Asklepios, the greatest of mythical doctors. The patron of music and the arts, he was often depicted with a lyre. One myth tells how the satyr Marsyas picked up the flute with Athene had cursed and dared to challenge Apollo to a music competition. Like most Olympians, the god hated to see his prowess challenged, and when Marsyas lost the competition Apollo had him flayed alive for his insolence.

Apollo had many loves, most which ended in tragedy. Cassandra, the daughter of King Priam of Troy, agreed to give herself to Apollo, who in return promised her the gift of prophecy. When she reneged, Apollo added a twist to his gift, by ensuring that she was never believed.

The Archer, far shooting with a silver bow. The god of healing who taught man medicine. The god of light. The god of truth, who can not speak a lie. No mortal or god was ever known to surpass him. Zeus, Apollo’s father, gave him a golden chariot pulled by four white horses. This gift was also accompanied by a golden bow and arrows. One of Apollo's more important daily tasks is to harness his chariot with four horses an drive the Sun across the sky. His tree was the laurel. The crow his bird. The dolphin his animal.

Ares Mars The son of Zeus and Hera. He was disliked by both parents. He is the god of war. He was tall and handsome, but also very vain and cruel. Mars is portrayed as a warrior in full battle armor, wearing a crested helmet and bearing a shield. His sacred animals are the wolf and the woodpecker. Ares loved war, and did not care who won, as long as blood was shed. When ever he heard the sound of clashing arms, he would prepare himself for battle, and go out to fight. He is considered murderous and bloodstained but, also a coward. Although Ares was an immortal god, he was sometimes wounded. However, he would go to his father, Zeus, to be healed. Zeus did not approve of this behavior shown by Ares. Many mortals also grew tiresome of his actions. Ares was hot tempered, and did not bother to worry about the justice involved in a war. It is odd that he is the Greek god of war, for Athene was far better at fighting than he was. Ares was unsuccessful in war on many occasions. Hades was the only god to appreciate Ares’ behavior, for the casualties of war brought new subjects to the Underworld. Aphrodite was the only goddess willing to endure Ares’ temperament, although Ares gained little honor from their relationship. When caught in an act of adultery with Aphrodite her husband Hephaestus is able publicly ridicule him. His bird is the vulture. His animal is the dog.
Artemis/Phoebe Diana The daughter of Zeus and Leto. Artemis has a wide range of functions in Greek mythology, like her twin brother Apollo. A virgin goddess, she was fiercely protective of her own chasity and that of her companions. She was the goddess of the hunt and often ran in the wild with her female attendants. Although she killed animals, she was also the divine protector of young creatures. With similar contradictions, as the goddess of childbirth she protected women in labor, but she also brought death and sickness to women.

Like Apollo, Artemis was represented with a bow. She was usually depicted as a young woman in hunting garb, sometimes with young animals, and often sporting horns in the shape of crescent moon: she was frequently associated with the moon, in the same way that Apollo was associated with the sun. Many of her numerous cults were connected with female times of transition such as birth, puberty and death. On reaching puberty, noble Athenian girls went through Artemisian initiation rites at Brauron, a few miles from Athens, where they were called "bears," - the she-bear was a symbol of the goddess.

Artemis rode in a silver chariot pulled by four white horses. She also had a silver bow and arrow, a pack of hounds, twenty wood nymphs, and twenty water nymphs. Artemis had great hunting skill, and roamed the countryside looking for a target worthy of her skill. Artemis is associated with the moon, and is attributed with the bow and arrow. The cypress is her tree. All wild animals are scared to her, especially the deer.

