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The camera or camera obscura is the image-forming device, and photographic film or a silicon electronic image sensor is the sensing medium. The respective recording medium can be the film itself, or a digital electronic or magnetic memory.
Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material (such as film) to the required amount of light to form a "latent image" (on film) or "raw file" (in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. Digital cameras use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The resulting digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on paper or film.
The
movie camera
is a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of
photographs on strips of film. In contrast to a still camera, which
captures a single snapshot at a time, the movie camera takes a series
of images, each called a "frame". This is accomplished through an
intermittent mechanism. The frames are later played back in a movie
projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of
frames per second). While viewing, a person's eyes and brain merge the
separate pictures together to create the illusion of motion
Photography gained the interest of many scientists and artists from its
inception. Scientists have used photography to record and study
movements, such as Eadweard Muybridge's
study of human and animal locomotion in 1887. Artists are equally
interested by these aspects but also try to explore avenues other than
the photo-mechanical representation of reality, such as the pictorialist
movement. Military, police, and security forces use photography for
surveillance, recognition and data storage. Photography is used by
amateurs to preserve memories of favorite times, to capture special
moments, to tell stories, to send messages, and as a source of
entertainment.
Traditional photography burdened photographers working at remote locations without easy access to processing facilities, and competition from television pressured photographers to deliver images to newspapers with greater speed. Photo journalists at remote locations often carried miniature photo labs and a means of transmitting images through telephone lines. In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a charge-coupled device for imaging, eliminating the need for film: the Sony Mavica. While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital. In 1990, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially available digital camera. Although its high cost precluded uses other than photojournalism and professional photography, commercial digital photography was born.