| ROOT | LIVING THINGS - Cellular and (noncellular?):
Eukaryota, Eubacteria, Archaea and (Viruses, Viroids, and others?). |
| DOMAIN | EUKARYOTA - Living organisms with nucleated cells and cytoskeleton:
Opisthokonts, Plantae, Chromista, and Protista. |
| OPISTHOKONTS - Eukaryotes with posterior location of flagellum and certain biologically comparative similarities:
Metazoa and Fungi. |
|
| KINGDOM | METAZOA - (Animals) Opisthokonts with an extracellular matrix:
Eumetazoa, sponges, and parasites of invertebrates (Mesozoans). |
| BRANCH | EUMETAZOA - Animals with more complexity than Mesozoans and sponges:
Bilateria, jellyfishes, and others. |
| GRADE | BILATERIA - Eumetazoan animals with left/right embryonic symmetry:
Coelomata, worms, and others. |
| COELOMATA - Bilateral animals with an internal cavity coated by a mesodermic membrane:
Deuterostomia, mollusks, and others. |
|
| DIVISION | DEUTEROSTOMIA - Coelomate animals with two openings:
Chordata, starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and others. |
| PHYLLUM | CHORDATA - Deuterostome animals with notochords:
Craniata, tunicates, sea squirts, lancelets, and others. |
| CRANIATA - Chordate animals with skulls:
Vertebrata, hagfishes, and others. |
|
| SUBPHYLLUM | VERTEBRATA - (Vertebrates) Skulled animals with backbones of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae:
Gnathostomata, lampreys, and others. |
| SUPERCLASS | GNATHOSTOMATA - Vertebrates with upper and lower jaws:
Teleostomi, sharks, rays, sawfish, and extinct armored jawed vertebrates. |
| TELEOSTOMI - Jawed vertebrates with mouth terminal in position, narrow-based braincase, and three otoliths in ear:
Osteichthyes and extinct relatives. |
|
| OSTEICHTHYES - (Bony vertebrates) Teleostomi with endochondral bone and jaws differentiated by dentary, premaxillary, and maxillary divisions:
Sarcopterygii, ray-finned fishes, and extinct relatives. |
|
| SARCOPTERYGII - Bony vertebrates with limbs that bear digits:
Stegocephalians, lung fishes, and extinct relatives. |
|
| STEGOCEPHALIANS - (Terrestrial vertebrates) Sarcopterygii with various cranial and notochord changes, and fin losses:
Tetrapoda, some aquatic paired-finned Sarcopterygii, and extinct relatives. |
|
| TETRAPODA - Terrestrial vertebrates with four limbs:
Anthracosauria, amphibians, and extinct relatives. |
|
| ANTHRACOSAURIA - Tetrapods with pentadactyl condition (five digits):
Amniota and extinct relatives. |
|
| AMNIOTA - (Embolomeres) Anthracosaurs with membrane-covered embryonic egg:
Synapsida, Reptilia, and extinct relatives. |
|
| SYNAPSIDA - Embolomers with single large opening in the skull behind each eye socket:
Eupelycosauria and extinct Caseasauria. |
|
| EUPELYCOSAURIA - Synapsids with a long, narrow supratemporal and large frontal changes of the dorsal orbital margin:
Sphenacodontia and extinct relatives. |
|
| SPHENACODONTIA - Eupelycosaurs with maxillary supracanine buttress changes and premaxillary teeth in deep sockets:
Sphenacodontoidea and extinct relatives. |
|
| SPHENACODONTOIDEA - Sphenacodonts with lateral frontal orbitals, prefrontal pockets, and no vomerine teeth:
Therapsida and extinct Sphenacodontidae. |
|
| THERAPSIDA - Spenacodontoids with further refinements of bone, skull, and teeth:
Theriodontia and extinct relatives. |
|
| THERIODONTIA - Therapsids with smaller skulls and various teeth relationships:
Cynodontia and extinct relatives. |
|
| CYNODONTIA - Theriodonts with well developed specialized teeth:
Mammalia and cynodonts (extinct mammal-like reptiles). |
|
| CLASS | MAMMALIA - (Mammals) Warm-blooded Cynodontia with mammary glands:
Theria, Monotremata, and extinct relatives. |
| SUBCLASS | THERIA - Mammals that do not lay eggs:
Eutheria and Marsupialia. |
| INFRACLASS | EUTHERIA - (Placentals) Therian mammals with placentas:
Artiodactyla and twenty-one other Orders (four extinct). |
| ORDER | ARTIODACTYLA - Placental ungulates with cloven hooves and an even-number of toes:
Ruminantia, pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, llamas, and extinct relatives. |
| SUBORDER | RUMINANTIA - (Ruminants) Artiodactyls with four stomachs:
Pecora and nonhorned chevrotains. |
| INFRAORDER | PECORA - Ruminants with horns or antlers:
Bovoidea, pronghorn, deer, okapi, and giraffes. |
| SUPERFAMILY | BOVOIDEA - Pecora having horns with a bony matrix covered by a keratinous hollow case:
Bovidae, pronghorn, and extinct relatives. |
| FAMILY | BOVIDAE - (Bovids) Bovoidea with non-branched perenial horns:
Bovinae and ten other Subfamilies: Cattle, oxen, bison, buffalo, kudu, goats, gazelles, duikers, and antelopes. |
| SUBFAMILY | BOVINAE - Large, horned, ruminant bovids:
Bos and six other Genuses: Cattle, oxen, bison, buffalo, kudu, and extinct relatives. |
| GENUS | BOS - Bovinae with refined cattle-like characteristics:
Bos taurus and ten other Species: Cattle, oxen, and extinct Aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius). |
| SPECIES | BOS TAURUS - (Cows) European domestic cattle breeds and domesticated feral cattle:
Other names: Bos bovis, Bos primigenius taurus, bovine, domestic cow, domestic cattle, and cattle. |
| BREED | DEXTER CATTLE |
