MATERIAL
TELEPORTATION:
Eliminating
Space and Time from Travel
Madhurya S. Gupta
B.E. III Year (Part II)
Nirma Institute of Technology,
Ahmedabad.
Introduction
Teleportation involves dematerializing an
object at one point, and sending the details of that object's precise atomic
configuration to another location, where it will be reconstructed, just as
shown in the following figure. What this means is that time and space could be
eliminated from travel -- we could be transported to any location instantly,
without actually crossing a physical distance.
Most of us were
introduced to the idea of teleportation, and other futuristic technologies, by
the short-lived Star Trek television series (1966-69) based on tales
written by Gene Roddenberry. Viewers watched in amazement as Captain Kirk,
Spock, Dr. McCoy and others beamed down to the planets they encountered on
their journeys through the universe. Also in the movie The One, starring Jet Lee, watching the hero travel from one
universe to the other within no time is really very interesting.
In 1993, the idea
of teleportation moved out of the realm of science fiction and into the world
of theoretical possibility. It was then that physicist Charles Bennett
and a team of researchers at IBM confirmed that quantum teleportation
was possible, but only if the original object being teleported was destroyed.
This revelation, first announced by Bennett at an annual meeting of the American
Physical Society in March 1993, was followed by a report on his findings in the
Before starting
with the technical talks on the topic, let me first introduce the term “Action
at a Distance” (also called as “spooky action at a distance” by some
scientists), which plays a major role in the phenomenon. The term refers to the
fact that some result may be seen at some distance away from where the action
has been taken BUT at the same instant of time i.e. simultaneously. With
respect to classical physics and some of the famous theories that will be
discussed in the next section, this may seem to be unreal but that is as real
as this earth and the solar system.
A Brief History
of Quantum Teleportation (QT)
1687
Principia: The Theory of Gravitation
by Sir. Isaac Newton. According to his law of gravity, every object in the
universe attracts every other object in the universe. According to
1864
Electromagnetism: Around 1864, James Clerk Maxwell formulated his theory of
electromagnetism. This theory considers electricity, magnetism, and
electromagnetic waves (e.g., light, radio waves, and X-rays) to be different
aspects of a single phenomenon: electromagnetism. According to the theory, all
electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. There is no action at a distance in Maxwell’s
theory. According to Maxwell’s theory, if the sun should suddenly break apart,
we would not see it happen until 8 minutes later.
1905
Relativity: Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. It is a
theory of space and time. The theory does not allow a violation of the principle
of relativistic causality. In fact, this is the theory which brought attention
to the limiting character of the speed of light and from which the principle
sprung. This brought special relativity
into conflict with
In
1915 Einstein published his general theory of relativity. According to general
relativity, gravitational influences travel at the speed of light, in accord with
relativistic causality. Instantaneous action at a distance was thus eliminated
from physics. If the Sun should suddenly break apart, the Earth’s orbit would, according
to Einstein’s theory, not be affected until 8 minutes later.
|
Action
at a Distance |
|||
|
Newtonian Theory 1687 |
Electromagnetic
Theory 1864 |
Relativity Theory 1905/1915 |
Quantum Theory 1925-27 |
|
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
The “No” under the Quantum
theory for the concept of “Action at a Distance” can be understood by the GHZ Experiment
carried out by the famous scientists such as Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger,
Max Born, and Paul Dirac. In the experiment, three subatomic particles are
emitted from a central place. Each particle enters a detector. A detector
consists of a setting, H or T, controlled by a switch, and a light bulb. The
setting has been chosen randomly, perhaps by tossing a coin. When a particle
enters a detector, the bulb lights, or it does not.
Now, based on a certain
set of rules, the experiment was carried out. The expected result of the
experiment exhibited high degree of coordination between the particles and the
detectors, which was contrary to the theory and favoring the concept of Action
at a distance. Let’s see the explanation for this:
1935 EPR Reasoning: The famous
scientist Albert Einstein along with his two students released a paper viz.
“Can Quantum Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be considered Complete?”.
