Rommel, Erwin (1891-1944), German field marshal, renowned for his African desert victories during World War II. Born in Heidenheim, he joined the German army in 1910. After winning awards for bravery in World War I, he taught in military academies. In the German push to the English Channel in 1940 Rommel headed the victorious 7th Tank Division. He was made a lieutenant general the following year and placed in command of the Afrika Korps in North Africa.

By 1944, Erwin Rommel had a lifetime of military experience behind him. He was awarded the Pour le MŽrite, Germany's highest decoration for bravery, for capturing 9,000 enemy soldiers during World War I. During the invasion of France of 1940, Rommel commanded the notorious Ghost Division--the German 7th Panzer Division. Pushing every man and machine to its limit, Rommel's forces advanced 350 miles in six weeks (an unheard of distance for tanks during that time).

Rommel was a popular, although unconventional military leader. Rommel's method of command was also unique. While other officers directed battles from a strategy room located far from the field of battle, Rommel chose to lead from the front. Rommel felt it was important for the commander to always be near his troops. When the troops had to build a bridge or when a supply convoy was in trouble, Rommel was known to lend a hand.

Rommel earned worldwide recognition for his leadership of the Afrika Corps during the North African desert campaign. From 1942 to 1943, Rommel was at the top of the Allies most wanted list. His ability to show up, when and where his opponents least expected, earned Rommel the nickname "the Desert Fox." Initial successes in the desert campaign, however, were followed by crushing defeats at the hands of better equipped Allied forces. The Allies marched victoriously through North Africa in May 1943. From there the Allies landed in Italy and by early 1944 were marching steadfastly toward Rome.

In 1944, the western front was the only arena that had yet to receive a full Allied frontal assault. Hitler charged Rommel with defense of the western front. He began by touring the western coastal defenses from the North to the Mediterranean Seas. He was discouraged by what he saw. The defenses were widely scattered and none could withstand an Allied offensive attack. The infantry defending the coasts were in worse condition. They included POWs and German soldiers exhausted from fighting the Russians. They were poorly organized, poorly trained, and lacked artillery; in some cases they even lacked the physical strength to endure intense military action.

Although the situation was bleak, Rommel set to work to bring order to the western front. The mere appearance of Germany's national hero had a positive effect on troop morale. Rommel organized the troops and put them to work fortifying western coastal defenses - the Atlantic Wall. He made daily inspections of the progress on the Wall. Rommel functioned as an architect, personally designing many of the obstacles for the Atlantic Wall. Minefields, concrete and steel obstructions, and artillery posts sprung up at a startling rate.

While construction continued on the Atlantic Wall, the German leadership debated strategy for the defense of the coast. Rommel, aware of the strength of the Allied forces, contended the Allies must not be allowed to establish a beachhead on the coast. They must be thrown back into the sea. Rommel proposed that all available men and material be positioned as close to the coast as possible. Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, Rommel's immediate superior, argued that sufficient forces must be kept on the coast, but a large contingent of forces should be kept in reserve, away from the field of battle so that a piercing counterattack could be launched.

In the end a compromise was reached, giving Rommel command of the army, but also placing a small reserve of troops far from the battlefield. Rommel, however, did not have complete control over all of the German armed forces. Unlike the Allies, who in Eisenhower had a commander with absolute control over the army, the navy, and the air force, Rommel only controlled the army. The German navy and Luftwaffe functioned under separate and autonomous command. Effective organization was further hindered by Hitler's insistence that all orders be approved by him, thus making the formation of a single-minded defense plan for the coast impossible.

On June 6th, 1944, the construction and planning of German defenses in France came to an end as the Allies launched Operation Overlord. Due to the inclement weather, Rommel thought that an attack would not be launched. He used the opportunity to travel to Germany to celebrate his wife's birthday. Upon hearing of the attack, Rommel rushed back to the Normandy coast, arriving at 10:00 p.m. The initial Allied attack had been a bruising one. Although Rommel's Atlantic Wall inflicted casualties on the Allied forces, the sheer number of men and material participating in the invasion and the supremacy of the Allied air force far outweighed the effectiveness of the coastal fortifications. On D-Day, the Allies were able to put over 8,000 planes in the air, compared to Germany's three.

Rommel commanded the German forces tirelessly, traveling to the front, and inspecting and encouraging the troops. But the Germans suffered from lack of supplies and the continual onslaught of Allied air power. Without sufficient manpower, Rommel was unable to launch an effective counterattack. By mid-July German losses topped 100,000, yet only 6,000 replacement troops had arrived.

Realizing the war was lost, Rommel went to Hitler to bring the severity of the situation to his attention. Rommel proposed re-establishing a defensive line on the Seine, to secure the German borders from Allied attack. Hitler rejected the idea, France was to be defended to the last man. Shocked by the FŸhrer's lack of understanding of the situation, Rommel discussed with other German officials the possibility of opening secret negotiations for peace with the Allied leaders. On July 17th, 1944, the possibility of such negotiations taking place evaporated when Rommel was seriously injured in an attack by an Allied plane. The injuries effectively ended his involvement in the Normandy invasion.