Asclepius   A god of healing. His symbol is a snake. His parents were Apollo and Coronis. His birth was accompanied by scandal. While carrying him Coronis slept with Ischys. This was considered an insult. The act was reported to Apollo by a crow. Apollo turned all crows, until then white, to black to mark that they were untrustworthy. Apollo then felt compelled to slay Coronis with his arrows. He rescued Asclepius from her funeral pyre. Asclepius was raised by Chiron. Chiron taught him healing which he went on to perfect. Athena gave him two vials of Gorgon's blood. Blood from the right side of the Gorgon revived life. Blood from the left killed. Asclepius started using the blood to raise dead mortals. For this overstepping of bounds Zeus killed him with a thunderbolt. Apollo could not take revenge on Zeus himself. So he killed the Cyclopes that forged the thunderbolt.
Asklepios Aesculapius God of Health and Medecine
Ate   The Greek personification of infatuation, the rash foolishness of blind impulse, usually caused by guilt and leading to retribution. The goddess of discord and mischief, she tempted man to do evil, and then lead him to ruin. She once even managed to entrap Zeus, but he hurled her down from the Olympus. Now she wanders the earth, as a kind of avenging spirit, but still working her mischief among mankind. Her sisters, the Litai, follow her and repair the damage she has wrought to mortals. Ate is regarded as the daughter of Zeus and Eris, the goddess of strife.
Athena Minerva The Greek goddess of wisdom, war, the arts, industry, justice and skill.She was Zeus’ favorite daughter and because of this she was allowed to use his weapons including his thunderbolt.. Zeus went to see an oracle when Athena’s mother, Metis; goddess of prudence, was pregnant with Athena. He wished to know if the child would be a boy or a girl. The oracle replied that the child would be a girl, and that she would be very talented and skilled. However, the oracle also warned him that his second child with Metis would overthrow, and kill him as Zeus did to his father, Cronus. Zeus did not want to risk being overthrown, and swallowed Metis to prevent the prophesy from coming true. However, Zeus got a great pain in the form of headaches. Hephaestus tried to relieve the pain by splitting Zeus’ skull open. When he did this, Athena emerged fully grown from Zeus’ head. Athena was very fond of a certain city in Greece, and decided to give it a great gift. Athene grew an olive tree for the citizens of the city, allowing them to get food, oil, and wood from it. She called this city Athens. Athene also gave man new knowledge. She taught man how to spin wool and make woven cloth from it. She also showed man how to make the wheel, the axe, the flute and the trumpet, the plough, and sails for the Greek ships. She is fierce and brave in battle but, only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies. She is the goddess of the city, handicrafts, and agriculture. She invented the bridle, which permitted man to tame horses, the trumpet, the flute, the pot, the rake, the plow, the yoke, the ship, and the chariot. She is the embodiment of wisdom, reason, and purity. Her favorite city is Athens. Her tree is the olive. The owl is her bird. She is a virgin goddess.
Demeter Ceres Demeter is the goddess of corn, grain, and the harvest. The daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and is a sister to Zeus. She taught mankind the art of sowing and ploughing so they could end their nomadic existence. This also associated Demeter as being the goddess of planned society. Demeter is also associated with controlling the seasons. Her daughter, Persephone, was abducted by Hades to be his wife. Demeter grew angry at her daughter's loss, and neglected her responsibilities to the mortals. The crops failed, and the trees and plants died. Zeus then became worried and alarmed. He sent Hermes to demand the return of Persephone. However, because Persephone had eaten while in the Underworld, Hades had a claim on her. It was then decided that Persephone would spend four months each year in the Underworld, the rest of the year with her mother, Demeter. During the months of Persephone's absence, Demeter became very sad and lonely. During this time, the crops, tree, and flowers would die. This created winter. When Persephone returns, spring would arrive.
Dionysos Bacchus Dionysus is the god of the vine. He invented wine and spread the art of tending grapes. He has a dual nature. On the one hand bringing joy and divine ecstasy. On the other brutal, unthinking, rage. Thus reflecting both sides of wines nature. If he chooses Dionysus can drive a man mad. No normal fetters can hold him or his followers. Dionysus is the son of Zeus and Semele. He is the only god to have a mortal parent. After the death of his mother he was born from Zeus alone which conferred immortality upon him.