What
Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen do in the article, and what had been identified by
most of the scientists having studied the paper, is the following. First of all
they introduce the idea of 'element of reality'. "If without in any way
disturbing the state of a physical entity the outcome of a certain observable
can be predicted with certainty, there exists an element of reality
corresponding to this outcome and this observable". This is a first subtle
matter of the whole EPR reasoning and it contains a very deep insight of
Einstein in the nature of reality. It means "something real is there if
one can predict it". Related with this prediction is an experiment that
one can eventually execute, but it must be possible to make the prediction
without disturbing the state of the thing that is there. The second step of the
EPR paper is to consider the situation of two quantum entities that have
interacted but now are flying apart and are so far apart already that they do
not interact any longer. In my mind this corresponded to the situation of two
separated quantum entities. They have once interacted, but are separated now.
The third step in the paper is to consider the quantum mechanical description
of this situation. This quantum mechanical description is calculated explicitly
in the paper, and it is seen that from the description it follows that position
as well as momentum are correlated: in the sense that if one of the entities
has position x, the other must have position -x (taking 0 as the place where
they both interacted before flying apart), and if one of the entities has
momentum p, the other one must have momentum -p. Let us remark that the
appearance of the correlation of position and momentum from the quantum
mechanical calculation of the situation is a priori not mysterious. A similar
effect happens for the situation of classical entities that fly apart having
been united earlier on: consider for example the situation of a rock that
explodes into two equal pieces that fly apart. The positions and momenta of the
two pieces of rock will be correlated in exactly the same way. Now the most
subtle part of the whole EPR reasoning appears.
Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen
consider the situation where one could eventually measure the position of one
of the quantum entities, let us say entity 2, that flies to the right (while
entity 1 flies to the left). Suppose that such a measurement of position was
carried out, and the position of entity 2 would be registered, for example x,
then from the quantum description of the whole situation follows that the
position of entity 1 can be predicted, namely -x. Overall this means that a
measurement can be performed (the measurement of the position of entity 2) that
does not disturb the state of entity 1 (since it is separated from entity 2),
and predicts the position of entity 1 (namely position -x, if position x is
registered for the measurement of the position of entity 2). A similar
reasoning can be made for the momentum. Suppose that the momentum of entity 2
is measured and it found to be p. The quantum description of the situation
predicts then that the momentum of entity 1 must be -p. This means that again a
measurement can be made (measuring the momentum of entity 2), that does not
disturb the state of entity 1 (since entity 1 and 2 are separated), and makes
it possible to predict with certainty the outcome -p for entity 1, if p is
registered for the momentum of entity 2. This means however that as well the
value of the position (-x) as the value of the momentum (-p) can be predicted
for entity 1, by means of measurements that do not disturb the state of entity
1. As a consequence both position and momentum must have definite values (-x
and -p in the situation considered) at once, because without disturbing the
state of entity 1 in any way, they can both be predicted. This is in
contradiction with the Heisenberg uncertainty relations, that indeed forbid
position and momentum of a quantum entity to have definite values at once.
Hence the fundamental contradiction in the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paper is
reached. Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen conclude in their paper that this
contradiction proves that quantum mechanics is an incomplete theory, in the
sense that it cannot represent all elements of reality of a physical entity.
* The
EPR paper was (and is) much discussed. But the issue it raised
was not resolved for nearly three decades, because no
one was able to suggest a way to decide whether predeterminations exist. The
decisive step came in 1964, when John Bell published his highly original paper
On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox.
In 1997, Peter Shor of
AT&T Labs published a paper Polynomialtime algorithm for prime
factorization … on a quantum computer. The paper showed that a quantum computer
can factor large numbers efficiently. As a result of Shor’s discovery and a few
others, the race to build quantum computers is on. If they are built,
information transmitted on the internet will become insecure (as most of the
encryption techniques use the RSA encryption algorithm, which consists of one
of the assumptions that “There is no known fast algorithm to find the prime
factors of a large number”). Unless, of course, new ways of encoding
information are invented. The competition between code makers and code breakers
has been never ending. Entanglement to
the rescue! In 2000 three groups of researchers demonstrated prototype
encoding and decoding devices using entanglement. It has been proved
mathematically that the codes cannot be broken. One headline read Exploiting
Quantum “Spookiness” to Create Secret Codes. The article continues “Entanglement-based
quantum cryptography has unique features …”.
* The discussion till now
consisted about the history of the developments in the field of Quantum
Teleportation, in chronological order. Now we get to the real technical details
about how to perform Material Teleportation. There are presently two methods
thought about, one based on the concept of “Entangled Particles” and other on the basis of “Hole Teleportation”.
Quantum teleportation
is the transmission and reconstruction over arbitrary distances of the state of
a quantum system, an effect first suggested by Bennett et al in 1993 (Phys.