There had been frequent rumblings of plots to remove Hitler from power. In 1944, the conspirators made overtures to Rommel to gauge his interest in the plot. Rommel and Hitler were once close friends, but since the defeat in North Africa and Hitler's "victory or death" proclamation, Rommel viewed Hitler as a madman who would destroy Germany. Although he would have no part in an assassination attempt against Hitler, Rommel did say that he would consider being the leader of Germany after Hitler's removal from power.

Rommel was recovering from his injuries when the assassination plot was launched. Under torture, one of the conspirators mentioned Rommel's name, implicating him in the plot. As friends and fellow officers were arrested as conspirators, Rommel realized the end was near. On October 14th, 1944, two generals came to Rommel's house and gave him an ultimatum. Either take his own life and be buried with full honors or stand trial and put the future of his wife and son in jeopardy. Rommel said good-bye to his family, went with the two men, and swallowed poison. He was buried with full honors.

1885-1945, American general, b. San Gabriel, Calif. A graduate of West Point (1909), he served in World War I and was wounded while commanding a tank brigade in France. Subsequently he served in the cavalry and the tank corps. In World War II he commanded (1942-43) a corps in North Africa and the 7th Army in Sicily. Despite a brilliant record, a much-publicized incident (Patton slapped a soldier suffering from battle fatigue) cost him his command and delayed until Aug., 1944, promotion to the permanent rank of major general. Early in 1944 he was given command of the 3d Army, which spearheaded the spectacular sweep of U.S. forces from Normandy through Brittany and N France, relieved Bastogne in December, 1944, crossed the Rhine (Mar., 1945), and raced across S Germany into Czechoslovakia. As military governor of Bavaria, he was criticized for leniency to Nazis and was removed (Oct., 1945) to take charge of the U.S. 15th Army. Patton was fatally injured in an automobile accident in Germany.

Montgomery, Bernard Law (1887-1976) was born in London, from an Ulster family, in 1887. He graduated from the Royal Military Academy of Sandhurst and served in France and Belgium during WW I. Promoted major general, he commanded a division in Middle East in 1938-1939. At the beginning of WWII he was in France commanding a division. He was given command of the 5th Corps in Britain after having evacuated his unit from Dunkirk in 1940.

On Aug. 18, 1942, his moment came: he was called to assume command of the 8th Army, driven back into Egypt by Rommel's forces. At that time the myth of the Desert Fox was having a bad impact on the morale of the British troops: thus the need for a general with a strong personality. Montgomery fitted the bill. The myth of the "Unshakable" was created to increase the will to fight in the 8th Army. Montgomery was different from other generals: he dressed in a particular way, he was always depicted and photographed in a proper way, as a practical man who always got what he wanted. He was loved by the troops, who called him "Monty", but not as much by the high ranked officers and generals who considered him rude. After a long preparation, he launched the El Alamein attack in northern Egypt on October 23 and, when their lines broke, pursued the enemy remnants into Libya and beyond. He thus became the first of the Allied generals to inflict a decisive defeat on a German army, winning maybe the most important battle (along with Stalingrad) of WW2. On November 10 he was knighted and promoted to full general. Still leading the 8th Army, Montgomery participated in the Allied landing in Sicily in July 1943 and led the troops invading the Italianmainland two months later.

He had a most active role during the remainder of the war: he led the 8th Army during the invasion of Italy. In January 1944 he returned to Britain to lead the land forces under the command of General Eisenowher in the Normandy landing. After the Allied landing in Normandy in June 1944, Montgomery directed all land operations until August, when the command was reorganized. He then took command of the Second Army Group, consisting of British and Canadian armies, which held the northern end of the Allied line. On September 1 he was made a field marshal, the highest rank in the British Army. Montgomery suffered his worst defeat of the war in September 1944 when his planned crossing of the Rhine at the Dutch city of Arnhem was turned back with the loss of 6,000 airborne troops. Responsibility for the debacle has been the source of continuing controversy.

On Dec. 17, 1944, after a German thrust through the Ardennes had split the Allied Twelfth Army Group, Montgomery was given temporary command of all British and American forces on the north side of the bulging line. On May 4, 1945, he accepted the surrender of the German troops in the Netherlands and northwest Germany. On May 22, Montgomery became chief of British forces occupying Germany and a member of the Allied Control Commission.

In 1946 Montgomery became 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein. In 1948-1951 he served as chairman of the permanent defense organization of the Western European Union, and he was deputy supreme commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization forces from 1951 until his retirement in 1958. He died in Alton, Hampshire, on March 24, 1976. His writings include Memoirs (1958).