Methodology and Results

Methodology and Results

All of the field data included in this study were obtained over a two-day period to Toronto Necropolis cemetery. Due to the vast amount of resident burials, it seemed impractical to sample information from the 29 designated sections of the cemetery. So instead, four major sections (Section B, C, D, & K; see map below) were used for the information sample. These two, physically separated sections (Sections B, C & D can be considered as one major section) were chosen because of the physical differences between the two as well their accessibility to the public. Section K was located at the heart of the cemetery and was bordered by the main road, whereas Sections B, C & D were located on the west side of the cemetery, (alongside Sumach street) for which access was permitted only by walking through the grass and other interments.

The data gathered from the tombstones included the names of the individuals, birth dates and death dates. Relevant epitaphs and accessories displays (i.e. flowers) were also noted but play no significant factor within the study. The data collected can be seen in the table below:

Table 1

No.	Name	Birth	Death	Life Span	Sect.
1.	William Bell	1911	Sept. 18,1954	43 years	K
2.	Elizabeth Ann Bell	May 25,1848	Sept. 19,1926	78 years	K
3.	Janet Bell	Oct. 1,1854	Nov. 20,1930	76 years	K
4.	Janet Burns	1830	March 11,1888	58 years	K
5.	Joseph Alexander	1826	Aug. 24,1904	78 years	K
6.	Helen M. Equi	July 3,1892	Jan. 14,1893	6 months	K
7.	Louis Birch Equi	Apr. 28,1899	Oct. 1,1903	3.5 years	K
8.	William Birch Shaver	Mar. 22,1899	Oct. 12,1903	3.5 years	K
9.	Charles S. Brady	1881	1936	55 years	K
10.	Mildred Equi	1895	1983	88 years	K
11.	Toni Brady	1920	1993	73 years	K
12.	Charles S. Brady	1920	2000	80 years	K
13.	William John Equi	Sept. 19,1864	Dec. 3, 1948	84 years	K
14.	Vie Ella Birch	June 17,1865	April 21,1955	89 years	K
15.	Alexander Grimason	Aug. 9,1836	May 18,1886	49 years	K
16.	Jane Mearns	April 11,1837	Dec. 26,1910	73 years	K
17.	John Alexander	1860	1861	1 year	K
18.	Joseph Jackson	1861	1862	1 year	K
19.	Lilian Wilson	1874	1875	1 year	K
20.	Fannie Oliver	1876	1878	2 years	K
21.	Margaret Ann	1863	1892	29 years	K
22.	Alexander Mearns	Oct. 26, 1876	July 15, 1905	28 years	K
23.	William R. Orr	1818	Feb. 20, 1880	62 years	K
24.	Marianne Eccleston	1818	Sept. 11, 1906	88 years	K
25.	James Campbell	1810	July 13, 1890	80 years	K
26.	Janet Campbell	1811	June 19, 1868	57 years	K
27.	Josias Wilson	1848	July 23, 1870	22 years	K
28.	Edith Louisa	1870	April 24, 1886	16 years	K
29.	John Campbell	1840	July 30, 1904	64 years	K
30.	Edmu D. Grainger	1825	1872	47 years	K
31.	Harriet W. Grainger	1835	1886	51 years	K
32.	Minnie Grainger	1860	1918	58 years	K
33.	Lucas Fee	May 15,1872	Oct. 28,1897	25 years	K
34.	Jessie Isabel	Nov. 15,1888	Oct. 20,1890	2 years	K
35.	Frederick W. Fee	April 3,1876	Jan. 8,1880	4 years	K
36.	Mary Elizabeth Fee	Jan. 25, 1870	Oct. 10,1940	70 years	K
37.	Joseph Fee	Sept. 10, 1834	Feb. 21, 1912	78 years	K
38.	Robert R. Fee	Jan. 3,1875	March 18,1913	38 years	K
39.	Issac Clare	1801	Oct. 20, 1885	84 years	K
40.	Anne Jane Clare	1846	April 27, 1916	70 years	K
41.	Issac J. Clare	1860	Nov. 30, 1900	40 years	K
42.	William A. Wilker	1849	Aug. 12, 1920	71 years	K
43.	Annie Louise	1860	Aug. 30, 1923	63 years	K
44.	Arthur Leslie Willos	Feb. 12, 1869	Nov. 22, 1951	82 years	K
45.	William H. Rodden	1824	May 6, 1896	72 years	K
46.	Sarah Anne	1828	Sept. 21, 1899	71 years	K