Rev. Lett.70:1895). The achievement of the effect depends on the phenomenon
of entanglement, an essential feature of quantum mechanics. Individually, an
entangled particle has properties (such as momentum) that are indeterminate and
undefined until the particle is measured or otherwise disturbed. Measuring one
entangled particle, however, defines its properties and seems to influence the
properties of its partner or partners instantaneously, even if they are light
years apart. Due to the fact that the two particles are entangled interaction
on the one cause instantaneous effects on the other.
Entanglement arises
from the wave function equation of quantum mechanics, which has an array of
possible function solutions rather than a single function solution, with each
possible solution describing a set of possible probabilistic quantum states of
the physical system under consideration. Upon fixation of the appropriate
boundary conditions, the array of possible solutions collapses into a single
solution. For many quantum mechanical physical systems, the fixation of
boundary conditions is a theoretical and fundamental consequence of some
interaction of the physical system with something outside that system, e.g., an
interaction with the measuring device of an observer. In this context, two
entities that are described by the same array of possible solutions to the wave
function equation are said to be "coherent", and when events decouple
these entities, the consequence is said to be "decoherence".
Serge Haroche
(Ecole Normale Superieure Paris) reviews quantum mechanical entanglement,
decoherence, and the question of the boundary between the physics of quantum
phenomena and the physics of classical phenomena. Haroche makes the following
points:
1) In quantum
mechanics, a particle can be delocalized (simultaneously occupy various
probable positions in space), can be simultaneously in several energy states,
and can even have several different identities at once. This apparent
"weirdness" behavior is encoded in the wave function of the particle.
2) Recent decades
have witnessed a rash of experiments designed to test whether nature exhibits
implausible non-locality.In such experiments, the wave function of a pair of
particles flying apart from each other is entangled into a non-separable
superposition of states. The quantum formalism asserts that detecting one of
the particles has an immediate effect on the other, even if they are very far
apart, even far enough apart to be out of interaction range. The experiments
clearly demonstrate that the state of one particle is always correlated to the
result of the measurement performed on the other particle, and in just the
strange way predicted by quantum mechanics.
3) An important
question is: Why and how does quantum weirdness disappear (decoherence) in
large systems? In the last 15 years, entirely solvable models of decoherence
have been presented by various authors (e.g., Leggett, Joos, Omnes, Zeh,
Zurek), these models based on the distinction in large objects between a few
relevant macroscopic observables (e.g., position or momentum) and an
"environment" described by a huge number of variables, such as
positions and velocities of air molecules, number of black-body radiation
photons, etc. The idea of these models, essentially, is that the environment is
"watching" the path followed by the system (i.e., interacting with
the system), and thus effectively suppressing interference effects and quantum
weirdness, and the result of this process is that for macroscopic systems only
classical physics obtains.
4) In mesoscopic
systems, which are systems between macroscopic and microscopic dimensions,
decoherence may occur slowly enough to be observed. Until recently, this could
only be imagined in a gedanken experiment, but technological advances have now
made such experiments real, and these experiments have opened this field to
practical investigation.
Entanglement is
unique to quantum mechanics in that, and involves a relationship (a
"superposition of states") between the possible quantum states of two
entities such that when the possible states of one entity collapse to a single
state as a result of suddenly imposed boundary conditions, a similar and
related collapse occurs in the possible states of the entangled entity no
matter where or how far away the entangled entity is located. The most common
form is the polarization of photons. Polarization is essentially a condition in
which the properties of photons are direction dependent, a condition that can
be achieved by passing light through appropriate media. Bouwmeester et al (Univ.
of Innsbruck,) now report an experimental demonstration of quantum
teleportation involving an initial photon carrying a polarization that is
transferred to one of a pair of entangled photons, with the
polarization-acquiring photon an arbitrary distance from the initial one. The
authors suggest quantum teleportation will be a critical ingredient for quantum
computation networks.