Dionysus is also one of the very few that was able to bring a dead person out of the underworld. Dionysus became one of the most important gods in everyday life. He became associated with several key concepts. One was rebirth after death. Here his dismemberment by the Titans and return to life is symbolically echoed in tending vines, where the vines must be pruned back sharply, and then become dormant in winter for them to bear fruit. The other is the idea that under the influence of wine, one could feel possessed by a greater power. Unlike the other gods Dionysus was not only outside his believers but, also within them. At these times a man might be greater then himself and do works he otherwise could not. The festival for Dionysus is in the spring when the leaves begin to reappear on the vine. It became one of the most important events of the year. It's focus became the theater. Most of the great Greek plays were initially written to be performed at the feast of Dionysus. All who took part writers, actors, spectators were regarded as scared servants of Dionysus during the festival.

Eileithyia Lucina According Homer Eileithyia was the goddess of birth-pain, but Homer was often thinking about a few Eileithyiai, the daughters of Hera. Also Hesiod presented Eileithyia as the daughter of Zeus and Hera. Hera, but Artemis too were sometimes taking a role of this goddess and her title. Pausanias is describing two versions about the deity's origin. (1) In the first story Eleithyia came from the Hyperboreans (from the legendary north) to Delos to help Leto, when she was giving birth to Artemis and Apollo. In the second case Eileithyia was born in a Cretan cave at Amnisos.

There was a strong cult of the goddess Eileithyia in Crete, especially in the cities Lato and Eleutherna. The goddess is mentioned in Linear script B from Knossos as Eleuthia, which is a dialect form of her name, variously written in Greek language.(2) The offerings of different sorts found from her caves at Amnisos and at Inatos confirm that her cult was very popular in Crete. One stalagmite in Amnisos cave was perhaps treated as an aniconic religious image of the goddess. The cult in Crete continued from the Minoan period throughout the Hellenistic and Roman times.

We have not any prove about worshipping the goddess Eileithyia in the Greek mainland during Mycenaean period. In tablets with Linear script B from Pylos she is not mentioned too. But many small terracotta figures (kourotrophos), are demonstrating , that a sacred nurse, taking care about children, existed.

In Greek mythological iconography Eileithyia took a place probably under the Homeric tradition. One, but mostly two women - Eileithyiai attend Zeus during the birth of Athena on the decoration of some black figured vases from the 6th century BC. Evidently, they are sisters, -daughters of Hera-, their type and clothes are similar.

The sanctuaries and shrines of the goddess Eileithyia in the Greek mainland during Hellenistic and Roman time are mentioned by Pausanias in Athens, Tenea and Argos, but mainly in Aigion, where existed a cult statue of the goddess from Damophon.(3) The wooden statue with the face, hands and feet from Pentelic marmor was dressed with fine cloths. Eileithyia was holding in both of her hands torches, because she was bringing children into light, out of darkness. With this attribute - torch - sometimes Artemis is depicted as well as Persephone.

Eos Aurora The Greek personification of the dawn, the daughter of the Hyperion and Theia and the sister of Helios (sun) and Selene (moon). By Astraeus she was the mother of the four winds: Boreas, Eurus, Zephyrus and Notus; and also of Heosphorus and the Stars. She was depicted as a goddess whose rosy fingers opened the gates of heaven to the chariot of the Sun. Her legend consists almost entirely of her intrigues. She first slept with Ares; this earned her the wrath of Aphrodite who punished her by changing her into a nymphomaniac. Her lovers were Orion, Cephalus and Tithonus.
Eris Discordia Eris is the daughter of Zeus and Hera. She is the goddess of discord. In addition to her main activity of sowing discord, she frequently accompanies her brother Ares to battles. On these occasions she rides his chariot and brings her son Strife. Eris is unpopular and frequently snubbed as a guest by the other gods and mankind. This was not always a safe thing to do. The most dramatic example being the Trojan War, which was an indirect result of not inviting Eris to a wedding.
Eros Cupid Eros is the son of Aphrodite. Eros is the god of love. In particular erotic, romantic, love. He is often represented blindfolded because, love is often blind. His "weapon" is darts or arrows. In either case the tips have been magically treated to produce either uncontrollable love or insurmountable disinterested in the first person seen be Eros's victim after wounding.