47.	William T. Lundy	1853	Mar. 23, 1911	58 years	K
48.	Anne A. Lundy	1856	Jan. 12, 1931	75 years	K
49.	William Cottrell	1834	June 17, 1916	82 years	K
50.	Anna Bone	1837	May 18, 1919	82 years	K
51.	Ann Cottrell	1868	Aug. 31, 1870	2 years	K
52.	John Cottrell	1805	July 29, 1854	49 years	K
53.	Theophila Everdell	1801	April 4, 1875	74 years	K
54.	John R. Benson	1852	1942	90 years	K
55.	Robert Walker	1808	Oct. 5, 1885	77 years	K
56.	Mary Gardner	1812	Jan. 19, 1879	67 years	K
57.	Joseph Walker	1838	Jan. 18, 1893	55 years	K
58.	Jane Ann Walker	1841	Feb. 25, 1905	64 years	K
59.	John G. Walker	1836	Apr. 20, 1866	30 years	K
60.	Mary Watkins	1839	Aug. 27, 1869	30 years	K
61.	John Gardner	1866	1869	3 years	K
62.	Clowes Gardner	1863	1872	9 years	K
63.	Thomas Foster	May 5,1642	May 9, 1642	4 days	K
64.	Cyrus Foster	July 1847	Oct. 14, 1847	17 weeks	K
65.	George Foster	Nov. 15, 1854	Nov. 17, 1854	2 days	K
66.	Ross Hillock	March 1889	July 25, 1889	4 months	K
67.	Margaret V. Hillock	1888	Aug. 20, 1910	22 years	K
68.	Frank Hillock	Aug. 20, 1840	June 10, 1918	78 years	K
69.	Margaret J. Hillock	July 4, 1847	Aug. 13, 1913	66 years	K
70.	Frank S. Hillock	1883	Oct. 8, 1958	75 years	K
71.	Wallace Walton	1840	June 29, 1896	56 years	K
72.	Sarah Wilkinson	Jan. 31, 1921	Jan. 31, 1921	82 years	K
73.	William H. Howland	June 11, 1844	Dec. 12, 1893	49 years	K
74.	George Paterson	1817	April 2, 1899	82 years	K
75.	Ann Ford	1817	Feb. 6, 1899	82 years	K
76.	John Paterson	1845	April 4, 1869	24 years	K
77.	James Paterson	1848	March 26, 1873	25 years	K
78.	David A. Paterson	1865	May 13, 1873	8 years	K
79.	Amelia Kells Burk	Feb. 2, 1832	Aug. 3, 1902	70 years	K
80.	William H. Laird	June 26, 1868	May 14, 1873	5 years	K
81.	Nicholas Willoughlay	July 4, 1836	Feb. 25, 1906	69 years	K
82.	Thomas W. Brown	Nov. 16, 1860	March 22, 1930	69 years	K
83.	Anna Eliza Orr	Feb. 21, 1861	Aug. 5, 1956	95 years	K
84.	Elizabeth E. Brawn	Aug. 9, 1891	Nov. 23, 1957	66 years	K
85.	Anna Mary Brawn	Nov. 12, 1889	Jan. 20, 1972	82 years	K
86.	Hannah Worthington	1825	July 13, 1853	28 years	K
87.	John Worthington	1848	May 13, 1889	41 years	K
88.	Charlotte Reynolds	1849	Jan. 18, 1875	26 years	K
89.	James Henderson	Nov. 13, 1832	Feb. 10, 1915	82 years	K
90.	Catherine Henderson	May 1842	Dec. 1, 1914	69 years	K
91.	Gordon Henderson	Aug. 26, 1879	April 6, 1942	62 years	K
92.	Frederick A. Burgess	Mar. 30,1904	Dec. 30, 1973	69 years	K
93.	Helen F. Flach	July 12, 1908	Oct. 5, 1995	87 years	K
94.	Louise Tyler	June 21,1856	April 16,1900	43 years	D
95.	Elizabeth Mary Day	1877	1940	63 years	D
96.	Edward Charles Day	1877	1949	72 years	D
97.	Walter Jeffrey Day	1906	1963	57 years	D
98.	Jessie Louisa Day	1905	1976	71 years	D
99.	Robert Edward Day	1902	1990	88 years	D
100.	Dorothy Alice Day	1903	1936	33 years	D
101.	Vasil Manou	Dec. 26,1920	Aug. 22,1940	19 years	D
102.	Tanas Manou	Feb. 16, 1898	May 5,1966	68 years	D
103.	Stoyna Manou	Feb. 15,1897	March 3,1985	88 years	D
104.	John H. Kennedy	Aug. 2,1884	Feb. 2,1886	1.5 years	D
105.	William A. Kennedy	Sept. 14,1880	March 25,1938	57 years	D
106.	David B. Moses	Jan. 15, 1876	Sept. 4, 1959	83 years	D
107.	Louie R. C. Moses	July 15,1878	Feb. 9, 1963	84 years	D
108.	Henry James Hogarth	Jan. 30, 1899	June 1,1871	72 years	D
109.	Harriet Agnes	Nov. 5,1857	July 9, 1871	13 years	D
110.	Charlotte Elizabeth	Sept 1,1861	Jan. 26,1908	46 years	D
111.	George Hogarth	Oct. 5,1834	Oct 14, 1913	79 years	D
112.	Harriet McClure	Apr. 17, 1831	Jan. 17, 1928	96 years	D
113.	Finlay John McRae	Nov. 8,1860	Jan. 15,1926	65 years	C