One more achievement that
may be considered as a major leap in the field of Quantum Teleportation is that
in June 1999, the act of measuring a photon repeatedly without destroying it
was achieved for the first time, thus making the physicists realize that it is
possible to perform non-destructive observations of a photon with a
difficult-to-execute technique known as a "quantum non-demolition"
(QND) measurement. The researchers in France (Serge Haroche, Ecole Normale
Superieure) have demonstrated the first QND measurement of a single quantum
object, namely a photon bouncing back and forth between a pair of mirrors (a
"cavity"). A conventional photo detector measures photons in a
destructive manner, by absorbing the photons and converting them into
electrical signals. "Eating up" or absorbing photons to study them is
not required by fundamental quantum mechanics laws and can be avoided with the
QND technique demonstrated by the French researchers. In their technique, a
photon in a cavity is probed without absorbing any net energy from it. (Of
course, Heisenberg's Indeterminacy Principle ensures that counting a photon
still disturbs the "phase" associated with its electric and magnetic
fields.) In the experiment, a rubidium atom passes through a cavity. If a
photon is present, the atom acquires a phase shift which can easily be
detected. Sending additional rubidium atoms through the cavity allowed the
researchers to measure the photon repeatedly without destroying it or.
Now,
addressing the point of Multiple Particle Entanglement, I would like to mention
that the first entanglement of three photons has been experimentally
demonstrated by researchers at the
The researchers deduced
that this entangled state is the long-coveted GHZ state proposed by physicists
Daniel Greenberger, Michael Horne, and Anton Zeilinger in the late 1980s.
Albert Einstein, believed that any rational description of nature is incomplete
unless it is both a local and realistic theory: "realism" refers to
the idea that a particle has properties that exist even before they are
measured, and "locality" means that measuring one particle cannot
affect the properties of another, physically separated particle faster than the
speed of light. But quantum mechanics states that realism, locality--or
both--must be violated. Previous experiments have provided highly convincing
evidence against local realism, but these "
Quantum Teleportation using Entanglement
We have already had an
introduction about what “teleportation” means. How this is accomplished was not explained in detail, but the general
idea seems to be that the original object is scanned in such a way as to
extract all the information from it, then this information is transmitted to
the receiving location and used to construct the replica, not necessarily from
the actual material of the original, but perhaps from atoms of the same kinds,
arranged in exactly the same pattern as the original. A teleportation machine would
be like a fax machine, except that it would work on 3-dimensional objects as
well as documents, it would produce an exact copy rather than an approximate
facsimile, and it would destroy the original in the process of scanning it. A
few science fiction writers consider teleporters that preserve the original,
and the plot gets complicated when the original and teleported versions of the
same person meet; but the more common kind of teleporter destroys the original,
functioning as a super transportation device, not as a perfect replicator of
souls and bodies.
By now, I have discussed
about entanglement means and what does it involve and maybe, how is it done? But
how is teleportation performed using
entangled particles?
Until recently,
teleportation was not taken seriously by scientists, because it was thought to
violate the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, which forbids any
measuring or scanning process from extracting all the information in an atom or
other object. According to the uncertainty principle, the more accurately an
object is scanned, the more it is disturbed by the scanning process, until one
reaches a point where the object's original state has been completely
disrupted, still without having extracted enough information to make a perfect
replica. This sounds like a solid argument against teleportation: if one cannot
extract enough information from an object to make a perfect copy, it would seem
that a perfect copy cannot be made. But the six scientists found a way to make
an end-run around this logic, using a celebrated and paradoxical feature of
quantum mechanics known as the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect. In brief, they
found a way to scan out part of the information from an object A, which one
wishes to teleport, while causing the remaining, unscanned, part of the
information to pass, via the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect, into another
object C which has never been in contact with A. Later, by applying to C a
treatment depending on the scanned-out information, it is possible to maneuver
C into exactly the same state as A was in before it was scanned. A itself is no
longer in that state, having been thoroughly disrupted by the scanning, so what
has been achieved is teleportation, not replication.
As the figure below suggests, the unscanned
part of the information is conveyed from A to C by an intermediary object B,
which interacts first with C and then with A. What? Can it really be correct to
say "first with C and then with A"? Surely, in order to convey
something from A to C, the delivery vehicle must visit A before C, not the
other way around. But there is a subtle, unscannable kind of information that,
unlike any material cargo, and even unlike ordinary information, can indeed be
delivered in such a backward fashion. The paper by John Bell, which was
mentioned above, showed that a pair of entangled particles, which were once in
contact but later move too far apart to interact directly, can exhibit
individually random behavior that is too strongly correlated to be explained by
classical statistics. Experiments on photons and other particles have
repeatedly confirmed these correlations, thereby providing strong evidence for
the validity of quantum mechanics, which neatly explains them. It was thought
that their only usefulness was in proving the validity of quantum mechanics.