114.	Jemima Mackenzie	Oct. 8,1863	April 15,1930	66 years	C
115.	Christina M. McRae	Jan. 28,1893	Nov. 29,1977	83 years	C
116.	Sarah Jane Gilmore	1854	1934	80 years	C
117.	Granville G. Beverly	Nov. 2,1850	May 26,1900	49 years	C
118.	Elizabeth Stamsby	Sept. 26, 1872	Feb. 14, 1950	76 years	C
119.	William Norris	May 18, 1869	May 22, 1959	90 years	C
120.	Henrietta Norris	July 28, 1891	Oct. 9, 1969	78 years	C
121.	Christine Neilson	June 23, 1879	Dec. 17, 1950	71 years	C
122.	Walter R. Lewis	June 12, 1880	Oct. 10, 1953	73 years	C
123.	Florence Sheila Duff	June 24, 1888	June 23, 1930	42 years	C
124.	Caroline Smith	1854	Nov. 24, 1929	75 years	C
125.	Alexander A. Fraser	June 22, 1859	Feb. 5, 1941	81 years	C
126.	Elizabeth Smith	Nov. 11, 1861	April 18, 1952	91 years	C
127.	Elizabeth Ann Fraser	1889	1962	73 years	C
128.	George Reid	Apr. 17, 1907	Nov. 24, 1973	66 years	C
129.	Ethyle Stewart	July 26, 1907	March 6, 1995	88 years	C
130.	Lillie Hiltz	July 9, 1882	July 1, 1950	68 years	C
131.	Harry Stewart	July 1, 1877	April 21, 1965	87 years	C
132.	Mildred Dilworth	May 31, 1890	May 30, 1955	65 years	C
133.	James Sloan	Nov. 19, 1886	June 14, 1974	87 years	C
134.	Audrey Sloane	June 10, 1915	Oct. 12, 1979	64 years	C
135.	Helen Haining	Feb. 27, 1832	April 23, 1867	35 years	C
136.	Samuel Staneley	1830	Jan. 9, 1890	60 years	C
137.	Mary Ann Carton	1839	Dec. 10, 1909	70 years	C
138.	Johannah Klahn	1822	May, 28, 1908	86 years	C
139.	Richard Cluff	1832	Dec. 7, 1903	71 years	C
140.	Sarah J. Cluff	Oct. 14, 1865	Oct. 21, 1897	32 years	C
141.	William J. Cluff	Dec. 2, 1862	April 15, 1904	42 years	C
142.	Archibald Goraham	1795	Oct. 10, 1870	75 years	C
143.	Annie Mason	1801	April 3, 1888	87 years	C
144.	Lillie Eva Shook	1875	1937	62 years	C
145.	James Miller	1873	1955	82 years	C
146.	John Herbert Brodie	1893	1974	81 years	C
147.	James B. Stewart	Sept. 8, 1856	June 10, 1933	76 years	B
148.	Barbara Bain	Aug. 14, 1859	Oct. 24, 1930	71 years	B
149.	Jessie M.	1893	1941	48 years	B
150.	Susan Anne Glass	June 8, 1855	Jan. 12, 1900	44 years	B
151.	Francis Dowey	July 30, 1855	Aug. 16, 1930	75 years	B
152.	Martha Davey	1879	1962	83 years	B
153.	Henry L. Henderson	1842	May 2, 1871	29 years	B
154.	Jaqueline Mary Otter	1846	Jan. 16, 1900	54 years	B
155.	Alfred W. Henderson	1870	March 31, 1875	5 years	B
156.	William Henderson	1817	Oct. 17, 1891	74 years	B
157.	Wilhemina M. Sindar	1817	Dec. 12, 1890	73 years	B
158.	Margaret Henderson	1852	Nov. 26, 1875	23 years	B
159.	Christian B. Sinclair	1818	Jan. 23, 1894	76 years	B
160.	John B. Henderson	Feb. 12, 1843	Jan. 27, 1916	72 years	B
161.	Benjamin Walker	1820	Jan. 3, 1885	65 years	B
162.	Eliza Colassco	1825	June 1, 1900	75 years	B
163.	Edwin B. Walton	1867	Feb. 15, 1889	22 years	B
164.	Louisa Walton	1858	Oct. 14, 1861	3 years	B
165.	Eliza Ann Walton	1855	Jan. 24, 1877	22 years	B
166.	Louie M. Walton	1864	Jan. 22, 1886	22 years	B
167.	John Mackenzie	1813	Feb. 13, 1875	62 years	B
168.	Mary Grairy	1821	Jan. 12, 1913	92 years	B
169.	John Jackson	1827	1855	28 years	B
170.	Ann Riley Jackson	1826	1884	58 years	B
171.	Charlotte Jackson	1855	1922	67 years	B
172.	William F.Jackson	1854	1927	73 years	B
173.	Mary Louise Jackson	1865	1942	77 years	B
174.	William Hutchinson	1836	1841	5 years	B
175.	George Hutchinson	1840	1841	1 year	B
176.	Mary Hutchinson	1841	1841	0 years	B
177.	Mary Hutchinson	1843	1843	0 years	B
178.	Fanny Hutchinson	1847	1850	3 years	B
179.	George Hutchinson	1849	1851	2 years	B
180.	Thos Hutchinson	1842	1887	45 years	B