But now it is known that, through the phenomenon of quantum teleportation, they
can deliver exactly that part of the information in an object which is too
delicate to be scanned out and delivered by conventional methods.
The principle of quantum
teleportation is not just a theory but has on many occasions been demonstrated
experimentally. The first method used was the teleportation of photons. Photons
possess spin, but in this case the spin is always in the direction of
propagation and thus is called polarisation. To teleport a quantum system it is
necessary to somehow send all the information needed to reconstruct the system
to the remote location. But, it might be thought, the Heisenberg uncertainty
principle makes such a measurement impossible. However, the scheme devised by
theorists takes advantage of the previously mentioned entanglement. If two
quantum particles are entangled, a measurement on one automatically determines
the state of the second - even if the particles are widely separated.
Entanglement describes correlations between quantum systems that are much
stronger than any classical correlation could be. The phenomenon has been
demonstrated for photons more than 10 kilometers apart. As explained in this
experiment we can consider that
Hole Teleportation by help of Gravitational Field
In order to be able to
understand this way of teleportation, one has to be well aware of the general
theory of relativity given by Sir. Albert Einstein, in the year 1915. The
discussion of the theory is beyond the scope of this paper, so the reader is
suggested to have an idea about the theory and then proceed.
The basic
description of teleportation is making body "A" disappear into point
1 and reappear in another point (point 2) by curving space-time so that point 1
will coincide with point 2. For teleportation to be possible we must create a
geometry similar to that of black hole for an instant, where points 1 and 2 can
be made to coincide thereby forming a channel between them. There would be
basically no passage of time getting from point 1 to point 2 as there would be
no space to traverse.
We can see some of
the properties of teleportation via simple mechanical motion. Let’s assume that
body A has uniform and linear motion. Body A will then pass distance
"d" in time "t" without any energy expense and consequently
the energy expenditure for teleportation at any distances will always be equal
to zero. The energy expenses come in altering the fields of force so that
points 1 and 2 will have the same force characteristics as teleportation would
not possible if the fields of force are different at the two points.
The connection of
the points 1 and 2 must be done through zero-point space (ZPS).1 By doing this
we have not only decreased d to zero but also t to zero. This option will be
the only viable form of space travel as the speed of light can not be
superceded within the universe itself.
Let us imagine the universe having the shape
of a sphere suspended in a "zero-space".1 The distance between every
two points from the external surface of this sphere would be equal to zero,
because zero-space is a point and length does not exist. The external area of
this sphere would be also be equal to zero. Moreover this border can not exist
in a single place because the cosmological principle would then be violated
(the principle according to which there can not be places or points privileged
towards another place or point of the universe). As things stand, the border of
the universe must pass through every point of the space.1 These virtual holes
in space and time must exist at every point in the universe and are called
"vacuum with holes" or "the hole vacuum".2
What would happen if we sent body A outside
the Universe? Since zero-space is a point and where time as a property does not
exist, therefore it can not contain body A and consequently body A will appear
in the real universe at that same moment in time. With the distances between
zero-space and any other point of universe being equal to zero, these holes can
potentially exist in every point of universe. Theoretically, body A could
appear at random in at point of in the Universe.
For instantaneous
teleportation we must send a body outside of universe by curving space-time
with gravitational field and creation of Puancare non-Euclidean model of
universe. There are no causality violation in hole teleportation. After
substitution of information carrier the causality violation (CV)
disappear. The feedback between “cause” and “effect”
is impossible because teleportation between moving frames is forbidden by
conservation laws. It is very strange that CV depends from spatial position of observer
toward teleportation events, as time depend from speed and gravity only. It
means that CV is not
motion backward in time but a optical illusion that
disappear after substitution of information carrier or complete data processing
by observers. The teleportational principle of causality was proposed for superluminal
processes. The hole radiation of massive body has all properties of
gravitational field. The mass of particle is a parameter describing ability of
a particle to interact with hole vacuum and emit “their” holes, the more holes
emit particle for a time unit, the more is mass.
For teleportation can be
applied the fact of a finiteness of universe as whole. We must send a body outside
of limited universe by curving space-time so that start point coincides with
endpoint. For it is necessary to create around a body a closed surface
consisting from vacuum holes for a short time dt. After
time dt the volume occupied by body in teleportation
station should be empty because the body cannot exist outside of universe. Thus
body exist already in another point of universe and teleportation was successfully
completed. The time dt is necessary to avoid returning a body to start point.
Energy expenditure would be necessary for the curvature of space-time but not
for the movement of the body from start point to endpoint.
Hole teleportation
phenomenon can be explained from different points of views:
Definition 1. The method of movement where body is
transferred from point A to another point B under laws of uniform and
rectilinear movement except for time T=0, and through obstacles between A and B
is called hole teleportation (HT). It is superanalogue of uniform and
rectilinear motion.
Definition 2. HT is a motion method where body is
sent outside of universe into zero-space after that one reappear instantly in
another point of the real universe.
Definition 3. HT is a motion method when the body
from point A gets to another point B by curving space-time (creation of
Puancare model of non-Euclidean universe) vacuum holes so that points A and B
coincides in space and time.
Definition 4. HT is a motion method, where the body
first is completely isolated from the external universe by creation of Puancare
non-Euclidean model of universe, after that body disappears in order to reappear
instantly in another point.
Now,
for an example of this type of teleportation, let there are three frames of
reference A, B and C that are fixed relative each other. All clocks from
A, B, and C are synchronised by Einstein method with
light signals.
Let we teleport a body from point A to B. As is known
the event of disappearance of body in point A is strictly simultaneous with
event of appearance of body in point B on local clocks. The causality violation
was described in references as registration by moving observer (relative
teleportation events) of signal from “effect” before “cause”. But this light
signals transfer information about teleportation events to observer only,
therefore it is possible to substitute light carrier of information by
teleportation signals.
Let at moment of
disappearance of body in point A another teleportation station is powered up that
teleport this information to point C. Also at the moment of appearance of body
in point B this information is teleported to point C. In point C at the moment
of reception of teleportation signals is emitted light signals with all information
about teleportation events (spatial and temporal location) in
points A and B. Thus all the observers moving toward
C, A, B will receive all information about teleportation events. But there are
no causality violation, all observers will see both signals simultaneously. You
see, after substitution of information carrier the CV disappeared. It means
that CV is a optical illusion
only and not motion backward in time.
WormHoles
There are two main types
of wormhole of interest to physicists: Lorentzian wormholes (general
relativity) and Euclidean wormholes (particle physics).
Lorentzian wormholes are essentially short cuts
through space and time but as discussed above they close instantaneously unless
some form of negative energy can hold them open. It is possible to produce
small amounts of negative energy in the laboratory by a principle known as the
Casimir effect. Unfortunately, this is very far removed from the kinds of
energy required to keep the "throat of a wormhole open.
A by product of Lorentzian
wormholes would be that objects passing through them would not only be moved
spatially but also temporally. This effect of Einstein Rosen Bridges led
Stephen Hawking to promulgate his Chronology Protection Conjecture. According
to this conjecture, quantum effects will conspire to effectively prevent time
travel even when it looks like classical physics might allow time travel to
occur. Euclidean wormholes are even stranger given that they live in
"imaginary time" and are intrinsically virtual quantum mechanical
processes. These Euclidean wormholes are of interest mainly to the particle
physicists (quantum field theorists).
Till
now, I have been talking about quantum teleportation, but not about Material
Teleportation (in case of Teleportation done using entangled particles.).
Material Teleportation can basically be achieved by expanding quantum
teleportation to chains of cells of the human body and other materials and
doing it on a larger scale.
News Flashes:
Practical Examples of MT
* ABC NEWS ONLINE:
Scientists conquer laser beam teleportation
Scientists in
* www.cosmiverse.com
Experiment
Brings Teleportation a Step Closer
September 27, 2001 7:250 CDT
Denmark physicists have just made two samples of trillions of atoms interact at
a distance in an experiment they say could make Star Trek-style teleportation
and rapid quantum computing a reality.
* FarShores News
Posted Sep 27.01
Teleportation
Comes A Step Closer
References.
- Stewart, Ian & Cohen, Jack:
Figments of Reality.
- Susskind, Leonard: Black Holes and the
Information Paradox. Scientific American, April 1997 pp. 40-45. (Back to the text)
- Barrow, John D. & Tipler, Frank J.:
The Anthropic Cosmological Principle.
- Tomonaga (Japanese/Buddhist?): Work on
Quantum Electrodynamics. See http://nobel.sdsc.edu/laureates/physics-1965-1-bio.html
- Landau(Russian/Aethist(?)): Work on
Superfluidity. See http://www.nobel.se/laureates/physics-1962-1-bio.html
- IBM: www.research.ibm.com