It should be interesting to note that most markers sampled included only death dates and the individual’s age at death, with no obvious emphasis of the date of birth. The large majority of markers often belonged to a family in which members of the immediate as well as the extended family were included in the burial, and all the names where inscribed in the headstone. Marker inscriptions that were illegible were overlooked and the only markers that were sampled in Section K were located along the periphery (note: names listed under section K in the chart above were actually sampled from Sections K, I, M & N; they were designated under Section K for simplicity). The markers sampled in Sections B, C & D were random and were not restricted as was in Section K. For Section K, 93 markers were sampled whereas in Sections B, C & D, 87 markers where sampled (34, 34, & 19 respectively). Most of the sampled burials took place in the early to late nineteenth century, with a few exceptions whose deaths took place in the 1900’s. These people were usually associated with a familial burial plot whose ancestral line dates back to the previous century.

An emphasis was placed on stratification within the cemetery (between the two sections) based on architectural differences (i.e. marker height) and spatial organization. Interpretation of these factors might provide insight into social themes that were dominant during that time. Out of sheer interest, life span was calculated from the given information to check for any possible correlation with burial location. The results go as follows:

*The mean life expectancy for Section K (n=93), was 50.81 years.

*The mean life expectancy for Section B (n=34), was 44.85 years.

*The mean life expectancy for Section C (n=34), was 70.62 years.

*The mean life expectancy for Section D (n=19), was 59.66 years.

*The mean life expectancy for Sections B, C, & D (n=87), was 58.16 years.

Obvious discrepancies were observed with respect to marker size as markers progressively increased in height towards the center of the cemetery. Sections B, C, & D housed the smallest markers and marker size dramatically increased towards the center (Section K). And as was stated before, Section K was very accessible as it was located in the heart of the cemetery, surrounded by the main road whereas Sections, B, C, & D could only be accessed by walking across the grass. The height differential between the two sections goes as follows:

*The mean marker height in Section K (n=11), was ~6.17 ft.

*The mean marker height for Section B, C & D (n=12), was ~3.33 ft.

Familial burials seemed to be the dominant arrangement in the cemetery as the large majority of burial plots were composed of three or more people. The mean number of people per burial plot was calculated for each section:

*The mean number of bodies per burial site for Section K (n=11), was 8.12 people per burial site.

*The mean number of bodies per burial site for Section B, C & D (n=12), was 3.08 people per burial site.

To help find possible relationships between gender, birth dates and longevity, two graphs were completed plotting:

i) Number of deceased individuals (Y) versus Year of birth (X).

ii) Number of deceased individuals (Y) versus Age at death (X).

Each graph was completed depicting differences between gender, citing possible differences in birth periods and life expectancy (see Appendices A-2 & A-3).